Three-dimensional heat,moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soils

A new three-dimensional numerical model of coupled heat, moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soil is presented. In particular, the model accommodates moisture transfer in the form of liquid and vapour flow and heat transfer arising from conduction, convection and latent heat of vaporization. The bulk flow of dry air and the movement of air in a dissolved state are also included. The theoretical basis of the model, the finite element solution of the spatial terms and finite difference solution of the temporal terms are briefly presented. Attention is focused on the verification of the new numerical solution. This is achieved via comparisons with independent solutions of heat, moisture and air transfer in an unsaturated soil. The physical problem considered includes the highly non-linear hydraulic properties of sand. Thermal conductivity is also included as a function of soil moisture content. Excellent correlation of results is shown thus providing confidence in the new model. The new model is also applied to a number of test cases which illustrate the need for the development of a model which can fully include three-dimensional behaviour. In particular, three applications are presented each increasing in complexity. The first application illustrates three-dimensional heat transfer. This particular application is verified against existing commercial finite element software. Subsequent applications serve to illustrate how the coupled processes of heat moisture and air transfer combine to yield three-dimensional problems even within a simple geometric domain. Visualization of three-dimensional results is also addressed. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

叶尔羌河流域裸地潜水蒸发的数值模拟研究

利用地表能量平衡原理、微气象学以及土壤水热迁移理论建立了潜水蒸发模型,并采用全隐式有限差分格式进行求解。在求解过程中,对土壤热运动方程的上边界采用了第三类边界条件,同时采用自动调节步长等方法,增加了数值计算的稳定性,提高了计算速度。用本计算模型模拟了1994年5月份新疆叶尔羌河流域地下水均衡场的裸地潜水蒸发过程,并与当地的试验资料进行了比较分析,结果表明,采用的计算模型和方法可以进行较长时间内裸地的潜水蒸发估算。     

可再生浅层地热能资源开发利用关键技术问题

浅层地热能开发利用是一门多学科的综合技术,涉及地质、钻探、热交换、制冷、暖通空调、建筑材料学等多学科的知识,其关键技术问题是岩土体的热性能测试、地下换热器的优化设计、地下水渗流对地下管换热性能的影响、地下热交换场特征、浅层地热能分布规律及开发利用方式。只有在解决上述关键技术问题的基础上,进行科学规划、合理开发、优化设计,才能使该行业步入健康发展的轨道。     

青藏高原典型多年冻土区的一维水热过程模拟研究

了解多年冻土内部的水热过程对寒区工程规划和建设的辅助决策具有重要意义.冻土的水分迁移与温度变化密切相关,然而传统的经验模型局限性大,对水热物理过程考虑不足;陆面过程模型所需的驱动数据多且很难准确模拟深层土温,尽管数值模型在工程上应用的比较多,但很少应用到冻土的演化过程中.基于非饱和土壤渗流和热传导理论,实现了冻土水分场与温度场的水热耦合数值模拟.以唐古拉综合观测场为例,将数值模拟结果与观测数据进行对比,验证水热耦合数值模拟的有效性.结果表明：模型对土壤温度模拟效果较好,15 m以上R²在0.88以上,RMSE在1℃以内;水分模拟尚可,但仍存在一定误差,R²在0.7以上,RMSE在7.65%以内.模拟的活动层厚度约3.6 m,年平均地温所在的深度约为15 m,与实测值基本一致.该水热耦合模型可用于研究多年冻土区土壤水热变化规律.     

An experimental,analytical and numerical study on the thermal efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated soils

Energy piles are bi-functional foundation elements used as structural support as well as ground heat exchangers for shallow geothermal energy systems. Because they are relatively short, energy piles may be partially embedded in unsaturated soils. Saturation conditions influence the thermal properties of the ground and therefore the heat exchange rate, which in turn affects the efficiency of energy piles. This paper combines analytical, experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles partially or fully embedded in unsaturated soils. The proposed analytical solution is based on the cylindrical heat source theory that treats the soil as a semi-infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic medium. The solution from this theory is multiplied by a function developed analytically in this paper and the outcome is the heat exchange rate for energy piles in unsaturated soils. The proposed function depends on soil saturation, soil and pile thermal properties, and pile geometry. The analytical solution was compared against a finite element solution; which was in turn validated against results from laboratory experiments. Very satisfactory agreements between the analytical, numerical and experimental outputs were observed. The proposed method can be used for a quick and simple evaluation of the efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical solution can also be a useful tool for the verification of numerical codes developed for the design of energy piles in unsaturated soils.     

能源桩传热与承载特性研究现状及展望

能源桩是一种在传递上部结构荷载的同时获取浅层地热能源的新技术,给桩基结构的设计及安全服役提出了新的挑战。从能源桩实际应用的角度,围绕能源桩传热性能和承载性能两个关键科学问题,从4个方面综述目前的研究现状：（1）能源桩的热传递研究;（2）能源桩的结构响应特征;（3）能源桩的承载变形特性;（4）能源桩的荷载传递机制。在此基础上,对当前能源桩传热模型的适用性、热交换作用下能源单桩及群桩的承载特性以及长期运行条件下的承载性能及结构安全性进行了讨论,最后对能源桩工程下一步研究进行了展望。分析成果对于保证结构安全,合理开发浅层地能具有重要意义。     

单向冻结条件下硫酸盐渍土热质迁移及变形特性研究

对水盐补给条件下硫酸盐渍土中的热质迁移、孔隙流体相变过程以及硫酸盐渍土盐冻胀变形进行了理论和试验研究。基于非饱和土力学和热弹性连续介质理论,建立了非饱和硫酸盐渍土中水-热-盐-力多物理场耦合的数学模型,其中考虑了孔隙内相变对热力学和水力学参数的影响,通过数值模拟分析了开放系统单向冻结条件下土体内部温度场、水分场、盐分场及应力场的变化过程,并利用室内降温试验对理论模型的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明：盐分在结晶时所析出的潜热会直接影响到水分冻结成冰的过程;土体孔隙溶液浓度在开放系统单向冻结条件的影响下随时间先快速增长至峰值而后逐渐下降,最终趋于稳定;在负温的影响下,土体内部水分相变成冰,并逐渐形成冻结锋面,随着冻结锋面的下移,土体盐冻胀程度越来越大。     

MODELLING HEAT AND MOISTURE TRANSFER IN UNSATURATED SOIL USING A FINITE DIFFERENCE SELF-IMPLICIT METHOD ON PARALLEL COMPUTERS

A parallel numerical finite difference model, employing the self-implicit method, for coupled heat and moisture transfer in unsaturated soil is presented. The model is programmed in Occam and executed on a parallel computing network of transputers. An assessment of the model was achieved via the simulation of a laboratory experiment. A very good correlation between experimental and numerical results was obtained. Comparison of results with those obtained from a parallel explicit method is also illustrated showing no significant difference. The computational time employing the new method was, however, found to be half of that obtained using the explicit method. The computational efficiency of the approach was also found to be very high. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

挤密条件下U型地埋管换热器换热效率的理论分析及数值模拟

土层的导热系数是影响地源热泵地埋管换热器换热效率的重要因素之一,与土样的密度密切相关。为了提高地源热泵换热器换热效率,本文基于柱热源理论,建立了挤密钻进条件下换热器的传热理论模型,对换热器的换热效率进行了计算,并利用Ansys有限元软件对土层挤密条件下换热器的换热效果进行了数值分析。结果表明,与传统方法相比,土层挤密可有效降低钻孔周围的热阻,U型管换热器的换热效率可提高17%~20%。     

Soil thermal behavior in different moisture condition: an overview of ITER project from laboratory to field test monitoring

The thermal properties of soils can be considered one of the most important parameters for many engineering projects designing. In detail, the thermal conductivity plays a fundamental role when dimensioning ground heat exchangers, especially very shallow geothermal (VSG) systems, interesting the first 2 m of depth from the ground level. However, the determination of heat transfer in soils is difficult to estimate, because depends on several factors, including, among others, particle size, density, water content, mineralogy composition, ground temperature, organic matter. The performance of a VSG system, as horizontal collectors or special forms, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment at disposal and suddenly decreases in case of dry-unsaturated conditions in the surrounding soil. Therefore, a better knowledge of the relationship between thermal conductivity and water content is required for understanding the VSG systems behavior in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Key challenge of ITER project, funded by European Union, is to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes, taking into account the interactions between the soil, the horizontal heat exchangers and the surrounding environment. In detail, changes of soil moisture content in the same climatic conditions and under the same thermal stress for five different soil mixtures have been monitored in the ITER test site. The relationship with precipitation and natural/induced ground temperature variations, reaching also water freezing point, are here discussed.     

考虑土体非均质传热的河岸带水热耦合模型

为弥补当前河岸带水热交换模拟对土体非均质传热考虑不足的缺陷,在饱和-非饱和渗流及多孔介质传热理论基础上,引入土体有效导热系数模型,构建考虑土体非均质传热的河岸带水热耦合模型。结合COMSOL软件的特点,给出河岸带水热耦合模型的实现方法及求解流程,并通过河岸带温度和水位原型观测资料验证和对比分析不同有效导热系数模型下河岸带水热耦合模型的模拟效果。结果表明：与传统不考虑土体非均质传热方法相比,该模型能够较好地反映河岸带水热交换过程。此外,基于Johansen有效导热系数模型的河岸带水热耦合模型模拟效果表现最佳,模拟结果与前人试验结果一致。研究成果可为河岸带水热交换及污染物迁移过程的深入研究提供技术支撑。     

基于有限体积法的冻土水热耦合程序开发及验证

土体冻结和融化时的水分迁移、相变与传热是一个相互影响的耦合过程。采用基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM,编制描述土体冻融过程的水热耦合计算程序。首先,基于土体水分和热量迁移基本方程、水分相变与温度的平衡方程,同时考虑相变对水分特征参数和热特性参数的影响以及相变潜热对传热过程的影响,建立冻土水热耦合数学模型。然后,采用基于多面体网格的有限体积方法对水热耦合控制方程进行空间离散,采用全隐式向后差分方法对方程进行时间离散,由此编制冻土水热耦合计算程序。该程序具有良好的几何适应性、质量和能量守恒性,具备面向复杂问题的并行计算功能。最后,采用该程序对两组不同温度边界条件的室内土体冻结试验进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,结果表明该程序可以较为准确地模拟土体冻结过程中温度场和水分场的演化特征。     

冻土力学与工程的国际研究新进展——2000年国际地层冻结和土冻结作用会议综述

2 0 0 0年国际地层冻结和土冻结作用会议于 2 0 0 0年 9月在比利时召开。会议共设 6个专题 :热质迁移、冻结敏感性和冻胀、力学性质、环境土冻结、工程设计和工程实例。围绕这 6个专题 ,介绍了国际冻土力学与工程方面研究的一些主要进展 ,既反映了国际冻土力学与工程研究的水平 ,也代表了 2 1世纪冻土学发展的方向。     

水蒸气增湿非饱和黄土热湿迁移规律研究

温度梯度、含水率梯度和压力梯度对非饱和土体中的水热迁移有重要影响。用非饱和黄土填筑室内模型,通入0.10MPa高温水蒸气,研究蒸汽压梯度、温度梯度和含水率梯度耦合作用下的水热迁移规律。结果表明:在水蒸气迁移范围之内,土体的升温速率、增湿速率和增湿程度较大,以蒸汽传热和压力梯度驱动的水蒸气增湿为主。而在水蒸气未到位置,以温度梯度引起的热传导和含水率梯度与温度梯度耦合驱动的水热迁移为主;水蒸气迁移时,受土颗粒阻碍和蒸汽压消散的影响,土体升温速率、增湿速率和温度传导速率均随径向距离的增大而减小,且增湿速率小于升温速率;水蒸气增湿土体的最大含水率接近最优含水率,增湿效果较好,可有效提高一定范围内土体的压实性能;基于模型试验边界条件,确定含湿毛细多孔介质中二维热湿迁移方程的一组代数显式特解,并以20 cm测点为例,将温度和含水率实测值和计算值进行对比分析。研究结果可为非饱和黄土水-汽-热耦合传输规律和水蒸气增湿新技术研究提供理论支持。     

非饱和土中溶质地表径流迁移模型及解析模拟

针对非饱和农田在降雨引起肥料溶质地表径流迁移流失的实际问题,建立了二层结构溶质地表径流迁移模型,根据溶质质量守恒定律和水量平衡原理,求得模型的解析解,并采用室内非饱和土壤实验验证解析模型的合理性。通过敏感性分析,探讨了模型参数和土壤物理参数对溶质地表径流迁移流失过程的影响。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸附性增大将增强土壤溶质迁移流失到地表径流水的能力;土壤干容重增大将减少土壤溶质的地表径流迁移;土壤的初始体积含水率越高,土壤溶质的地表径流运移作用越强。     

花岗岩粗糙单裂隙对流换热特性的数值模拟

在干热岩储层中开采地热能,往往需要对储层进行人工水力压裂以形成贯穿的换热通道。然而,热储中的对流换热对干热岩的采热率有重要影响,经过人工刺激的储层会形成几何形态各异的裂隙面,而裂隙粗糙程度的不同则会引起换热性能的显著差异。因此,选取4条Barton的经典岩石裂隙粗糙度曲线,在试验室条件下建立一个单裂隙对流换热模型。详细分析了花岗岩粗糙裂隙中热工质的换热特性。结果表明：局部对流换热系数沿着裂隙长度方向逐渐降低;节理粗糙系数JRC值越大,平均对流换热系数就越大,表明换热性能越好;局部对流换热系数的分布与JRC曲线的几何轮廓形态有很好的相关性,波峰波谷的变化趋势相一致;相对于温度而言,高流速对局部对流换热系数具有放大效应,流速越大,局部对流换热系数波动越大。     

An identification technique for evaluation of phenomenological coefficients in coupled flow in unsaturated soils

To determine moisture movement and heat transfer through an unsaturated soil under temperature and volumetric water content gradients, it is necessary to have knowledge of phenomenological coefficients of the soil. However, in unsaturated flow, i.e. flow through unsaturated soil, these phenomenological coefficients are not constants, but vary with volumetric water content as well as temperature. In this paper, an identification technique is proposed for evaluation of the phenomenological coefficients. The phenomeno-logical coefficients are first assumed to be certain kinds of functions of volumetric water content and temperature. The choice of the functional forms is based on an understanding of the physical situation, and previous knowledge of water flow in the isothermal case. The constant parameters associated with the functional forms are evaluated through the use of the identification technique. Once these phenomenological coefficients are obtained as certain functions of the volumetric water content and the temperature for a specified soil, analysis of coupled moisture flow and heat transfer in the unsaturated soil can proceed.     

考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤修正模型

为反映非饱和地基土变形全过程,以某基础工程非饱和土为研究对象,开展固结排水三轴压缩试验。研究发现,非饱和土的偏应力-应变曲线形态近似双曲线,基质吸力对土体力学行为影响十分明显,基质吸力越大,土体偏应力越高。根据非饱和土变形特性及工程特点,选取邓肯-张双曲线模型作为基础模型,引入统计损伤理论,假设非饱和土微元强度服从Weibull概率密度分布,建立邓肯-张统计损伤模型。通过搭建初始切线模量与基质吸力的联系,建立一种新的考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤模型。给出参数解析方法,得到Weibull分布参数经验表达式,从而修正模型。分析不同基质吸力条件下非饱和土损伤累积规律,采用所建模型和传统邓肯-张模型对比验证非饱和土偏应力-应变试验曲线,证明所建模型的可行性和合理性。研究成果为非饱和土的力学特性研究及辨识模拟提供一定参考。     

基于SPH方法的非饱和多孔介质相变耦合研究

在考虑相变的热能平衡方程和非饱和水分迁移质量控制方程的基础上,建立温度场-水分场的耦合模型,并采用一种无网格粒子算法（SPH）进行数值求解。其中,耦合方程中考虑了水流传热以及温度势对水流的直接驱动,在不考虑相变的情况下,该耦合模型可退化为常温下的水-热耦合模型,故可用于模拟冻融循环的相关问题。从求解热能平衡方程中的含冰量出发,实现解耦并对半无限单向冻结条件下介质内非稳态温度场和体积含水率分布场进行模拟,将耦合作用下的温度场与不耦合的解析解进行对比,反映出水分迁移对温度场存在较大影响。最后,求解了路基边坡在季节性周期温度边界下,温度场、水分场分布的演变规律,并评估了边坡阴阳面受热不均对水热两场分布的影响。计算结果基本能反映土冻结相变的实际物理过程,光滑粒子算法可以用于尝试解决冻土领域的其他相关问题。     

不饱和土动弹塑性本构模型研究

以饱和度与有效应力为状态变量,通过引入描述不饱和与饱和土孔隙比差的状态变量,将Zhang等提出的饱和土体应力诱导各向异性动弹塑性本构模型推广到不饱和土体中,使其可描述不饱和土在动力循环荷载作用下的力学特性行为。通过对已有不饱和土体在完全不排水条件下的动三轴试验进行理论模拟,验证了所提出不饱和土本构模型的正确性。最后基于所提出本构模型,讨论了在不排水条件下初始饱和度对不饱和土动力特性研究。结果表明,不饱和土在动力荷载作用下,土体的孔隙比将减少,导致饱和度增加;当初始饱和度较高时,不饱和土会转化为饱和土,从而发生液化现象。该研究成果对研究不饱和土在地震等动力荷载作用下的力学特性行为具有重要意义。