地埋管道与土相互作用平面分析与计算方法

地埋管道上实测的土压力并不是按现行计算方法假定形状分布的,其分布形式与管土的相对刚度及施工埋设方式密切相关。为此,依据现场实测和模型试验得到的地埋管道受力特征,在平面应变条件下,采用建立的管-土相互作用分析Vlazov模型来模拟管-土之间的相互作用,考虑管道不同的埋设条件、管周的不同充填介质及管-土相互作用引起的土压力状态等情况,建立了地埋管与土相互作用平面问题的传递矩阵分析法。并设计了可视化计算机软件,实现了计算手段的创新。运用此软件对现场埋管工程作了分析计算,并与实测结果进行比较,验证了所建立的计算方法的正确性。     

基于土体三维波动模型的饱和土中管桩竖向振动

基于土体的三维波动模型研究了饱和土中单个管桩的竖向振动。将桩周土和桩芯土视为两相多孔介质,管桩视为等截面的圆管杆单元。在考虑桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土径向位移和竖向位移的情况下,建立了基于土体三维波动模型的饱和土-管桩竖向耦合振动模型。借助势函数和分离变量法并考虑土体边界条件,求解了考虑土体三维波动的桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土的竖向振动。在此基础上,考虑管桩桩端边界条件,利用三角函数正交性求解了饱和土中单个管桩的竖向振动,得到了管桩桩顶的竖向复刚度。通过数值算例,对比分析了土体三维波动模型解和不考虑土体径向位移的简化模型解的计算结果,分析了主要桩、土参数对饱和土中管桩竖向振动的影响。研究表明：当管桩壁较薄时且低频时不应忽略土体径向位移的影响,在动态刚度因子和等效阻尼随频率变化曲线峰值峰谷处不宜忽略土体液相的影响,管桩壁不宜过薄。管桩壁厚、长径比、桩芯饱和土与桩周饱和土密度比、剪切模量比以及桩-土模量比对饱和土中管桩竖向振动有较大影响,在进行管桩设计时需要综合考虑相关参数。     

水平定向钻进铺管技术在盐碱地改良中的应用

土壤盐碱化作为一种渐进性环境地质灾害,已严重制约着人类生活与社会经济的发展,对盐碱地实施改良和微咸水开发利用已成为世界关注的热点。以往的盐碱地改良多用明渠、暗管排水、暗管结合大口径竖井抽排、种植耐碱性植物等方法,明渠及埋设暗管对地表的开挖破坏性极大、且排水量及适用深度有限、植物改良存在周期长、费时费力等诸多缺点。水平定向钻进铺管技术可将滤水管以水平或近似水平安装在含水层中（水平井）,可垂直于含水层流向长距离铺设,与传统改良方式相比能获得较大的出水量、成本低、且施工对环境影响小等诸多优势,工程实例证明,该施工工艺技术为盐碱地改良、地下咸水开发利用、浅层低渗透性地下水资源开采等提供了较理想的工艺方法。     

砂土中开口管桩沉桩过程的颗粒流模拟研究

基于颗粒流理论,采用PFC2D程序,模拟再现不同型号开口管桩在沉桩过程中土塞的形成演化规律、土颗粒细观结构变化以及桩周土应力场分布情况,并通过分析土体细观变化模式揭示沉桩过程中宏观力学响应的内在机制。计算结果表明,管桩直径对土塞效应影响很大,外径为30 mm的开口管桩,沉桩过程中土塞增量填充率（IFR）值较小,土塞效应明显,土塞高度小,类似闭口桩;随着管桩直径的增大,土塞效应迅速减小,大直径管桩在砂土中沉桩全部闭塞的可能性很小。细观因素（孔隙率和滑动比例）与土体宏观位移表现之间存在着明显的相互对应关系,并依此将桩周土划分3个区域。桩周土体水平应力、竖向应力和剪应力都在桩底附近形成“应力核”,不同型号管桩桩周土应力场分布相近。     

Stochastic finite element modelling of water flow in variably saturated heterogeneous soils

Water flow is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the domain through which the process occurs. It is generally accepted that earth materials have extreme variations from point to point in space. Consequently, this heterogeneity results in high variation in hydraulic properties of soil. In order to develop an accurate predictive model for transport processes in soil, the effects of this variability should be considered. In this study a two‐dimensional stochastic finite element flow model was developed for simulation of water flow through unsaturated soils. In this model, the stochastic partial differential governing equation of water flow, obtained from implementation of the perturbation‐spectral stochastic method on classical Richard's equation, was solved using a finite element method in the space domain and a finite difference scheme in the time domain. The effective hydrological parameters embedded in the mathematical model depend on time derivatives of capillary tension head; this makes possible to consider the hysteresis due to large‐scale variability of soil hydrological properties. The model is also capable of simulating infiltration and evaporation events and rapid change in the land surface boundary condition from one type event to another, based on a scheme used in the model for implementation of land surface boundary condition. The model was validated with the data obtained from a layered lysimeter test. The model was also used to simulate water flow under a long irrigation furrow. The results obtained with this model show better agreement with experimental measurements in comparison with a deterministic model. The possible reason for this agreement is that in the developed model, the influence of the variability of the properties of soil and effects of parameter hysteresis on water flow and water content redistribution are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Soil Composition on Zn Speciation in Drainage Waters from Agricultural Soils

The influence of Zn speciation on Zn transport by drainage from different soils to surface water is examined in a stream catchment in an agricultural area. Drainage waters were collected from two types of soils, a mineral soil (MS) and a soil rich in organic matter (OS) by means of artificial drainage pipes. The speciation of dissolved Zn in the stream and the drainage waters was determined using ligand-exchange and voltammetry. About 50–95% of dissolved Zn is bound in strong complexes, and the free Zn²⁺ ion concentration is in the range of 1–16% of dissolved Zn. A substantial part of Zn is present in weaker organic or inorganic complexes. The simulated Zn speciation using the WHAM VI model is compared to the determined speciation. Free Zn²⁺ concentrations predicted by the WHAM VI model are generally higher than the analytically determined free Zn²⁺, but are mostly within the same order of magnitude. Effects of different soil organic matter content on Zn speciation and transport are discussed. Zn speciation in the drainage at the OS site is influenced by the distribution of organic matter between the solid and solution phase. The abundant organic Zn complexes in solution contribute to facilitate Zn transport from soil into surface waters, through the drainage at the OS site. Drainage from the OS site contributes about twice as much Zn input to the receiving water as the MS soil, as related to specific area. The mineral soil contains much lower organic matter, and a part of Zn bound with inorganic phases can hardly be released by dissolved organic ligands, leading to much higher Zn retention at the MS site.     

A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin of Northwest China (I) model structure and equations

It is absolutely necessary to quantify the hydrological processes in earth surface by numerical models in the cold regions where although most Chinese large rivers acquire their headstreams, due to global warming, its glacier, permafrost and snow cover have degraded seriously in the recent 50 years. Especially in an arid inland river basin, where the main water resources come from mountainous watershed, it becomes an urgent case. However, frozen ground’s impact to water cycle is little considered in the distributed hydrological models for a watershed. Took Heihe mountainous watershed with an area of 10,009 km², as an example, the authors designed a distributed heat-water coupled (DWHC) model by referring to SHAW and COUP. The DWHC model includes meteorological variable interception model, vegetation interception model, snow and glacier melting model, soil water-heat coupled model, evapotransporation model, runoff generation model, infiltration model and flow concentration model. With 1 km DTM grids in daily scale, the DWHC model describes the basic hydrological processes in the research watershed, with 3∼5 soil layers for each of the 18 soil types, 9 vegetation types and 11 landuse types, according to the field measurements, remote sensing data and some previous research results. The model can compute the continuous equation of heat and water flow in the soil and can estimate them continuously, by numerical methods or by some empirical formula, which depends on freezing soil status. However, the model still has some conceptual parameters, and need to be improved in the future. This paper describes only the model structure and basic equations, whereas in the next papers, the model calibration results using the data measured at meteorological stations, together with Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) outputs, will be further introduced.     

饱和软黏土中埋地管道冻结模型试验研究

为研究软土地区埋地管道在土体冻结过程中的管道受力机理, 开展了饱和软黏土中地埋管道冻结模型试验。通过人工冻结技术, 近似还原了管土受冻过程, 研究了人工冻结过程中土体温度场、 水分场、 位移场分布情况, 以及管道的力学特性。结果表明： 在冻结过程中, 土体温度场的变化直接影响着土中水分场的分布; 在冻结锋面前缘存在着剧烈的水分迁移现象, 大量的水分向冻结锋面迁移, 使得土体产生线性冻胀; 冻胀发展速率受外部荷载的直接影响; 当冻结发展到管道处时, 位于冻胀和非冻胀过渡段位置处的管身出现应力最大值。研究结果对于正冻土中管道的安全评估具有重要的意义。     

Analysis of water seepage in a pavement system using the particulate approach

A particulate model has been developed to analyze the effects of transient and steady state seepage of water through a randomly-packed coarse-grained soil as an alternative to conventional seepage analysis based on continuum models. In this model, the soil skeleton and the pore water are volumetrically coupled in the transient and steady-state conditions. The concept of relative density has been used to define different compaction levels of the soil layers forming a pavement filter system and observe the seepage response to compaction. First, Monte–Carlo simulation is used to randomly pack discrete spherical particles from a specified particle size distribution (PSD) to achieve a desired relative density based on the theoretical minimum and maximum void ratios. Then, a water pressure gradient is applied across one two-layer unit to trigger water seepage. The interstitial pore water motion is idealized using Navier–Stokes (NS) equations with provision to incorporate the drag forces acting between the pore fluid and soil particles. The NS equations are discretized using finite differences and applied to discrete elements in a staggered, structured grid. The model predicted hydraulic conductivities are validated using widely used equations.     

Reactive transport modelling of mine tailings columns with capillarity-induced high water saturation for preventing sulfide oxidation

A series of laboratory column tests on reactive mine tailings was numerically simulated to study the effect of high water saturation on preventing sulfide mineral oxidation and acid mine drainage (AMD). The approach, also known as an elevated water table (EWT), is a promising alternative to full water covers for the management and closure of sulfidic tailings impoundments and for the long term control of acid mine drainage. The instrumented columns contained reactive tailings from the Louvicourt mine, Quebec, and were overlain by a protective sand cover. Over a 13–19 month period, the columns were exposed to atmospheric O₂ and flushed approximately every month with demineralized water. A free draining control column with no sand cover was also used. During each cycle, water table elevations were controlled by fixing the pressure at the column base and drainage water was collected and analyzed for pH and Eh, major ions, and dissolved metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Mg). The columns were simulated using the multi-component reactive transport model MIN3P which solves the coupled nonlinear equations for transient water flow, O₂ diffusion, advective–dispersive transport and kinetic geochemical reactions. Physical properties and mineralogical compositions for the material layers were obtained from independent laboratory data. The simulated and observed data showed that as the water table elevation increased, the effluent pH became more neutral and SO₄ and dissolved metal concentrations decreased by factors on the order of 10²–10³. It is concluded that water table depths less than or equal to one-half of the air entry value (AEV) can keep mine tailings sufficiently saturated over the long term, thus reducing sulfide oxidation and AMD production.     

Modeling preferential water flow and solute transport in unsaturated soil using the active region model

Preferential flow and solute transport are common processes in the unsaturated soil, in which distributions of soil water content and solute concentrations are often characterized as fractal patterns. An active region model (ARM) was recently proposed to describe the preferential flow and transport patterns. In this study, ARM governing equations were derived to model the preferential soil water flow and solute transport processes. To evaluate the ARM equations, dye infiltration experiments were conducted, in which distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration were measured. Predicted results using the ARM and the mobile–immobile region model (MIM) were compared with the measured distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration. Although both the ARM and the MIM are two-region models, they are fundamentally different in terms of treatments of the flow region. The models were evaluated based on the modeling efficiency (ME). The MIM provided relatively poor prediction results of the preferential flow and transport with negative ME values or positive ME values less than 0.4. On the contrary, predicted distributions of soil water content and Cl⁻ concentration using the ARM agreed reasonably well with the experimental data, with ME values higher than 0.8. The results indicated that the ARM successfully captured the macroscopic behavior of preferential flow and solute transport in the unsaturated soil.     

A coupled discrete element model for the simulation of soil and water flow through an orifice

Soil erosion around defective underground pipes can cause ground collapses and sinkholes in urban areas. Most of these soil erosion events are caused by fluidization of the surrounding soil with subsequent washing into defective sewer pipes. In this study, this soil erosion process is simplified as the gradual washout of sand particles mixed with water through an orifice. The discrete element method is used to simulate the large deformation behavior of the sand particles, and the Darcy fluid model is coupled with this approach to simulate fluid flow through porous sand media. A coupled 3D discrete element model is developed and implemented based on this scheme. To simulate previous experiments using this coupled model considering the current computing capacity, we incorporated a ‘supply layer’ to study the continuous erosion process. The coupled model can predict the erosion flow rates of sand and water and the shape of erosion void. Thus, the model can be used as an effective and efficient tool to investigate the soil erosion process around defective pipes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal design of artificial soil freezing systems

Appropriate thermal design of an artificial soil freezing system should include the linking between the performance of the refrigeration system and the thermal regime in the soil, as well as the influence of variable thermal properties and complicated geometries.

The paper presents design systems, based on computer programs, where these features are demonstrated. The refrigeration capacity is given as a boundary condition at the freezing pipe, either as temperature or flux.

Two programs are discussed; a one-dimensional (1-D), finite difference program for the analysis of a single pipe, and a two-dimensional (2-D), finite element code, with seepage flow as an option, more suited for real problems.

The programs are used to display the influence of various design parameters, such as refrigeration capacities, material properties and geometries.

A comparison is made between the 2-D program and a simplified method developed by K.R. Khakimov, which shows that the simplified method gives a very conservative estimate of the frozen volume vs. elapsed time.

Finally, the 2-D program computing combined heat and seepage flow is applied to a laboratory model of a soil freezing system, and the agreement between measured and computed values of temperature and water flow is shown to be acceptable.     

Simulation modelling of pollutant transport from leachate in Shiraz landfill

A one-dimensional mathematical model based on convection–dispersion equation in unsaturated porous media is presented to compute inorganic total solid concentration in the soil column under the Shiraz landfill. In addition, a dynamic mathematical model is formulated to simulate concentrations of ions such as Ca²⁺ , Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻ as well as PH and EC in soil profile under the Shiraz landfill. Leachw model was applied to simulate water flow, water content and hydraulic conductivity in soil depth. The model was calibrated and verified by using different sets of data collected from several segments of soil depth in the study area. The numerical solution obtained using finite element method. The simulated values for the parameters were compared with measured values as well as analytical solution. The simulated results are in good agreement with measured values. This model could be applied to field scale problems for the landfill management.     

土壤冻融过程中水流迁移特性及通量模拟

为研究季节性冻土在冻融过程中水热盐的运移规律,在野外开展了一维及二维冻土水热盐运移试验,并通过Br离子示踪法及建立冻土水盐通量计算模型对土壤冻融过程中水盐的通量变化特性进行了计算分析。基于Hangen-Poiseuille孔隙通量方程,耦合孔隙冰柱体对水力传导度的影响机理,提出了冻土水流通量模型。结果表明,冻结过程中,液态水在水势和温度梯度作用下在冻结锋处聚集,形成通量峰值,冻融过程中自地表和最大冻深位置分别向下和向上的融化过程中,一维与二维试验水流通量变化对比表明,冻融过程中水流通量受到中间层冻土和地下水顶托的影响。冻土通量模型能够有效地描述冻土中不同温度条件下水流通量特性,从微观的角度很好地解释了土壤冻结过程中冰水共存状态下土壤中水流通量变化规律。     

基于DRAINMOD-S模型的滨海盐碱地农田暗管排水模拟

在分析农田暗管排水饱和-非饱和土壤水、盐运移数学模型的基础上,对DRAINMOD-S模型的基本原理和参数输入要求进行了详细描述,利用典型滨海盐碱地区实测土壤、气象、作物等资料,用DRAINMOD模型对不同排水暗管布置方案的地下水埋深进行了长序列模拟,在模拟率定参数的基础上,用DRAINMOD-S模型对0~80 cm土壤层剖面含盐量进行了模拟,结果表明:模型具有良好的水文模拟性能,地下水位及土壤含盐量模拟值与实测值拟合精度较高;可用于预测盐碱地地下水埋深、土壤层剖面中盐分含量,是改良盐碱地农田暗管排水工程设计和水管理的有效工具。     

含水层和土壤的随机特征对水分运动的影响

将土壤或含水层的介质参数视为随机分布,建立了饱和非饱和水流运动的随机微分方程,利用随机数值求解方法,得到各种随机参数对水头分布和含水量空间变异性的影响。分析结果表明,随着渗透系数空间变异性和相关尺度的增大,含水层水头分布的变异性增大;对于区域内有抽水井分布的问题,在井点附近区域,z向水流速度空间变异性大,而在井点处变异性较小。当采用Gardner-Russo模型描述非饱和水分特征时,其非饱和土壤介质参数α的变异性对土壤负压和含水量变异性的影响大于饱和渗透系数,土壤含水量越小,含水量的空间变异性越大。初步讨论了根据随机数值方法研究地下水运动问题的可靠性分析方法。     

Modeling of tensile strength on moist granular earth material at low water content

While most research has mainly focused on the volume change, flow, and shear strength of unsaturated earth materials, investigations of tensile strength of unsaturated earth materials especially granular materials have not received much attention except for cemented and clayey materials. Thus, direct tension experiments were carried out to quantify the actual magnitude of tensile strength induced by water in moist granular soil at especially low water contents (w<4%). The magnitudes of the measured tensile strength are significantly different from zero. A simple experimental tensile strength model is proposed. Practicing engineers can use this model for approximate estimation of the tensile strength of unsaturated granular soils without experiments and for precise design or analysis of most engineered facilities relying on the unsaturated granular soils in the vadose zone. The experimental data are also compared with a theoretical model developed for monosized spheres at low water contents, and its application for a real granular earth material having a variety of particles is discussed. The nonlinear behavior of the tensile strength for moist granular soil is appropriately simulated with a model.     

Hydrothermal alteration of kimberlite by convective flows of external water

Kimberlite volcanism involves the emplacement of olivine-rich volcaniclastic deposits into volcanic vents or pipes. Kimberlite deposits are typically pervasively serpentinised as a result of the reaction of olivine and water within a temperature range of 130–400 °C or less. We present a model for the influx of ground water into hot kimberlite deposits coupled with progressive cooling and serpentisation. Large-pressure gradients cause influx and heating of water within the pipe with horizontal convergent flow in the host rock and along pipe margins, and upward flow within the pipe centre. Complete serpentisation is predicted for wide ranges of permeability of the host rocks and kimberlite deposits. For typical pipe dimensions, cooling times are centuries to a few millennia. Excess volume of serpentine results in filling of pore spaces, eventually inhibiting fluid flow. Fresh olivine is preserved in lithofacies with initial low porosity, and at the base of the pipe where deeper-level host rocks have low permeability, and the pipe is narrower leading to faster cooling. These predictions are consistent with fresh olivine and serpentine distribution in the Diavik A418 kimberlite pipe, (NWT, Canada) and with features of kimberlites of the Yakutian province in Russia affected by influx of ground water brines. Fast reactions and increases in the volume of solid products compared to the reactants result in self-sealing and low water–rock ratios (estimated at <0.2). Such low water–rock ratios result in only small changes in stable isotope compositions; for example, δO¹⁸ is predicted only to change slightly from mantle values. The model supports alteration of kimberlites predominantly by interactions with external non-magmatic fluids.     

饱和土中管桩的水平动阻抗研究

为了考察桩、土主要参数对饱和土中管桩水平振动的影响,将土体分为桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土两部分,利用多孔介质理论的饱和土控制方程建立了饱和土-管桩的耦合振动模型。在考虑桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土边界条件的情况下,运用势函数解耦的方法对桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土的水平振动进行了求解。在考虑桩周饱和土和桩芯饱和土对管桩作用的情况下对饱和土中管桩的水平振动进行了求解,得到了管桩桩顶的水平动力阻抗,并分析了主要桩、土参数对管桩水平动力阻抗的影响。研究表明：管桩内外半径、桩周土和桩芯土剪切模量比、泊松比之比对管桩水平动力阻抗的影响较大,低频时液-固耦合系数比对管桩水平动力阻抗有一定的影响,而阻尼比之比对管桩水平动力阻抗阻尼因子有一定的影响。