Modelling Rock Blasting Considering Explosion Gas Penetration Using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

Explosion gas plays an important role in rock mass fragmentation and cast in rock blasting. In this technical note, the discontinuous deformation analysis method is extended for bench rock blasting by coupling the rock mass failure process and the penetration effect of the explosion gas based on a generalized artificial joint concept to model rock mass fracturing. By tracking the blast chamber evolution dynamically, instant explosion gas pressure is derived from the blast chamber volume using a simple polytropic gas pressure equation of state and loaded on the blast chamber wall. A bench blasting example is carried out. The blast chamber volume and pressure time histories are obtained. The rock failure and movement process in bench rock blasting is reproduced and analysed.     

节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟

在非连续变形分析（DDA）方法中,通过跟踪炮孔扩张和炮孔周边裂隙的发展贯通求得爆腔的即时体积,进而根据爆生压力状态方程计算爆腔即时压力,并将爆生压力载荷作用到主炮孔内壁和贯通裂隙面上,实现了爆生产物作用下节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟。采用DDA方法模拟了节理岩体中的水平柱状炮孔抛掷爆破问题,得到了爆腔的体积扩张和压力衰减时间曲线,模拟很好的再现了岩石爆破过程中的炮孔扩张、岩体破坏、块体抛掷和爆堆形成过程。     

爆炸气体驱动下岩体破裂的有限元-离散元模拟

在原有有限元/离散元（FEM/DEM）耦合分析方法中,实现了一种新的爆破计算模型。该模型考虑了在爆生气体的作用下,随着裂隙的扩展,气体占据的体积不断增大,气体压力逐渐减小这一问题。同时考虑了气体嵌入与爆腔联通的裂隙对裂隙的作用力。克服了原有FEM/DEM方法中的爆破模型仅仅将压力施加于爆腔四周的岩壁上,无法考虑爆生气体嵌入生成的裂隙对裂隙的作用。提出了一种新颖的贯通裂隙网络形成的递归搜索算法,只需通过编写一个简单的递归函数,即可实现复杂裂隙网络的搜索,采用一种简洁的方法完成了对复杂问题的处理。最后通过一个爆破算例,结果表明FEM/DEM方法可以对爆炸过程中应力波的传播及岩体中裂纹的萌生、扩展进行全程捕捉,展现了该方法用于爆破模拟的潜力。     

Modelling the effects of discontinuity orientation, continuity, and dip on the process of burden breakage in bench blasting

The objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a dynamic blasthole expansion model, which is coupled to the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code of Shi (1988). The developed model considers the effects of blast geometry (blasthole shape, angle, and location), the physical properties of the intact rock and existing discontinuities, the distribution and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities, and the blasthole pressure on the processes of burden breakage, fragment throw and muckpile formation. The newly modified DDA code (DDA_BLAST) describes the expansion of the blasthole as a function of blast chamber volume and time. It is assumed in the code that the rock is already fragmented in-situ due to the intersection of pre-existing discontinuities and the passage of stress wave. Hence, the model only considers the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process. Moreover, the proposed model for the blasthole expansion assumes an adiabatic expansion of explosion products and variations in the explosion pressure upon expansion of the blast chamber are calculated from an equation of state. Accordingly, the newly modified DDA_BLAST code was used to simulate typical blasting problems in jointed media and delve into the mechanisms involved (in a macro scale) in the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process, burden breakage, and the effects of the discontinuity properties on the process of rock breakage by blasting.     

A Further Study on the Mechanism of Airdecking

Airdecking is used in mining for two quite different applications. One is to enhance the fragmentation by amplifying the induced fracturing and the second is for pre-split blasting in which the borehole fracturing is reduced. This paper deals with the first of these effects. A forth coming paper will describe pre-splitting by airdecking. The use of air decks to enhance rock fragmentation and so to reduce explosive costs has been the practice for quite long time. Although a number of studies has been conducted to verify the advantages of blasting with air decks and to investigate the mechanisms involved, the proposed mechanisms still cannot explain clearly the phenomena observed in practice and the design approach adopted for this kind of blasting is still primary based on rules-of-thumb. In this paper, the theory of shock tubes is adopted to (a) investigate the processes of the expanding detonation products, (b) study the interactions between the explosion products and the stemming or bottom of blasthole, and (c) to decide the distribution of the changing pressure of explosion products along blasthole. Numerical simulation and theoretical analyses are then performed to study the physical process of blasting with air decks. Finally, a reasonable value for the airdecking ratio is decided theoretically. It is shown that the pressure-unloading process caused by the propagation of the rarefaction wave and the reflected rarefaction waves in the detonation products plays an important role in the enhanced fragmentation of rock when blasting with air decks. The unloading process can induce tensile stresses of rather high magnitude in the rock mass surrounding blasthole. This favors fracturing of the rock. The reflected shock wave with a magnitude of gas pressure higher than that of the average detonation pressure in a fully charged blasthole acts as the main energy source to break the rock in the air deck and stemming portions. The second and succeeding strain waves induced by the unloading or reloading of the pressurewithin the blasthole also contribute to form the initial fracture network in the rock around the blasthole. It is also revealed that there exists a reasonable range of values for the airdecking ratio. For ANFO, this value varies from 0.13-0.40.     

DEM–SPH simulation of rock blasting

A numerical model is proposed for the simulation of rock blasting. A bonded particle system is utilized to mimic the behavior of rock. The particles interact at the contact points through normal and shear springs to simulate rock elasticity. To withstand the deviatoric stresses, the particles are glued to each other. If the applied force exceeds the contact strength, local failure occurs and microcracks are developed in the synthetic rock. For simulation of gas flow, the smooth particle hydrodynamic method is implemented. The interaction of gas particles with the rock grains is assumed to follow a perfect plastic collision model in which the initial momentum of the colliding particles is preserved. A detailed examination of the interaction of gas with blast hole is investigated. It is shown that the proposed hybrid model is capable of simulating the induced shock waves in the gas together with wave propagation in the rock material. The model successfully mimics crack propagation in rock. In particular, the crushed zone around the borehole, radial cracks, and surface spalling are all captured successfully. The results of numerical analysis suggest that gas–rock interaction can, in fact, generate a few successive compressive waves in the rock specimen, causing further extension of radial cracks with time as the weaker secondary and tertiary waves interact with the crack tips.     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的岩石爆破结构数值模拟分析

等离子爆破技术是一种新型爆破技术,其爆破孔的设计对整个爆破效果及爆破效率起着决定性的作用。本文基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了爆破孔的有限元模型,并对爆炸荷载作用下掏槽孔孔壁压力及其破碎区进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明,爆破时畸变能的变化自始至终都基本呈椭圆形,孔径越小,积累的能量越大,对岩体破坏越大;孔深长度越短,能量积聚空间越小,爆破对岩体造成的破坏越大;孔深长度的改变对下部岩体影响较小,对中部岩体影响较大。此外由于爆炸实验多为破坏性实验,很难进行原型试验,因此使用数值模拟方法研究爆破孔的结构是可行的,可以作为实际工程的参考。     

不同地应力条件下双孔爆破的数值模拟

考虑岩石介质的非均匀性,把爆破过程视为爆炸应力波和爆生气体压力共同作用的结果,基于损伤力学理论建立了岩石爆破的力学模型,并对不同地应力条件下岩石双孔爆破裂纹演化规律进行了数值模拟,分析了不同侧压力系数和埋 深对裂纹扩展规律的影响。数值模拟结果表明：①爆炸应力波导致裂纹的萌生,爆生气体压力则会使裂纹进一步扩展和贯通; ②裂纹演化过程与地应力密切相关,裂纹扩展的主方向趋于最大地应力方向;③随着埋深增加和初始地应力增大,裂纹扩展半径和裂纹区面积减小,地应力对爆破致裂的抑制作用明显。     

节理岩体冲击破坏的数值流形方法模拟

节理的存在是岩体明显区别于岩石的一个重要特征,也是导致岩体具有非均质性及各向异性的一个重要因素。节理岩体在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏特征不仅是岩体力学研究的一个热点问题,也是岩石爆破领域经常遇到的一个工程问题。目前,常用的有限元和离散元等数值方法都不能很客观地反映岩体中节理分布的实际规律,而最新出现的数值流形方法则完全能够按照岩体中节理的实际分布规律进行建模,并能够很好地模拟岩体在外力作用下新裂纹的产生及已有节理的开裂。对3种不同节理岩体,即无节理岩体、均布水平节理岩体、均布垂直节理岩体等在均布垂直于圆周方向上的冲击荷载作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。由模拟结果可以明显看出,节理的存在对岩体的破坏型式起到了关键性的控制作用。对于完整岩体,其破坏型式呈现出了很好的对称性;而对于水平及垂直节理岩体,其破坏型式在很大程度上受到节理分布的控制。研究结果对岩石爆破工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

含软弱夹层顺倾边坡爆破层裂效应的数值模拟与试验研究

进行含软弱夹层顺倾边坡单孔爆破数值模拟,分析爆破过程中上覆岩体受到的应力作用、爆破层裂效应及其对边坡稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明,爆破层裂作用具有分区特性,爆轰气体对夹层的冲刷、推移作用形成夹层爆腔区,爆腔区外围是压密区,其次是离析区,离析区以外的夹层未受爆破层裂作用的影响;上覆岩体在空腔区受到爆轰气体膨胀压力作用,临近夹层壁面的峰值压力达0.75 GPa,压密区受到夹层挤压衍生的向上压力作用,压力峰值达0.21 GPa,且压力衰减较慢;空腔区的上覆岩体与夹层脱离,压密区和离析区改变了夹层与上覆岩体的接触状态,使模型的稳定性降低。剪切试验验证了数值模拟关于爆破层裂效应降低模型稳定性的结论。     

基于TCK损伤本构的岩石爆破效应数值模拟

脆性岩石在爆破载荷下的动态破碎行为是工程技术人员所关心的,采用数值法预估岩体破裂范围和损伤大小对施工安全具有重大意义,其中合理的岩石损伤模型是关键。假设岩体破坏近似服从Mises屈服准则,且考虑到岩体的应变硬化特性,把Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul（TCK）模型中的拉裂损伤演化方程和材料双线性、弹塑性本构耦合到一起,并简洁地嵌入到有限元分析软件LS-DYNA中,通过半无限岩体中柱形药包爆破实例验证了其合理性与准确性。对球形药包爆破问题也进行了数值分析。该损伤模型及其数值模拟在工程中具有一定的参考价值。     

Experimental Investigation on the Basic Law of Hydraulic Fracturing After Water Pressure Control Blasting

Because of the advantages of integrating water pressure blasting and hydraulic fracturing, the use of hydraulic fracturing after water pressure control blasting is a method that is used to fully transform the structure of a coal-rock mass by increasing the number and range of hydraulic cracks. An experiment to study hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting on cement mortar samples (300 × 300 × 300 mm³) was conducted using a large-sized true triaxial hydraulic fracturing experimental system. A traditional hydraulic fracturing experiment was also performed for comparison. The experimental results show that water pressure blasting produces many blasting cracks, and follow-up hydraulic fracturing forces blasting cracks to propagate further and to form numerous multidirectional hydraulic cracks. Four macroscopic main hydraulic cracks in total were noted along the borehole axial and radial directions on the sample surfaces. Axial and radial main failure planes induced by macroscopic main hydraulic cracks split the sample into three big parts. Meanwhile, numerous local hydraulic cracks were formed on the main failure planes, in different directions and of different types. Local hydraulic cracks are mainly of three types: local hydraulic crack bands, local branched hydraulic cracks, and axial layered cracks. Because local hydraulic cracks produce multiple local layered failure planes and lamellar ruptures inside the sample, the integrity of the sample decreases greatly. The formation and propagation process of many multidirectional hydraulic cracks is affected by a combination of water pressure blasting, water pressure of fracturing, and the stress field of the surrounding rock. To a certain degree, the stress field of surrounding rock guides the formation and propagation process of the blasting crack and the follow-up hydraulic crack. Following hydraulic fracturing that has been conducted after water pressure blasting, the integrity of the sample is found to be far lower than after traditional hydraulic fracturing; moreover, both the water injection volume and water injection pressure for hydraulic fracturing after water pressure blasting are much higher than they are for traditional hydraulic fracturing.     

Fuzzy-random probabilistic analysis of rock mass responses to explosive loads

This paper addresses the effects of randomness of initial damage in a rock mass and the critical tensile strain of the rock material on its dynamic responses and damage under explosive loads. A fuzzy definition is proposed to describe the fuzzy nature of failure phenomenon in a rock mass. The initial damage of the rock mass is estimated using the longitudinal and transverse elastic wave velocities. By using statistical analysis, the initial damage of the rock mass is found having the Beta distribution. The statistical estimation of a damage state and properties of randomly damaged rock mass are evaluated by the Rosenbluth's point estimate method. In numerical calculation, an isotropic continuum damage model with the initial damage and the cumulative damage dependent on an equivalent tensile strain is suggested to model the rock mass behavior under blast loads. A Beta distribution is proposed to represent the probabilistic distribution of the damage variable of the rock mass under explosive loads. Several types of membership functions are suggested to represent the fuzziness of material failure. Based on the fuzzy–random probabilistic theory, a model including both the effects of randomness and fuzziness is proposed for the failure analysis of rock mass under explosive loads. The suggested models are coded and linked with an available computer program AUTODYN2D through its user's subroutine capacity. The fuzzy failure probability and dynamic responses of the rock mass are calculated. Numerical results are compared with those obtained from independent field tests.     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-dimensional dynamic finite element simulation of rock blasting

In the present study, the two-dimensional blast model has been simulated using finite element software Abaqus/CAE. The John–Wilkins–Lee equation of state has been used to calculate the pressure caused by the release of the chemical energy of the explosive. Detonation point from center of hole has been defined for the traveling path of explosive energy. Elastoplastic dynamic failure constitutive with kinematic hardening model was adopted for rock mass responses under high explosive pressure to understand the mechanism of blast phenomena. In this model, it is assumed that failure of rock occurs under tensile failure when yield plastic stress exceeded to its static tensile strength. The hydrostatic pressure was used as a failure measure to model dynamic spall or a pressure cut off. Variation of detonation velocity has been measured in terms of simulation blast output energies index results.     

硬岩隧道高压气体膨胀破岩开挖试验

为了解决传统钻爆法在隧道工程中振动大的问题,引入一种新型破岩技术--高压气体膨胀破岩技术。通过在某隧道掌子面采用该技术进行现场试验,获得该技术试验时的振动速度值和试验后的破岩效果,将获得的结果与传统钻爆法得到的相应结果进行对比分析,结果表明,高压气体膨胀破岩技术在施工时产生的振动比钻爆法小,证明了将该技术应用在隧道工程中是可行的,解决了该隧道采用钻爆法施工振动风险大的问题,为类似工程破岩提供了一种新途径。     

节理对爆炸波传播影响的数值研究

采用加入无反射边界条件的DDA程序,研究了节理面对应力波传播的影响。结果表明,节理面能阻碍波的传播,有利于波的衰减,节理面越多,波的反射越强,而波的透射越弱。模拟了一个现场爆炸试验,研究爆炸产生的应力波在节理岩体中传播、衰减的规律,模拟结果与现场试验结果比较吻合。研究表明,DDA方法可以模拟节理面对应力波传播的阻碍作用,用它来模拟爆炸波在节理岩体中的传播是适用的。     

爆炸荷载下岩石损伤机理及其力学特性研究

基于所建立的反映岩石冲击压缩、拉伸损伤理论模型以及深孔微差爆破数值模拟结果,研究了爆炸载荷作用下岩石损伤演化和破碎规律,分析了岩石的动态力学特性;通过对水平边界条件下爆破破岩物理、力学过程的研究,探讨了深孔微差爆破的作用机制和爆破设计原则。     

损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数研究

岩体条件复杂多变,为了提高光面爆破的适应性、改善光面爆破效果,对损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数进行研究。通过对深部岩体巷道光爆层原岩应力场、光面爆破机制和振动损伤特征进行分析,基于爆炸应力波和爆生气体综合作用理论,考虑高原岩应力和岩石损伤影响,提出了损伤条件下深部岩体巷道光面爆破参数确定的计算方法。研究表明, （1）高原岩应力相当于提高了岩石的抗拉强度,不利于炮孔初始裂纹的形成及贯通,宜减小周边眼间距;（2）岩石损伤后,其他条件不变,光面爆破的炮孔间距和抵抗线值可适当加大;（3）高原岩应力和损伤条件下,光面爆破的炮孔间距较小时,容易造成爆后围岩损伤,降低围岩的稳定性能,因此,提高爆破效果的同时应及时加强支护,以确保施工安全和围岩稳定;（4）本文提出的光面爆破参数计算公式,经现场爆破验证效果良好,适用于复杂多变的岩体环境。