基于瑞利波高阶模式反演的实验研究

通过超声实验研究了沿分层介质,特别是含有低速层的分层介质传播的瑞利波频散特征. 分别对有机玻璃/钢构成的两层速度递增的半空间和铝/有机玻璃/钢构成的含有低速层的三层半空间进行了超声探测实验,采用频率波数分析方法分析了多模式的瑞利波频散曲线,对于速度递增的两层半空间,得到了第一和第二个模式的频散曲线; 对于含有低速层的三层介质,实验得到的频散曲线在不同频段对应不同的模式,从而在模式之间产生跳跃, 分析表明模式跳跃是由各个模式在表面位移幅度的不同分布引起的. 文中明确指出了低速层存在时,反演研究不仅要考虑各模式的频散特性,同时还要考虑不同模式在表面的位移分布情况,给出了低速层存在时的反演方法,避免了模式的误判. 利用遗传算法对两种实验模型的介质参数进行了反演,得到了和实际参数吻合的反演结果.     

微动中多模式面波频散曲线的映射式提取方法

为了避免微动勘探技术中因忽略高阶模式瑞雷波而影响反演精度的不足,提出从微动面波中提取多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的映射式方法.该方法从微动信号入手,首先通过相关法提取多半径台阵的相关系数曲线,然后建立从多条相关系数曲线到多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的映射模型,最后采用分区拟合准则优化实现模型结构,达到提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线的目的.为验证方法的有效性,通过有限差分方法数值计算实际近表面应用中三种常见典型地质结构中的微动信号,采用映射式方法提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线,将提取结果和理论值进行对比分析.结果表明,映射式方法提取微动面波中多模式瑞雷波频散曲线可以满足反演地质结构的要求.     

Determination of dispersive phase velocities for SASW method using harmonic wavelet transform

The spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is an in situ, seismic method for determining the shear wave velocity (or maximum shear modulus) profile of a site. The SASW test consists of three steps: field testing, evaluation of dispersion curve by phase unwrapping method, and determination of shear modulus profile by inversion process. In general, field testing and dispersion curve evaluation are regarded as simple work. However, because of characteristic of Fourier transform used in the conventional phase unwrapping method, dispersion curve is sensitive to background noise and body waves in the low frequency range. Furthermore, under some field conditions such as pavement site, the usual phase unwrapping method can lead to erroneous dispersion curve. To overcome problem of the usual phase unwrapping method, in this paper, a new method of determining dispersion curve for SASW method was applied using time–frequency analysis based on harmonic wavelet transform as an alternative method of a current phase unwrapping method. To estimate the applicability of proposed method to SASW method, numerical simulations at various layered soil and pavement profiles were performed and the dispersion curves by proposed method are more reliable than those by the usual phase unwrapping method.     

Forward modeling of Rayleigh surface waves for analytical characterization of dominant dispersion trends

Forward modeling is of critical importance for inversion analysis of surface wave methods to obtain shear-wave velocity (V_S) profiles of soil sites. The dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) method can provide forward modeling of Rayleigh surface waves to simulate complex wave propagation in layered soil sites. However, contamination from body waves and interference of multiple Rayleigh wave modes can reduce the accuracy of theoretical dispersion curves, especially at irregular soil sites with embedded low-velocity or high-velocity layers. An analytical method is developed herein to combine the techniques of the multichannel analysis of surface waves method with the DSM method to improve the accuracy of the theoretical dispersion analysis for soil sites. The proposed method implements multichannel analysis of the analytical displacement responses to capture dominant dispersion trends. Comparison of the results obtained with the new method against those from the transfer matrix method and the literature indicates that the new method can (1) effectively minimize the effects of contamination caused by body waves and interference from several Rayleigh wave modes, and (2) generate accurate dominant dispersion trends for soil sites with various stiffness profiles, especially for the high-frequency dispersion characteristics of the profiles with embedded low-velocity layers.     

Probabilistic inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion data: an application to Mt. Etna, Italy

We present a methodology for determining the elastic properties of the shallow crust from inversion of surface wave dispersion characteristics through a fully nonlinear procedure. Using volcanic tremor data recorded by a small-aperture seismic array on Mount Etna, we measured the surface waves dispersion curves with the multiple signal classification technique. The large number of measurements allows the determination of an a priori probability density function without the need of making any assumption about the uncertainties on the observations. Using this information, we successively conducted the inversion of phase velocities using a probabilistic approach. Using a wave-number integration method, we calculated the predicted dispersion function for thousands of 1-D models through a systematic grid search investigation of shear-wave velocities in individual layers. We joined this set of theoretical dispersion curves to the experimental probability density function (PDF), thus obtaining the desired structural model in terms of an a posteriori PDF of model parameters. This process allowed the representation of the objective function, showing the non-uniqueness of the solutions and providing a quantitative view of the uncertainties associated with the estimation of each parameter. We then compared the solution with the surface wave group velocities derived from diffuse noise Green’s functions calculated at pairs of widely spaced (~5–10 km) stations. In their gross features, results from the two different approaches are comparable, and are in turn consistent with the models presented in several earlier studies.     

横向非均匀介质多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演

作为近地表横波速度结构成像的主要手段之一,面波多道分析法的正问题研究对现场观测系统设计及后续反演计算具有重要意义.目前面波频散曲线的正演主要分为两类:一是对水平层状介质中面波的本征值问题进行求解,该类方法计算效率高但较难考虑地下介质在横向上的不均匀性;二是基于波动方程的全波场模拟,该类方法在理论上可考虑任意复杂的地质模型但计算成本相对较高.本文基于振幅归一化加权的聚束分析,提出了一种适用于横向非均匀介质模型的多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演方法.首先,基于聚束分析的计算公式推导得到了经振幅归一化加权后输出功率谱中相速度与局部相速度之间的关系,然后通过黄金分割极值搜索算法计算得到了多道瑞雷波数据的理论频散曲线.数值分析结果表明,该算法能够快速地实现横向非均匀介质中多道瑞雷波频散曲线的正演计算,所求取的频散曲线与采用二维弹性波时间域有限差分模拟分析得到的结果误差较小,这在一定程度上说明了该计算方法的可靠性,从而可为面波多道分析法中的观测系统快速优化设计以及横向非均匀介质中频散曲线的反演解释提供理论支撑.     

Advantages of Using Multichannel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) to Estimate Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity

As theory dictates, for a series of horizontal layers, a pure, plane, horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave refracts and reflects only SH waves and does not undergo wave-type conversion as do incident P or Sv waves. This is one reason the shallow SH-wave refraction method is popular. SH-wave refraction method usually works well defining near-surface shear-wave velocities. Only first arrival information is used in the SH-wave refraction method. Most SH-wave data contain a strong component of Love-wave energy. Love waves are surface waves that are formed from the constructive interference of multiple reflections of SH waves in the shallow subsurface. Unlike Rayleigh waves, the dispersive nature of Love waves is independent of P-wave velocity. Love-wave phase velocities of a layered earth model are a function of frequency and three groups of earth properties: SH-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. In theory, a fewer parameters make the inversion of Love waves more stable and reduce the degree of nonuniqueness. Approximating SH-wave velocity using Love-wave inversion for near-surface applications may become more appealing than Rayleigh-wave inversion because it possesses the following three advantages. (1) Numerical modeling results suggest the independence of P-wave velocity makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler than Rayleigh waves. A complication of “Mode kissing” is an undesired and frequently occurring phenomenon in Rayleigh-wave analysis that causes mode misidentification. This phenomenon is less common in dispersion images of Love-wave energy. (2) Real-world examples demonstrated that dispersion images of Love-wave energy have a higher signal-to-noise ratio and more focus than those generated from Rayleigh waves. This advantage is related to the long geophone spreads commonly used for SH-wave refraction surveys, images of Love-wave energy from longer offsets are much cleaner and sharper than for closer offsets, which makes picking phase velocities of Love waves easier and more accurate. (3) Real-world examples demonstrated that inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves is less dependent on initial models and more stable than Rayleigh waves. This is due to Love-wave’s independence of P-wave velocity, which results in fewer unknowns in the MALW method compared to inversion methods of Rayleigh waves. This characteristic not only makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler but also reduces the degree of nonuniqueness leading to more stable inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves.     

地脉动空间自相关方法反演 浅层S波速度结构

在近地表地球物理领域, 基于地脉动(或称背景噪声)提取的面波频散曲线反演地下S波速度结构是一种简单经济的工程勘察方法. 本文基于地脉动的空间自相关方法对一个微型台阵观测的背景噪声记录进行处理, 介绍了一种简单易行的提取频散曲线的数据处理方法, 获得了6.7—23 Hz频段的可靠频散曲线; 通过对该观测频散曲线与预测模型的频散曲线进行拟合, 反演得到S波速度结构. 结果表明, 该速度结构与钻孔直接测试的结果相吻合.      

基于矢量波数变换法(VWTM)的多道Rayleigh波分析方法

在近二十年来,多道面波分析法(MASW)由于其便捷、高效等特性在浅层地震勘探领域得到了广泛的应用.本文基于多道面波勘探的采集方式,提出了一种新的面波多道分析方法——矢量波数变换法(VWTM).该方法通过对震源的近似,基于水平层状模型得到台站与震源间近似格林函数,然后进行矢量波数变换得到含有高阶模态Rayleigh波(频率-相速度)频散能量图.本研究首先利用合成地震数据到频散能量图与理论频散曲线进行叠加分析该方法的有效性和正确性;然后与相移法进行对比分析,我们发现在频散能量图中VWTM法对基阶、高阶模态成像均具有更高的分辨率和成像质量;最后我们将其应用于实际多道瞬态面波探测中,通过与相移法进行对比分析,发现VWTM法是一种方便、实用、有效的Rayleigh波频散提取方法.VWTM法提取多模态的Rayleigh波频散特征具有巨大潜力,可为基阶、高阶面波频散联合反演提供丰富的高阶模态频散信息.     

Analysis of dispersed multi-mode signals of the SASW method using the multiple filter/crosscorrelation technique

Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) is a nondestructive in-situ testing method used for determining the thickness and elastic properties of pavement and soil sites using the dispersion characteristics of surface waves. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that for some sites errors may arise in experimental dispersion curves when the usual SASW test and data analysis procedures are followed, in particular the phase unwrapping procedure and source-to-near-receiver spacing distance. These errors occur due to the participation of more than one surface wave mode in SASW signals. In this study, the multiple filter/crosscorrelation technique often used in earthquake seismology for the analysis of multi-mode earthquake records is presented and applied for calculating phase velocities from SASW signals. It is demonstrated that this technique produces results that are generally more accurate than those produced by the usual phase unwrapping procedure.     

Multiscale linearized inversion of surface-wave dispersion curves

In recent years, surface-wave analysis method has been developed rapidly in many fields. Multichannel analysis of surface waves can provide near-surface one-dimensional shear-wave velocity profiles. Because linearized inversion of surface-wave dispersion curves relies heavily on the choice of the initial model, setting an inappropriate initial model can lead to poor inversion results, or even failure of inversion. However, it is difficult to establish a reasonable initial model without a priori information, which is unavailable in most cases. To cope with this problem, a multiscale linearized inversion method is proposed for surface-wave dispersion curves inversion. In contrast with the traditional single-scale linearized inversion, the key idea of the proposed multiscale surface-wave inversion method is the introduction of a merging and splitting process of layers. After every scale inversion, the merging and splitting operations automatically optimize the inversion model, making it gradually approach to a reasonable subsurface stratification. Multiscale surface-wave inversion method reduces the difficulty of establishing the initial model and has high computational efficiency. In addition, it has strong ability to identify high-velocity or low-velocity interlayers and thin layers, especially suited for the geological conditions with obvious stratification. In synthetic tests, the proposed method was compared with the single-scale surface-wave inversion and particle swarm optimization algorithm to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of multiscale surface-wave inversion method. We also applied the multiscale surface-wave inversion method to field seismic data acquired in Guizhou, China and Texas, USA. Borehole and crosshole test data were compared with the inversion results of field data to prove the reliability of the proposed method.     

Joint analysis of Rayleigh- and Love-wave dispersion: Issues, criteria and improvements

Joint analysis of Rayleigh- and Love-wave dispersion is performed with the aim of evaluating how their joint use can improve retrieved vertical V_S profiles. In fact, non-uniqueness of the solution and complex energy distribution among different modes represent problems which, if not properly considered, can eventually lead to ambiguous or erroneous subsurface models.Some tests performed on synthetic datasets show that for the deepest layers the improvements obtained by the joint inversion cannot be considered as fully decisive in terms of ultimate solution of non-uniqueness. Nevertheless joint analysis of dispersive properties of Rayleigh and Love waves reveals as a highly valuable tool able to clarify possible interpretation issues of the single components. Under some stratigraphical circumstances, velocity spectra of Rayleigh waves can in fact be extremely complex in terms of energy distribution among different modes and erroneous interpretations of dispersion curves can thus occur. Beneficial aspects of the joint analysis is shown in the light of possible inconsistencies of the Pareto front, since major interpretative errors can be revealed in the outcomes of the proposed inversion procedure. Two field datasets are analysed also suggesting some improvements in the field acquisition procedures aimed at the acquisition of both Rayleigh and Love waves.     

Shallow velocity model of the Northern Flank of Stromboli Volcano, deduced by high frequency surface wave dispersion

The wavefield produced by the Stromboli volcano explosion quakes shows a significant amount of surface waves. Rayleigh waves recorded by a linear array have been investigated to infer the shear-wave velocity model of the Stromboli northern flank. The group velocity dispersion curve was obtained using the multiple filter technique, while the phase velocity dispersion curve was calculated both by phase-matched filtering and performing a p– stack on the observed waveforms. Through the inversion of these curves we were able to recover the shear-wave structure to a depth of about 190 m.     

瑞利波勘探中“之”形频散曲线的形成机理及反演研究

对瑞利波勘探中“之”字形频散曲线形成的物理机理进行了理论分析,研究了诸波模的传播特性及相互关系．指出在地表下存在具有水平界面的软弱夹层和地层裂缝时,瑞利波频散曲线中的“之”字形结构是低速夹层或地层裂缝中出现多模现象的结果．利用阻尼最小二乘法和遗传算法对瑞利波频散曲线反演介质参数进行了研究和分析,发现最小二乘法不适合瑞利波“之”字形反演问题研究,而用遗传算法得到了较好的结果．     

多极子阵列声波测井数据的纵横波慢度联合反演方法

多极子阵列声波测井仪器采集的单极和偶极数据受到地层、井孔、仪器测量系统的影响.在处理实际声波测井数据时,必须考虑多极子模式波的频散效应,以及测井仪器在其中的影响.根据仪器等效理论和相位匹配方法,本文提出了一种从多极子阵列声波测井数据中同时获得纵、横波慢度的联合反演方法.这种方法的关键在于利用相同仪器-地层模型计算多极子模式波频散曲线,以此来匹配频域内纵波与横波数据的相位.相对于将泄漏纵波和弯曲波频散效应分开处理的其他方法,该方法不仅可以减少纵横波速度反演的不确定性,而且还避免了从声波数据中提取频散数据的繁琐过程.通过理论分析和现场数据处理证明了本文联合反演方法的准确性和有效性.     

Inversion of SASW dispersion curves based on maximum flexibility coefficients in the wave number domain

Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) is a nondestructive in-situ testing method that is used to determine stiffness profiles of soil and pavement sites based on dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh-type surface waves.Inversion of the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve of a site provides information on the variation of shear-wave velocity with depth. In the inversion procedures currently used for SASW tests, the field dispersion curve is matched with a theoretical dispersion curve obtained for the fundamental mode of surface wave propagation.In order to overcome difficulties associated with the presence of multi-modes in SASW signals, a new inversion method based on the maximum vertical flexibility coefficient is introduced in this paper. Unlike root-searching methods, the new method easily identifies the predominant propagation modes. In this new approach, the simplex method is used to match field and theoretical dispersion curves automatically. The purpose of this paper is to present the details of the new method and to demonstrate its advantages.     

Joint inversion of high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher modes

Joint inversion of multimode surface waves for estimating the shear (S)-wave velocity has received much attention in recent years. In this paper, we first analyze sensitivity of phase velocities of multimodes of surface waves for a six-layer earth model, and then we invert surface-wave dispersion curves of the theoretical model and a real-world example. Sensitivity analysis shows that fundamental mode data are more sensitive to the S-wave velocities of shallow layers and are concentrated on a very narrow frequency band, while higher mode data are more sensitive to the parameters of relatively deeper layers and are distributed over a wider frequency band. These properties provide a foundation of using a multimode joint inversion to define S-wave velocities. Inversion results of both synthetic data and a real-world example demonstrate that joint inversion with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique to invert high-frequency surface waves with fundamental and higher mode data simultaneously can effectively reduce the ambiguity and improve the accuracy of S-wave velocities.     

Rayleigh波频散曲线“交叉”及多模式耦合作用研究

Rayleigh波可以用来反演近地表结构,在工程物探、石油物探、地球内部结构探测中均有重要意义.数值计算得到的含低速层的层状介质对应的Rayleigh波频散曲线会出现看似“交叉”的现象,但是对于这种现象目前还没有进行系统的研究.事实上可以验证,有些看似交叉的频散曲线实际上不相交.改变低速层的厚度和横波速度发现低速层越明显（即低速层速度越低或层厚越厚）频散曲线越不容易相交.凡友华等在2007年提出频散曲线对应着四种基本模式,在频散曲线发生“交叉”现象的区域实际上存在两个以上模式的频散曲线.本文主要研究了存在R模和S₂模的区域内频散曲线的“交叉”现象.首先利用竖直本征振动曲线研究R模和S2模Rayleigh 波的振动特点,发现R模对应的本征振动主要集中在地表,随着深度变化能量快速衰减,S₂模对应的本征振动主要集中在第2层.研究“交叉点”附近频散点对应的本征振动曲线发现这一区域有些Rayleigh波同时具有R模和S₂模的振动特点,对应着一种耦合模式.通过对实例的研究发现,在“交叉点”附近,若两条频散曲线不发生交叉,则每条曲线对应的模式会发生R模和S₂模之间经由耦合模式的转变,本文称这种现象为两种模式发生耦合;若两条频散曲线相交,则同一条频散曲线上的Rayleigh波模式几乎相同,只是在离交点很近的区域会存在一些耦合模式,本文称此时两种模式不发生耦合.本文研究结果主要供Rayleigh波对低速层结构的反演研究参考.     

黏弹性介质中瑞利波频散曲线和衰减系数曲线的反演

瑞利波具有能量大、信噪比高等特点,可以用来反演介质内部的力学信息,近年来在浅层地球物理勘探、深层地震学研究以及超声波无损检测等多个领域都有较广泛的应用。目前大多数瑞利波的应用中都假设介质是弹性的,然而实际中岩石、土壤和金属等介质都在一定程度上体现出了黏弹性。当介质的黏弹性较强时仍然采用弹性假设研究其中瑞利波的反演将增大误差,因此有必要考虑黏弹性介质中的瑞利波反演,但是目前这方面的研究仍不够深入。本文研究黏弹性介质中瑞利波频散曲线和衰减系数曲线的反演问题,给出其在半空间中联合反演的方法,并对该方法的误差进行分析。     

基阶与高阶瑞利波联合反演研究

研究了六层层状介质模型瑞利波基阶和高模式波相速度对横波速度、深度的敏感性,结果表明：基阶波较高模式波对7 m以内浅部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带在10～25 Hz范围内,峰值频带集中在18 Hz左右;高模式波较基阶波对深部地层的横波速度更敏感,敏感性频带宽,峰值分散.基阶波对浅层的敏感性和高模式波穿透深度更深的特点为近地表岩土层二维横波速度结构的联合反演提供了前提条件.利用阻尼最小二乘SVD（Singular Value Decomposition）算法联合基阶与高模式波对理论模型和实例数据进行横波速度反演,反演结果表明联合反演增强了反演的稳定性,提高了反演的精度.