Numerical simulations of tectonic processes in Southern California

Summary. A relaxation model for crustal tectonics, using the Finite Element method, was developed and applied to the region of Southern California. Both the existence of the Transverse Ranges and the geometry of the San Andreas fault in the region of Southern California, imply a stress pattern deviating from the simple horizontal shear which parallels the spreading between the Pacific and the North American plates. A number of possible mechanisms responsible for this anomalous stress field were examined quantitatively in the light of seismicity and other tectonic observations, and in particular to the Palmdale uplift which was reported to have occurred between the years 1960–65.     

中国耕地保护机制建设研究进展

本文综合运用文献资料法、对比分析法评述了中国耕地保护机制建设研究进展,分析了存在的主要问题,并展望了下一步的研究重点与方向。研究结果表明:中国耕地保护机制建设重点研究了耕地保护经济补偿机制和共同责任机制。对经济补偿模式与整体框架设计、经济补偿标准厘定、经济补偿资金管理与运作、中央政府-地方政府耕地保护关系、耕地保护多主体共同责任关系等问题进行了分析。基于分析得出机制建设是耕地保护的治本之策,农户行为与意愿研究、耕地非市场价值研究、中央政府激励机制设计将是下一步研究主要方向的结论。     

Nitrogen mineralization across an atmospheric nitrogen deposition gradient in Southern California deserts

Dry nitrogen deposition is common in arid ecosystems near urban and agricultural centers, yet its impacts on natural environments are relatively understudied. We examined the effects of N deposition on soil N mineralization across a depositional gradient at Joshua Tree National Park. We hypothesized that N deposition affects N mineralization by promoting exotic grass invasion and increasing soil carbon and nitrogen. These relationships were tested through a laboratory incubation on soils collected from sixteen sites where atmospheric N, soil characteristics, and annual vegetation were measured. Mineralization parameters modeled using the Gompertz model were compared to soil C, soil N, estimated soil N from deposition, and percent cover of exotic and native annuals. Calculated soil N from deposition was directly correlated with measured soil C and N and decreasing C:N ratios, which were associated with increased total amounts of mineralized N. However, no effects of soil C or N, and thus N deposition, were observed on mineralization rates. Exotic grasses, but not native forbs or total annual cover, increased with soil C, soil N, and total mineralized N, suggesting that exotic grasses and N deposition are correlated and associated with increasing total C and N in the interspace soils at polluted locations.     

Spatial Segregation of the Poor in Southern California: A Multidimensional Analysis

Poverty segregation increased in Southern California during the 1990s. A comparison of four indices reflecting various dimensions of segregation (e.g., evenness, concentration, isolation, and clustering) suggests that poor people are increasingly concentrated and isolated. However, cities within the region experienced different levels and types of segregation, with significant changes over time. Regression analysis using 1990 and 2000 census data highlights the role of demographic, economic, and fiscal variables in explaining the changing landscape of poverty. Whereas historically poor and older cities have seen a rise in poverty that translated into an increase in concentration and isolation, newer suburban communities have evolved differently. Cities where poverty has been high and increasing often maintained a high level of clustering and unevenness, but experienced higher levels of concentration and clustering in 2000. In contrast, wealthier cities typically faced a rise in unevenness and clustering as small pockets of poverty population emerged in the midst of high-income neighborhoods.     

中国南方山地的土地荒漠化初探

我国的土地沙漠化已不仅仅在北方干旱、半干旱、包括部分半湿润地区, 而且在我国不少湿润和半湿润地带的东部平原(如黄淮海平原等)、沿海地区以及南方山地区也有发生, 其环境退化过程所包括的内容已不局限于"风沙化", 还包括了"砂石化"的类似砾质荒漠景观和山地丘陵斜坡的流水侵蚀造成的劣地景观, 内容较为丰富, 因此对我国南方山区的环境趋向于类似荒漠条件的退化过程, 我们采用了较广义的土地荒漠化的含义。     

我国耕地数量灰色预测分析与耕地保护

集成曲线估计模型和灰色数列模型方法,预测2011-2020年的耕地总量.研究表明:2015年耕地面积为11 996.62万hm2,2015-2020年的耕地预测值与耕地红线的差值介于-3.38万～-219.62万hm2;2015-2020年的耕地总量低于耕地红线,政府行为在耕地保护中起关键作用.提出耕地保护措施:国家设立耕地农业发展权和农业发展权转让金制度、建立第三方监督机构,同时赋予农户耕地使用权、发展权和保护权,地方土管部门严把建设占用耕地关、依法管理耕地和用好规划工具等.     

The Coyote Brush Invasion of Southern California Grasslands and the Legacy of Mechanical Disturbance

This study investigates the recent invasion of exotic grasslands by coyote brush in La Jolla Valley, California. We test the “event dependent” hypothesis that mechanical disturbances during the past century were a key cause. To examine the relationship between past mechanical disturbances and vegetation dynamics we first conducted a review of the historical literature on practices of shrub removal and documented disturbance history using historical imagery. We next analyzed vegetation‐cover change over time using remotely sensed imagery and a vegetation map to document the history of native shrub advancement into exotic grassland by species association. Finally, we determined the topographic characteristics associated with different phases of shrub advancement. We found that mechanical disturbances historically varied by topography with upper and steeper slopes being least intensively disturbed. We found that shrub advancement rates, following release from grazing, varied by slope, elevation, and time period, and that Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) was the main species to invade the more intensively disturbed sites at lower elevations. Our results indicate that mechanical disturbances played an important role in modifying the original vegetation cover with long‐lasting consequences, including a facilitating role for the subsequent Baccharis pilularis invasion. We concluded that the practice of grazing often included exotic mechanical disturbances that had long‐lasting impacts on native plants.     

基于粮食生产能力的基本农田保护区规划方法研究

耕地保护尤其是基本农田保护,最终是为了确保粮食综合生产能力,保证粮食安全.以不同耕地类型的粮食生产能力为基础,借助于ArcGIS的空间分析等分析方法,以实地1.0km×1.0km网格单元作为统计单位,结合济南市未来粮食需求情况,对济南市基本农田保护从数量和布局两个方面进行了研究.结果表明,要保证济南市2020年的粮食安全,其基本农田面积应不得低于31.7655万hm2,届时基本农田保护率为87.81%.从不同耕地类型入选基本农田的情况来看,水浇地,菜地和灌溉水田的入选比例较高,都接近甚至超过90%;从基本农田的空间分布来看,主要集中于济南市中北部平原区以及长清区和平阴县两地的西北部和东南部,与济南市耕地分布和粮食生产情况较为一致.该研究已经应用于济南市土地利用总体规划修编的前期研究成果中.     

农用地分等定级成果在基本农田保护中的应用研究

科学合理划定基本农田对于保护耕地、稳定农业生产、促进区域可持续发展具有重要作用.目前,基本农田保护存在重数量、轻质量、轻生态保护等突出问题.要实现基本农田的科学管理,土地质量评价科技成果是其重要的技术支撑之一.在介绍农用地分等定级工作技术思路及成果的基础上,提出了应用农用地分等定级成果合理确定基本农田数量、空间布局,以及实现基本农田分级管理的应用思路.借助新一轮规划修编的大好机遇,各地应积极探索农用地分等定级成果在基本农田保护中的具体应用.     

高寒风沙区旱作农田防治荒漠化的综合防护体系

<正> 一、风沙区旱作农田概述 1.地理位置:风沙区旱作农田多位于内陆盆地河谷高中高阶地或山前冲(洪)积平原,处于湖盆周边山地和河漫滩之间。它无河漫滩及低阶地灌溉之便,又无高山区丰裕降水之利。由于我国内陆盆地都处于西南信风带,一般风力强劲,加之河湖相沉积的地质条件,多为含沙量丰富的土壤。它有别于黄土丘陵山地的旱作农田,两者由于所处自然气候条件及空间布局的不同,山地旱作农田以水蚀为主,而滩地一风沙区旱作农田以风蚀为     

Insolation forcing of Holocene climate change in Southern California: a sediment study from Lake Elsinore

Lake Elsinore is the largest natural lake in Southern California. As such, the lake provides a unique opportunity to investigate terrestrial climate on timescales otherwise underrepresented in the region’s terrestrial environment. In November 2003, three ∼10 m drill cores were extracted from the depocenter region of Lake Elsinore. These drill cores, spanning the past 9,500–11,200 calendar years, represent the first complete Holocene record of terrestrial climate from Southern California. In this paper, we focus on two adjacent, depocenter cores (LEGC03-2 and LEGC03-3), which have been correlated to develop a single composite core. Twenty-two AMS ¹⁴C dates on bulk organic matter and one cross-correlated exotic pollen age constitute the composite core’s age control. Several methods of analysis, including mass magnetic susceptibility, % total organic matter, % total carbonate, % HCl-extractable Al, and total inorganic P are used to infer climate for the past 9,500 calendar years in Southern California. Together, these data indicate a wet early Holocene followed by a long-term drying trend. Recent lake-level reconstructions from Owens Lake and Tulare Lake support our contention for a wetter-than-today early Holocene. Lacustrine sediments from the Mojave Desert also support our conclusions. We suggest that over the duration of the Holocene changing summer/winter insolation alters the region’s long-term hydrologic balance through its modulation of atmospheric circulation and its associated storm tracks. Minimum early Holocene winter insolation and maximum summer insolation act together to increase the region’s total annual precipitation by increasing the frequency of winter storms as well as enhancing the magnitude and spatial extent of the North American monsoon, the frequency of land-falling tropical cyclones in Southern California, and regional convective storms, respectively. Gradual decreases in summer insolation and increases in winter insolation produce the opposite effect with maximum drying in the late Holocene.     

Resident Attitudes to Farmland Protection Measures in the Northern Rivers Region,New South Wales

In-migration to popular ‘sea change’ and ‘tree change’ regions has produced conflicts between rural land users. In the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, new residential developments have been built on much of what was previously prime agricultural land, while farmers (in particular, those negatively affected by the deregulation of the dairy industry) have sought to secure retirement incomes by subdividing land for sale. Although developers, local councils and individual farmers sometimes see eye to eye on the mutual benefits of in-migration and population growth, land use has none the less become the subject of a hotly contested local political battle. Conflicts occur at the interface of growing urban developments and surrounding farmland, with new residents finding the sights, sounds and smells of rural production intrusive. More generally, there is considerable concern that the best farmland in the region may be lost to urbanisation and rural residential subdivision. This paper discusses the results of a survey that collected opinions from local residents about the pressures on the region's land uses by in-migration, the future role of farmland as both an economic and cultural landscape, and views on proposed measures to protect prime farmland in the region. Results highlighted a strong and consistent ‘pro-farmland’ and ‘pro-protection’ attitude throughout the region, and across social groups. Yet, variations emerged when respondents were asked about why they attribute value to agricultural landscapes. For some, ‘economic’ values dominated, while for others, value was attributed in ways that reflected an emerging ethos of ‘localism’ and village lifestyle. Although values differed, a clear message from this study is that the population of Australia's pre-eminent ‘sea change’ region strongly support measures to curb urban development and the more destructive consequences of a dynamic property market.     

农用土地定级的总分值计算模型研究

文章系统地论述了农用土地定级因素因子体系特点，深入探讨了农用土地定级因素因子特征以及限制性和非限制性两类定级因素因子对农用土地质量的影响；在分析定级因素因子作用分值含义的基础上，建立了更能体现定级因素因子特征的总分值计算模型，使定级结果更加符合农用土地的实际情况。