上海黏土压缩指数和回弹指数经验关系

压缩指数Cc和回弹指数Cs是土力学中表征土体变形特性的两个重要参数指标,可通过室内一维固结试验获得。但是试验过程耗时长,因此,很多学者提出了压缩指数Cc与物理指标（尤其是液限wL、天然含水率wn、初始孔隙比e0和塑性指数Ip）的经验关系。通过对比国内外压缩指数经验关系,发现压缩指数与天然含水率和孔隙比关系离散性较小,分别给出了一个统一的经验关系。采用薄壁取土器从上海某一场地取得第②～⑥层土的原状土样进行固结试验,并搜集整理分析已有文献中的试验数据和上海69个场地的岩土勘察数据,给出了上海典型土层压缩指数Cc与wL、wn、e0、Ip的经验关系。同时发现,Cc/n0与Cc以及Cs/n0与Cs（n0为初始孔隙率）之间具有高度的线性关系,从而给出了基于初始孔隙率n0预测上海黏土压缩指数Cc和回弹指数Cs的经验关系。分析了压缩指数和回弹指数的关系,结果表明,上海正常固结黏土Cc/Cs分布在4.8～6.9之间,平均值约为5.8;超固结黏土Cc/Cs分布在3.3～5.2之间,平均值约为4.3。     

天然沉积结构性黏土原位压缩规律及预测模型研究

通过天然沉积黏土的原状样与重塑样的压缩对比试验,揭示了屈服后土结构性的渐进性破损过程以及由常规 曲线确定的压缩指数 随固结压力呈非线性变化性状给实际工程沉降计算参数选取带来不便。采用 双对数坐标表示方法,通过不同初始结构大小的黏土试验数据证实了 压缩曲线在屈服前后段具有良好的线性关系,实现了结构屈服应力、屈服前后压缩指标有效统一确定。在该坐标体系下给出了考虑取样扰动影响的原位压缩曲线恢复方法,建立了结构性黏土的双线性压缩模型,结合文中与文献中试验数据给出了结构屈服应力与不排水强度、屈服后压缩指标与稳定指数SI和液限wL的经验关系。研究结果可为天然沉积土地基固结沉降计算参数的合理选取提供依据。     

Estimating compaction parameters of fine- and coarse-grained soils by means of artificial neural networks

This paper presents artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models for estimating the compaction parameters of both coarse- and fine-grained soils. A total number of 200 soil mixtures were prepared and compacted at standard Proctor energy. The compaction parameters were predicted by means of ANN models using different input data sets. The ANN prediction models were developed to find out which of the index properties correlate well with compaction parameters. In this respect, the transition fine content ratio (TFR) was defined as a new input parameter in addition to traditional soil index parameters (i.e. liquid limit, plastic limit, passing No. 4 sieve and passing No. 200 sieve). Highly nonlinear nature of the compaction data dictated development of two separate ANN models for maximum dry unit weight (γ_dmax) and optimum water content (ω_opt). It was found that generalization capability and prediction accuracy of ANN models could be further enhanced by sub-clustered data division techniques.     

广东西部沿海铁路土体参数相关性分析

土体的压缩模量、液限和塑限等物理力学参数是工程地质勘察测试的重要项目,根据广东西部沿海铁路初测的土体物理力学试验,分析了压缩模量、压缩系数、液限、塑限、塑性指数、液性指数等参数与孔隙比、含水率、密度等参数之间的相关关系。通过回归关系式初步估计不易直接测得的指标,节约了测试时间和试验成本。     

Correlations between Compression Index and Index Properties of Undisturbed and Disturbed Tehran clay

The compression index (Cc), which is used to calculate the consolidation settlement of fine-grained soils, can be determined through consolidation testing. Given that exploring the soil in a local region is highly important to determine the correlation between the Cc and other soil indices, the present study investigated these correlations in undisturbed and disturbed samples through 130 consolidation tests and determining the Cc of Tehran clay. The results are suggestive of the validity of the linear correlation between the Cc and the unit weight and initial void ratio of the soil, with several relations presented to estimate the Cc of Tehran clay soil. In contrast, the initial water content, liquid limit and the plasticity index do not produce reliable correlations with the Cc of the local clay soil, and a relation based on these index parameters cannot be recommended in this area. Further, the presented empirical correlations were compared with the existing ones. More over time-displacement and e-log σ’ graphs for undisturbed and disturbed samples are compared and stress history of the site are presented. The results are significant in terms of engineering applications, saving time and money and provides an initial estimation of compression index.

     

黄河冲积平原低液限土的工程特性研究

依托济南—乐陵高速公路路基勘察项目,依据试样的室内土工试验成果,应用回归分析方法,建立了黄河冲积平原低液限土的含水率与土的密度、孔隙比和压缩系数及土的塑性指标等相关经验公式;对区内赋存的低液限粉质黏土,通过与其他相近密实度的土,在抗剪强度及单向固结条件下固结特性的比较分析,指出该区域此类土质具有所谓的"高密度、低强度、中(偏高)压缩性"的工程特性。     

土结构性对天然软黏土压缩特性的影响

天然软黏土普遍受到土结构性的影响,明确结构性对软黏土压缩特性的影响机制显得尤为重要。对两个天然软黏土原状样进行室内一维固结试验,得到的压缩曲线与已有文献中搜集的39个原状样压缩曲线进行比较。压缩曲线在对数坐标下均呈现倒S形,并存在明显的结构屈服压力。采用双对数坐标处理后,压缩曲线可由双直线较好地表示,易于确定固结屈服压力。41个原状样屈服后的压缩指数和屈服点含水率之间的定量关系,与基于重塑土定量公式计算的压缩指数与固结屈服压力下重塑土含水率的定量关系相一致。对比结果表明：天然软黏土屈服后的压缩特性取决于屈服时的含水率,而与土结构性无关,解释了天然土压缩曲线位于重塑土上方是由于对应屈服点含水率不同而引起的。     

Residual and Fully Softened Strength Evaluation of Soils using Artificial Neural Networks

A backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict the secant friction angle of residual and fully softened soils, using data reported by Stark et al. (J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131:575–588, 2005). In the ANN model, index properties such as liquid limit, plastic limit, activity, clay fraction and effective normal stress are used as input variables while secant residual friction angle is used as output variable. The model is verified using data that were not used for model training and testing. The results also indicate that the secant residual friction angle of cohesive soils can be predicted quite accurately using liquid limit, clay fraction and effective normal stress as input variables with R ² = 0.93. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that plastic limit and activity have no appreciable effect on ANN predicted secant friction angles. The secant friction angle predictions of the ANN model were also compared with those of Stark’s et al. (2005) curves and the empirical formulas suggested for the same data sets by Wright (Evaluation of soil shear strengths for slope and retaining wall stability with emphasis on high plasticity clays, 2005). The comparison shows that the ANN model predictions are very close to those suggested by the Stark et al. (2005) curves but much better than the prediction of Wright’s (2005) empirical equations. The results also show that ANN is an alternative powerful tool to predict the secant friction angle of soils.     

重塑黏性土固有压缩特性的探讨

Burland于1990年提出重塑土的固有压缩特性,为定量评价天然沉积结构性黏性土的力学性质提供参考依据。通过对四种液限的重塑土进行大量的室内一维固结试验,重塑土样的初始含水率调整扩大为液限的0.7~2.0倍,探讨了初始含水率,液限对重塑土固有压缩特性的影响。结果表明:重塑土压缩曲线不仅与土的液限有关,还受初始含水率的影响; 在较低固结压力下,采用Burland引入的孔隙指数不能将不同初始含水率的重塑土压缩曲线归一化,但当固结压力超过约25kPa时,各种压缩曲线均可较好地归一化至重塑土的固有压缩曲线(ICL); 此外,重塑土固有压缩参数并非仅与土的液限有关,试验实测的结果显示出与Burland的固有压缩参数经验有一定的偏离,结合试验结果对其进行了修正。     

Application of an Expert System for the Assessment of Blast Vibration

The purpose of this article is to evaluate and predict the blast induced ground vibration using different conventional vibration predictors and artificial neural network (ANN) at a surface coal mine of India. Ground Vibration is a seismic wave that spread out from the blast hole when detonated in a confined manner. 128 blast vibrations were recorded and monitored in and around the surface coal mine at different strategic and vulnerable locations. Among these, 103 blast vibrations data sets were used for the training of the ANN network as well as to determine site constants of various conventional vibration predictors, whereas rest 25 blast vibration data sets were used for the validation and comparison by ANN and empirical formulas. Two types of ANN model based on two parameters (maximum charge per delay and distance between blast face to monitoring point) and multiple parameters (burden, spacing, charge length, maximum charge per delay and distance between blast face to monitoring point) were used in the present study to predict the peak particle velocity. Finally, it is found that the ANN model based on multiple input parameters have better prediction capability over two input parameters ANN model and conventional vibration predictors.     

天然沉积饱和黏土渗透系数试验研究与预测模型

为研究天然沉积土的物理特性、结构状态与应力水平对其渗透特性的影响,采用固结渗透联合试验,对太湖湖沼相粉质黏土原状样与具有不同前期固结压力的重塑样的渗透系数变化规律进行了测定。原状样和重塑样的渗透系数均随固结压力的增大呈非线性减小,且两者的孔隙比与渗透系数的变化模式相一致;而前期固结压力仅影响渗透系数大小。试验结果表明：土体渗透系数随孔隙比的变化规律不受土结构性（颗粒间胶结作用）和应力历史的影响;对于同一土体,渗透系数大小主要由孔隙比决定,进而对试验和相关文献中不同土体渗透系数在压缩过程中变化规律进行了分析,建立了线性的lg(1+e)-lgkv渗透模型,并考虑了液限的影响,对渗透指数 的经验关系进行了修正,修正后的 计算结果更接近于实测值。研究结果对准确分析原位地基实际受荷过程中非线性固结性状具有重要意义。     

饱和软土大变形非线性自重固结模型

基于分段线性方法,建立了饱和软土一维自重固结模型（简称SWC模型）。该模型能考虑自重固结过程中土体的大变形效应和材料参数的非线性变化。将该模型的计算结果与相关解析解、现场试验及室内试验结果进行了对比验证,证明了SWC模型能准确计算出大变形和非线性条件下饱和软土的自重固结过程,包括沉降量、平均固结度、孔隙比分布和超孔隙水压力分布等参数随时间的变化过程。随后,以现场试验为基础,采用SWC模型对饱和软土自重固结的4个主要影响因素（即土体初始高度、边界排水条件、初始孔隙比和土粒相对密度）进行了参数分析。结果表明,上述4个参数对软土自重固结过程均具有重要影响：土体初始高度越高,则自重固结沉降量和最终平均应变值越大;边界排水条件对土体自重固结的速度有重要影响,但不影响自重固结的最终沉降量;初始孔隙比越大,则自重固结沉降量越大,其完成自重固结所需时间越短;土粒相对密度越大,则土体的最终沉降量越大,完成自重固结所需时间越短。     

天然沉积饱和有明粘性土的Burland 孔隙指数与归一化含水量的关系

如何评价土结构性对天然沉积饱和土的力学性状的影响是一个非常重要的研究课题。Burland在第30届郎肯讲座论文中导入孔隙指数对各种重塑土的压缩曲线进行归一化，提出固有压缩曲线用于评价天然沉积土的压缩性状。通过对广泛沉积在日本九洲岛的有明粘性土进行试验研究，探讨了灵敏有明粘性土的特征，提出一个比Burland孔隙指数更为简单实用的评价天然沉积土力学性状的指标——归一化含水量，定义为含水量与液限之比。根据大量的试验结果，得出了天然沉积有明粘性土的Burland孔隙指数与归一化含水量的相关关系，提出了对应于归一化含水量的固有压缩曲线。     

基于DFOS的排灌水条件下土体变形响应模型试验研究

黏土层和砂土层交替变化的多层土体在强烈开采地下水作用下极易产生压密固结而引发地面沉降灾害。本文针对含水层释水引起地面沉降问题,研制了地面沉降试验装置,进行了排灌水条件下含水层系统的沉降及回弹试验。采用分布式光纤感测技术对土体内部应变分布及含水率变化进行耦合监测,并分析了各分层对水位变化的响应特征。结果表明:黏土层和砂土层均表现出了排水压缩和灌水回弹特点,黏土层变形较砂土层明显。各层变形与含水率变化具有良好的对应关系,表现为砂土层变形和含水率变化基本同步,而黏土层变形略微滞后于含水率变化。黏性土压缩曲线具有明显的分段特征,排水时当含水率低于液限后迅速减小,黏土层压缩速率明显加快;回灌时当含水率高于液限后,回弹速率明显加快。试验结果对研究地面沉降机理、评价地面沉降潜力及地下水利用具有重要意义。     

天然土层初始状态与土体压缩性的相关性刍议

通过分析自钻式旁压仪等原位测试手段获取静止侧压力系数偏高现象,揭示了传统理论估算天然土层垂向应力偏小的事实。经历勘探开采的卸荷膨胀,室内实验取得的原状样本重力密度不再等同于地层埋藏条件的初始状态。初始状态不会背离土体压缩性本质,因此以均匀性假设条件认知上覆压力作用下天然土层土体的物理性质并不恰当。本文采取固结压力附加100kPa等技术措施变革压缩实验分析模式,探索构建与压缩和回弹性质及应力历史条件相关的天然土层初始状态数学模型。结合应用实例,提出室内实验观察的回弹指数不足以体现样本的膨胀状况,最小干密度和液限状态的物理意义或是土体原始压缩的最大孔隙特征,以及压缩指数不能圆满诠释土体压缩性原理等见解。     

Probabilistical distribution statistical analysis of Tianjin soft soil indices

In the design of soft ground treatment, the soft soil indices are the basic design parameter, and their changes have a strong geographical feature and significant uncertainty. Today, the soft soil indices statistical analysis content is mainly in the correlation and distribution regularity of physico-mechanical indices, which lack systematic study in different regions for different types of soft soils, and the statistical samples are from indoor tests and in-situ tests, without considering the impact of different test methods. In this paper, taking the soft soil in Tianjin as an independent statistical unit body, based on studying the change confines, variability, correlation, probabilistical distribution model of soil indices, some statistical relationship empirical formulas and probabilistical distribution models for physical indices, compression index, strength index were obtained; moreover, the correlation of shear strength results by straight shear test, triaxial test, vane shear test are analyzed; and a method for using random factor to evaluate the uncertainty involved in different test methods of soft soil parameters is proposed. The study results provide a basis and reference for defining the values of geotechnical parameters for soft soil.     

天津软土土性指标概率分布统计分析

软土土性指标作为软基处理设计的基本参数,其变化具有很强的地域特征和显著的不确定性。目前,对软土土性指标统计分析集中在软土物理力学指标的相互关系和分布规律等方面,采用的样本为室内试验和原位测试数据,没有考虑不同试验方法对土性指标不确定性分析的影响。将天津软土作为一个独立的统计单元体,研究了该地区软土物理力学指标的变化范围、变异性、指标间的相互关系和各指标的概率分布模型,得到了天津软土物理指标与压缩指标、强度指标间的统计关系经验公式以及土性指标的概率分布模型;并分析了直剪试验、三轴试验、十字板剪切试验3种不同方法抗剪强度试验结果的相互关系,提出了利用随机因子分析法对试验方法不确定性进行概率评定。研究成果为软土地区工程土工参数的取值提供了依据和参考。     

上海浅部土层压缩指数与天然含水率的关系

压缩指数Cc是土体变形特征的一个重要指标,一般通过固结试验获得,需要耗费较长的时间以及大量人力物力,因此通过其他基本物理指标（天然含水率wn、初始孔隙比e0、液限wL）来推算压缩指数Cc是一个快捷有效的方法。从上海地区钻孔得到第②～⑥层土的原状土样进行固结试验,并结合多个地点的勘察报告数据,发现wn和e0具有较高的线性相关性,但wn与wL间的相关性不明显。考虑到wn相比e0更容易得到,选用wn来建立与Cc的关系式。研究认为,常用的线性关系不适用于上海黏土中含水率wn大于45%的情况,提出了指数函数式（8）。该函数还可适用于中国东部沿海其他地区的黏土。     

吹填场区软黏土地基的次固结特性研究

针对天津中心渔港吹填场区软黏土地基进行了一系列的固结压缩试验,获得应力、应变与时间的关系,对比分析了吹填土层和天然沉积土层的固结和次固结特性,为吹填场区软黏土地基变形模型建立及长期工后沉降预测提供理论依据。研究表明,吹填土和天然沉积土的应变速率与时间双对数曲线具有很好的线性相关性;处理后吹填土含水率和压缩性较低,天然沉积土含水率和压缩性高;随荷载P增大,吹填土的次固结系数Ca?变化不大,天然沉积土的次固结系数Ca先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定;次固结系数Ca与压缩指数Cc具有良好的线性相关性,其随时间的增加均呈对数下降趋势。     

考虑变渗透系数的饱和黏土一维流变固结分析

为进一步探讨饱和黏性土的弹黏塑性和变渗透性对一维固结进程的影响,引入考虑时间效应的统一硬化（UH）本构模型描述饱和黏土的弹黏塑性,并用Taylor的经验关系式表示其渗透系数与孔隙比的关系,修正了太沙基一维固结理论,并利用有限差分法对方程进行求解。通过与一维流变固结试验结果对比,验证本文计算方法的有效性以及UH模型的适用性。在此基础上,讨论了UH模型参数、压缩指数与渗透指数的比值以及荷载强度等对固结过程的影响。计算结果表明:饱和黏土的黏滞性使得在固结初期地基内部出现了孔压升高现象,并减缓了固结中后期地基孔压的整体消散,增大了地基的沉降量,并且这种现象随着初始超固结参数的增大而更明显;另外,随着压缩指数与渗透指数比值的减小,地基固结进程会加快,但地基最终沉降量不受影响;同时,在固结后期,当压缩指数不大于渗透指数时,较小荷载强度对应的地基内孔压消散较慢,然而,当压缩指数大于渗透指数时,荷载强度对孔压消散的影响则相对很小。