砂土介质注浆渗透扩散试验与加固机制研究

设计了一套可视化砂土介质恒压注浆渗透扩散与加固模拟试验装置。选用普通硅酸盐42.5水泥（OPC）、超细硅酸盐水泥（MC）、超细硫铝水泥（MSAC）及自主研发材料（EMCG）,对砂土多孔介质进行了注浆渗透扩散与加固试验。研究了细砂土体不同浆液、注浆压力工况下扩散距离、注浆量随时间变化规律,以及不同浆液、砂样级配及注浆压力对加固效果影响。采用极差分析法确定了加固效果主控因素,获得了加固体宏观破坏模式,通过SEM分析了岩-浆界面微观加固模型,揭示了不同材料加固效果差异的本质原因。研究结果表明：注浆材料与颗粒质量分数主导着细砂土体可注性,注浆压力对可注性提高程度不大,EMCG可注性最强,MC、MSAC次之,OPC最差;在完全可注情况下,砂样级配越细,加固体强度改善效果越明显;EMCG材料加固体7、28 d强度明显高于MSAC、MC、OPC加固体;EMCG的7 d加固体强度达到28 d参数70%以上;注浆材料主导着注浆加固效果,EMCG对不同级配砂土体注浆加固效果显著优于其他水泥类材料,OPC最差;注浆后EMCG浆-岩界面生成的致密C-S-H凝胶体能够有效提高胶结强度。最后从注浆材料选型、注浆过程控制、钻孔布置方面对砂土层渗透注浆设计方法提出了工程治理改进建议。     

渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响试验研究

通过在试验砂槽中进行灌浆试验,研究了渗流作用对砂砾石层灌浆的影响。首先,在选定水泥浆作为灌浆材料的前提下,验证了砂砾石材料的可灌性,确定了灌浆的有关参数,包括浆液水灰比、灌浆时间、灌浆压力、灌浆深度等;其次,在无渗流作用下,研究了灌浆压力、浆液水灰比与浆液扩散范围之间的关系;最后,在有渗流作用下,通过调整上下游水位差,研究了灌浆压力、渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间的关系。研究结果表明,渗流作用对灌浆压力与浆液扩散范围所呈的线性关系无明显影响,不同灌浆压力条件下,渗流强度与浆液扩散范围之间呈明显的非线性关系     

Groutability of cement‐based grout with consideration of viscosity and filtration phenomenon

The groutability depends on the properties of the grout, its injection processes, and on the mechanical properties of the soil formation. During the process of pouring cement‐based grouting into a porous medium, a variation with time occurs in the viscosity of grout suspension. In addition, the particle filtration phenomenon will limit the expansion of the grouted zone because cement particles are progressively stagnant within the soil matrix. In this paper, a closed‐form solution was derived by implementing the mass balance equations and the generalized phenomenological filtration law, which can be used to evaluate the deposition of cement‐based grout in the soil matrix. The closed‐form solution relevant to a particular spherical flow was modified by a step‐wise numerical calculation, considering the variable viscosity caused by a chemical reaction, and the decrease in porosity resulting from grout particle deposition in the soil pores. A series of pilot‐scale chamber injection tests was performed to verify that the developed step‐wise numerical calculation is able to evaluate the injectable volume of grout and the deposition of grout particles. The results of the chamber injection tests concurred well with that of the step‐wise numerical calculation. Based on the filtration phenomenon, a viable approach for estimating the groutability of cement‐based grout in a porous medium was also suggested, which might facilitate a new insight in the design of the grouting process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Injectability of Microfine Cement Grouts into Limestone Sands with Different Gradations: Experimental Investigation and Prediction

One-dimensional injection tests were conducted on dry and dense sand columns with a height of 36.5 cm for the injectability evaluation of cement grouts. Three ordinary cement types were pulverized to obtain fine-grained cements having nominal maximum grain sizes of 40, 20 and 10 μm. Suspensions of these cements with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, were injected into 54 clean, limestone sands with different gradations. Pulverization of the ordinary cements to produce microfine cements extends the range of groutable sands to “medium-to-fine”. Suspension injectability is improved by increasing cement fineness and suspension W/C ratio or by decreasing apparent viscosity and is controlled by the synthesis of the finer portion (d ≤ d₂₅) of the sand gradation. The outcome of the 131 injectability tests conducted is successfully predicted by available groutability criteria at a rate ranging between 51 and 69%. The “new groutability and filtration criteria” proposed in this study, are adapted to the finer 25% of the sand gradation, have successful predictions for 79% of the cases (10–28% higher than those of the existing groutability criteria) and predict successfully the appearance of filtration in 83% of the available cases. The model developed by performing Binary Logistic Regression analyses of the injection test results is considered appropriate for the prediction of injectability of cement grouts in sands because it exhibits a coefficient of multiple determination equal to 0.84 and provides a rate of successful predictions equal to 78% of the available experimental results.     

An investigation of the effects of important grouting and rock parameters on the grouting process

Today, grouting is used as an aid in ground improvement in most civil and mining engineering projects. Groutability and grout penetration depth are among the most important issues that are considered in grouting operation. Various parameters such as in-situ stress, pore water pressure, joint geometric and geomechanical characteristics, grout properties (viscosity and yield stress) and technical factors such as grouting pressure and flow rate affect the groutability and grout penetration depth in a jointed rock mass. Knowledge of the effect of these parameters has advantages in the prediction of grouting results. Typically, cement-based grout is used in jointed rock masses. Unlike water, stable cement-based grout usually acts as a Bingham fluid. In this study the effect of important parameters on grouting process in a jointed rock mass was investigated numerically using the DEM method. In the conducted study, the problem geometry represents a horizontal section in a regularly jointed rock mass with two joint sets. The analyses results show that the grout penetration depth and intake increase as joint aperture, normal stiffness and grouting pressure increase and in-situ stress and pore water pressure decrease. Increase in joint spacing does not have any effect on the grout penetration depth but decreases the grout intake. The effect of joint orientation on grouting process is strongly dependent on in-situ stress state. On the other hand, increase in grout yield stress decreases the grout penetration depth and intake, while grout viscosity does not have any effect on maximum grout penetration depth and intake. To further investigate the above mechanisms, the grouting process conducted in Gotvand dam-Iran was simulated numerically.     

Development of a pulverized fly ash suspension grout

A Greek lignite fly ash was selected because of its hydraulic properties and was pulverized to produce a specific surface of 8300 cm²/g, and a gradation with D₁₅, D₅₀, and D₈₅ equal to 1.3 m, 6 m and 20 m, respectively. The pulverized fly ash suspension properties were optimized by adding a suitable superplasticizer and a suitable accelerator at optimum dosages. The experimental evaluation of suspension properties included sedimentation tests, viscosity'measurements, rheological properties, setting times and development of strength with time. Groutability and effectiveness were evaluated by injecting selected suspensions into clean sands. Pulverization improves remarkably the behavior of fly ash suspensions. Suspensions with water to solids ratios of 1.5:1 and 2:1 by weight and containing additives, behave as Bingham fluids, have apparent viscosity lower than 70 cP, bleed capacity lower than 5%, initial setting time lower than 24 h, and can be injected into relatively coarse sands. These characteristics are comparable to those obtained for ordinary and microfine cement suspensions, showing that pulverized fly ash suspensions can be used for permeation grouting.     

Field study on the behavior of pre-bored grouted planted pile with enlarged grout base

This paper presents the results of field tests performed to investigate the compressive bearing capacity of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) pile with enlarged grout base focusing on its base bearing capacity. The bi-directional O-cell load test was conducted to evaluate the behavior of full scale PGP piles. The test results show that the pile head displacements needed to fully mobilize the shaft resistance were 5.9% and 6.4% D (D is pile diameter), respectively, of two test piles, owing to the large elastic shortening of pile shaft. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the PHC nodular pile base and grout body at the enlarged base could act as a unit in the loading process, and the enlarged grout base could effectively promote the base bearing capacity of PGP pile through increasing the base area. The normalized base resistances (unit base resistance/average cone base resistance) of two test piles were 0.17 and 0.19, respectively, when the base displacement reached 5% D_b (D_b is pile base diameter). The permeation of grout into the silty sand layer under pile base increased the elastic modulus of silty sand, which could help to decrease pile head displacement under working load.

     

考虑黏度时变性的水泥浆液盾构壁后注浆扩散规律及管片压力模型的试验研究

对水泥浆液黏度时变性进行了试验研究,证实了工程常用水灰比范围内水泥浆液服从宾汉姆流体特性;不同水灰比浆液黏度均随注浆时间增大而大幅度增加。根据试验结果,考虑注浆过程中水泥浆液黏度随时间的变化,对盾构壁后注浆水泥浆液的扩散规律及因注浆而造成的管片压力进行了推导及分析。计算表明：相同注浆时间条件下,水泥浆液扩散半径及注浆对管片产生的压力值均随注浆压力的增大而增大。考虑浆液黏度时变性后,扩散半径、注浆对管片压力值等均较不考虑浆液时变性时减小,且随注浆压力的增大,浆液黏度变化对管片压力值的影响更加明显。相同注浆压力条件下,浆液扩散半径及对管片产生的压力值均随注浆时间的增长而增加,但注浆前期增长速度较快,而后逐渐减缓。研究成果对于盾构壁后注浆工艺选择及参数设计具有较大的指导意义。     

Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Uncertainty from Grain-Size Data Using GLUE and Artificial Neural Networks

Various approaches exist to relate saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) to grain-size data. Most methods use a single grain-size parameter and hence omit the information encompassed by the entire grain-size distribution. This study compares two data-driven modelling methods??multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks??that use the entire grain-size distribution data as input for K _s prediction. Besides the predictive capacity of the methods, the uncertainty associated with the model predictions is also evaluated, since such information is important for stochastic groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are combined with a generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach to predict K _s from grain-size data. The resulting GLUE-ANN hydraulic conductivity predictions and associated uncertainty estimates are compared with those obtained from the multiple linear regression models by a leave-one-out cross-validation. The GLUE-ANN ensemble prediction proved to be slightly better than multiple linear regression. The prediction uncertainty, however, was reduced by half an order of magnitude on average, and decreased at most by an order of magnitude. This demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms classical data-driven modelling techniques. Moreover, a comparison with methods from the literature demonstrates the importance of site-specific calibration. The data set used for this purpose originates mainly from unconsolidated sandy sediments of the Neogene aquifer, northern Belgium. The proposed predictive models are developed for 173 grain-size K _s-pairs. Finally, an application with the optimised models is presented for a borehole lacking K _s data.     

Simple statistical equivalents of Penman–Monteith formula’s parameters in the absence of non-basic climatic factors

The Penman?CMonteith (PM) method is the most recommended method for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET_o). The PM equation requires several parameters to be available, either measured or computed. Some of these parameters are conventionally calculated by some slightly sophisticated formulas, especially for handy calculations. This paper aimed to derive some simpler statistical equivalents to these formulas. Simplifications were performed to the formulas of the saturation vapor pressure e _o[T], slope of vapor pressure (?), atmospheric pressure (P), the psychrometric constant (??), wind speed correction, the long-wave radiation, R _nl; the sunset hour angle, ?? _s; and the extraterrestrial radiation, R _a. For the first five parameters, the parameter-independent factor was analyzed for its extremes, then fitted by interpolation to a simpler equivalent formula. The last three parameters were fitted to simpler form through data from the FAO-CLIMWAT database. Each of the simplified formulas was compared to the conventional one; some correlation indices were applied to validate the new formulas. The ET_o was calculated for all stations in the CLIMWAT database by both simplified and conventional formulas. All the correlation results were excellent, with a minimum correlation coefficient of 0.9966. The simplified formulas were proven to be equivalent in performance, with almost no loss in accuracy but simpler in form and faster in execution in the online database applications.     

Multi-scale modelling of the permeability evolution of fine sands during cement suspension grouting with filtration

Fluid flow during permeation grouting of fine sands with a microcement-based grout is studied by assuming that the heterogeneous medium composed of the initial granular skeleton, filtered cement and the interstitial fluid phase can be replaced by a continuous equivalent medium at the macroscopic level. Consequently, the method of Homogenization of Periodic Structures (HPS) is used to identify the effective permeability tensor evolution under the effect of cement filtration. The expression of the macroscopic permeability tensor derived through the HPS procedure is shown to depend on the permeating fluid viscosity and the geometrical arrangement of the sand grains and cement deposit within the microstructure. Numerical computations are made using various two-dimensional and three-dimensional microstructures, and the model results are confronted with grouting experiments performed on small scale columns in the laboratory.     

Depositional environments of coastal sediments of Calangute,Goa

The grain-size statistics and environmental conditions of deposition of the beach and dune sediments from the Calangute region, Goa, have been studied. The results of Student's t test and bivariate plots reveal that there exist distinct differences in grain-size parameters of the sediments from different environments and that these differences are highly significant. The study shows that the variations in mean grain size (Mz), graphic standard deviation (O₁), graphic skewness (Sk₁), simple sorting measure (So_s) and simple skewness measure (O_s) are significant in identifying the sediments from different environments. Further, the study reveals the usefulness of grain-size parameters not only in differentiating beach and dune sediments, but also in delineating the beach into foreshore and backshore. The differences in grain-size characteristics of the sediments between the environments reflect the transport, erosional and depositional mechanisms (active hydrodynamic processes in the beach foreshore and aerodynamic processes in the backshore and dune environments) prevailing in the area of study.     

Hydrogen isotopic ratios of plant wax n-alkanes in a peat bog deposited in northeast China during the last 16 kyr

Based on paleoclimatic reconstructions using various proxies, the Holocene Climate Optimum (10.5–6 ka) has been characterized as a warmer and wetter period in most of East Asia. The summer monsoons associated with the East Asian Monsoon evidently intensified and extended further inland from the Pacific Ocean, a source region of moisture. A notable exception to this general pattern exists in northeast China, where less wet conditions are recorded. We determined molecular compositions of individual plant wax hydrocarbons and their hydrogen isotope compositions (δD values) in a radiocarbon-dated peat core recovered from the Hani marsh in Jilin Province (China) and confirmed that the temperature-dependent effective precipitation in northeast China decreased during the Holocene Climate Optimum. A combination of P_aq, an indicator of the relative contribution of aquatic to terrestrial plants, and the difference in δD between low (C₂₃, C₂₅ and C₂₇) and high molecular weight (C₃₁) n-alkanes in the Hani peat bog indicates a dramatic change in vegetation from the deglaciation to the Holocene. No significant differences were observed between the δD values of low and high molecular weight n-alkanes with relatively high δD values and low P_aq during the early Holocene, indicating that all n-alkanes were produced by evapotranspiration-sensitive terrestrial plants during that time. However, lower δD values of mid-chain n-alkanes (C₂₃, C₂₅ and C₂₇) relative to the long chain n-alkane (C₃₁), together with higher P_aq values during the deglaciation (14–11 ka), suggest an increase in the contribution of aquatic plants and a higher water level during the period. The study demonstrates that northeast China was under a markedly wetter climate condition during the late deglaciation. For the 16 kyr record in the Hani peat sequence, we infer that moisture delivery by the East Asian Monsoon was relatively invariable in northeast China, but increased evaporation during the warmer Holocene Climate Optimum reduced the effective precipitation, defined by the balance between precipitation and evaporation.     

陕北采煤沉陷区黄土基注浆材料性能试验及配比优选

注浆法是采煤沉陷区的主要治理方法，浆材对注浆效果和成本影响很大。以陕北地区黄土-水泥-添加剂混合浆液为研究对象，采用单因素及正交试验对黄土浆液的黏度、凝胶时间、结石率及28 d单轴无侧限抗压强度进行试验研究，对各指标的影响因素及变化规律进行分析，同时，建立黄土基浆液的GA-BPNN预测模型，通过GA多目标全局寻优，优选出一定强度下成本最低的浆液配比。试验结果表明:黄土水泥浆液与陕北地区普遍采用的水泥粉煤灰浆液性能相近，成本大幅降低，黄土基注浆材料密度及结石率受水固比影响最为明显，黏度主要受水固比及黄土（水泥）掺量影响，28 d强度主要受黄土（水泥）掺量影响；采用GA-BPNN构建模型预测的黄土基注浆材料性能预测值与期望值相对误差为0.74%~1.83%，预测结果精度高，可满足实际应用需求。移动阅读      

纤维硅灰水泥石强度与浆液抗冲刷特性

针对隧道突水灾害防治对注浆材料的特殊要求,在水泥浆中加入外掺剂改善其力学特性与抗冲刷特性。通过测试不同水灰比、纤维掺量、硅灰掺量下水泥石的抗压与抗折强度,得出各水灰比下的强度最佳配合比,并测试最佳配合比下浆液的流动性与抗冲刷特性。试验发现,纤维与硅灰的掺入能够显著提高水泥石的强度,且对浆液的流动度影响不大;低流速下纤维硅灰水泥浆的抗冲刷特性较纯水泥浆改善显著,但流速较高时其抗冲刷特性仍较差。基于此,在纤维硅灰水泥浆中再掺入可再分散性乳胶粉进一步改善浆液抗冲刷特性。试验结果表明,可再分散性乳胶粉能明显改善浆液抗冲刷特性,即使在较高流速（0.6 m/s）下,其浆液留存率仍达到60%以上。研究结果为隧道突水灾害防治与动水注浆浆液选择提供了参考。     

立井井筒注浆工程断层破碎带注浆材料的研究

为了满足立井井筒地面预注浆工程中断层带注浆对注浆材料的要求,解决单液水泥浆扩散距离不易控制的问题,研制了一种新型塑性早强水泥注浆材料。通过研究塑性早强浆液的流变性能,结合平面裂隙扩散模型,论述了塑性早强浆液的动切力、塑性黏度及其时变特征。这是决定其在扩散过程中注浆压力衰减快,扩散范围小的本质原因。      

Simplified DMT-based methods for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils

This paper presents simplified dilatometer test (DMT)-based methods for evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils, which is expressed in terms of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). Two DMT parameters, horizontal stress index (K_D) and dilatometer modulus (E_D), are used as an index for assessing liquefaction resistance of soils. Specifically, CRR–K_D and CRR–E_D boundary curves are established based on the existing boundary curves that have already been developed based on standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT). One key element in the development of CRR–K_D and CRR–E_D boundary curves is the correlations between K_D (or E_D) and the blow count (N) in the SPT or cone tip resistance (q_c) from the CPT. In this study, these correlations are established through regression analysis of the test results of SPT, CPT, and DMT conducted side-by-side at each of five sites selected. The validity of the developed CRR–K_D and CRR–E_D curves for evaluating liquefaction resistance is examined with published liquefaction case histories. The results of the study show that the developed DMT-based models are quite promising as a tool for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils.     

Compressibility of Sands of Various Geologic Origins at Pre-crushing Stress Levels

This study quantifies the influence of various intrinsic soil properties including particle roundness, R, sphericity, S, 50% size by weight, D ₅₀, coefficient of uniformity, C _u, and the state property of relative density, D _r, on the compression and recompression indices, C _c and C _r, of sands of various geologic origins at pre-crushing stress levels. Twenty-four sands exhibiting a wide range of particle shapes, gradations, and geologic origins were collected for the study. The particle shapes were determined using a computational geometry algorithm which allows characterization of a statistically large number of particles in specimens. One dimensional oedometer tests were performed on the soils. The new data was augmented with many previously published results. Through statistical analyses, simple functional relationships are developed for C _c and C _r. In both cases, the models utilized only R and D _r since other intrinsic properties proved to have lesser direct influence on the compression indices. However, previous studies showed that the contributions of S and C _u are felt through their effects on index packing void ratios and thus on D _r. The accuracy of the models was confirmed by comparison of predicted and observed C _c and C _r values.     

岩溶突水治理浆材的试验研究

以深部地下工程的加固和高压突水治理为研究对象,对一种新型化学注浆材料的化学反应封堵机制进行了可行性分析,并针对化学浆液的流动性、渗透性、抗冲刷性以及固结体的强度、水质毒理等因素进行了室内试验研究,详细地分析了浆液的物理化学特征,给出了浆液最佳配比值以及相应的性能指标。结合高压突水工程实例,开展现场注浆封堵试验,检验浆材用于突水封堵治理的可行性,并与超细水泥、水泥-水玻璃、尿醛树脂等常见注浆材料的封堵效果进行对比。试验结果表明：该化学浆液具有反应块、强度高、抗冲刷性强、无毒以及良好的渗透性和遇水膨胀功能,在现场应用中表现出良好的可控性和可泵性以及理想的注浆效果,与水泥类和一些常用化学浆材相比,具有运输快捷、配料方便、工艺简单的优点,所得结论对后续研究具有重要借鉴意义。     

铜多金属矿帷幕注浆堵水方案研究

结合江西乐平市月形铜多金属矿帷幕注浆堵水工程,主要阐述了矿山发生涌水灾害后治理的方法选择及治理工序,并对注浆法的施工工艺加以研究和推广,同时简单介绍了施工过程中一些常见问题及处理对策。根据该工程的工程地质条件、工程性质、预算等限制条件选择高压孔内循环式注浆;下行式分段注浆方式方法。浆材为水泥粉煤灰和水泥粘土浆两种,必要时加入适量水玻璃。最后,通过钻心、压水对比和面波检测确定注浆是否达到工程要求。