北美东部威斯康星中,晚期古环境与气候变化的甲虫化石证据

北美Ｌａｕｒｅｎｔｉｄｅ冰盖于末次冰期的大部分时间在北美东北部一直存在，冰盖的活动对北美东部冰期时的环境和气候有很大的影响。甲虫分析表明，北美东部中纬度地区在威斯康星中、晚期的气候以寒冷为主，中间分别在４２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．，３４０００ａＢ．Ｐ．和２８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．出现３次明显的气候变暖。此区威斯康星中期气候冷暖波动的幅度和出现的时间可以与同期的格陵兰冰芯记录及北大西洋Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ事件对比。     

季风亚洲末次冰期的古冰川遗迹

季风亚洲末次冰期可统一称为大理冰期,古冰川首次出现于东亚海岸山地,内陆高山高原则冰川规模缩小。早期大理冰期冰川规模大于晚期,是季风亚洲的特色。古雪线在亚洲东海岸形成向南弯曲的大槽,是大理冰期夏季风衰弱、海陆的干湿对比加剧以及东亚大槽南移的结果。53000—27000aB.P.之间为萨拉乌苏-卡尔金斯克大间冰段,气候冷暖多变,西伯利亚冻土融化,华北平原为喜冷云杉林占据,内陆湖水面普遍升高。构造运动对古冰川发育有明显影响。青藏高原大冰盖是不存在的。     

中国西部末次冰期以来冰川、环境及其变化

晚更新世以来,由于青藏高原及其周围山地的上升,中国西部的气候愈来愈干冷,冰川发育受到抑制。末次冰期最盛时,雪线比今日低300—1500m,古冰缘下限比今日低300—1400m,高山带的气温比今日低3—7℃,高原外围地区低8—10℃。青藏高原从13000aB.P.开始气候变暖,6000aB.P.高温期时冰川强烈退缩或消失,4000—3000aB.P.气候又再次变冷进入全新世新冰期和现代小冰期。目前气候又开始变暖,大部冰川又转入后退时期。     

末次盛冰期北美风成环境变化及其在全球气候突变事件中的意义

本文用末次冰期北美大冰盖南缘的风尘堆积记录来重建末次盛冰期的亚极地环境变化.磁化率、有机碳含量和潜育化程度的资料表明,末次盛冰期的前期(约21000～15000aB P.)植被覆盖较差,而后期(15000～10000aB.P.)植被覆盖较好,15 000aB.P.环境发生了急剧的变化,磁化率曲线显示了大约1000a的氧化-还原周期.这种大约1000a的环境变化周期很可能由低纬地区的海洋和大气的扰动所驱动,这种扰动的能量通过北美大冰盖及时地传递到北大西洋.     

中国西部末次冰期以来冰川、环境及其变化

晚更新世以来,由于青藏高原及其周围山地的上升,中国西部的气候愈来愈干冷,冰川发育受到抑制。末次冰期最盛时,雪线比今日低300—1500m,古冰缘下限比今日低300—1400m,高山带的气温比今日低3—7℃,高原外围地区低8—10℃。青藏高原从13000aB.P.开始气候变暖,6000aB.P.高温期时冰川强烈退缩或消失,4000—3000aB.P.气候又再次变冷进入全新世新冰期和现代小冰期。目前气候又开始变暖,大部冰川又转入后退时期。     

末次冰期以来中国自然环境变迁及其与全球变化的关系

末次冰期我国西部的冰川长度比现代冰川长2—5倍,雪线低300—1080m;东部多年冻土区南界在33°20′—33°40′N,青藏高原多年冻土区东北部的下界在海拔2200—2600m 处;黄、东海海平面下降130—155m;经向环流加强,北方冷空气增强。末次冰期以后冰川阶段性退缩,多年冻土区阶段性缩小,海平面间歇性上升;8000—6000aB.P.为高温期,出现2—5m 高海面,5600—5000aB.P.气温短暂下降,海平面突然回落,冰川有所前进;3000aB.P.的新冰期和15—19世纪的小冰期,气候、冰川和海平面都有显著变化。哺乳动物的绝灭和迁徙是自然和人为双重影响的结果。这些变化都是全球变化的表现。     

冰期指数法模拟北半球冰盖演化的不确定性研究

IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）显示,自20世纪起极地冰盖持续消融,全球海平面不断上升。目前对于地球冰盖未来的预测以及过去的演变历史尚不明确,而数值模拟能够提供一种有效的解决方案。在冰盖模拟研究中,冰期指数法可依据古气候代用指标将离散的气候强迫转化为连续的气候强迫,用于冰盖演变的瞬态模拟。基于该方法,利用2组（共6条）分别代表全球海平面和温度变化的代用指标,开展末次冰期旋回北半球冰盖的时空演变模拟研究,结果表明：(1)模拟的冰量演变特征受指数的变化趋势控制;(2)在指数变化特征（轨迹和变幅）相似时,千年尺度气候突变事件的存在会导致模拟的总冰量偏少;(3)在同一气候强迫下,不同指数模拟的最大冰盖范围受夏季0℃等温线的约束,同时指数的演变轨迹与变幅也会影响末次冰期盛冰期冰盖模拟的空间分布。因此,在利用冰期指数法开展冰盖瞬态模拟研究时,需根据关注的研究区域选取有代表性的指数并考虑古气候代用指标（即冰期指数）的不确定性对模拟结果的影响。     

过去气候演化的阶段性和突变

地球系统的历史信息是评估全球变化的一项重要因素。前些年，过去气候研究中发现了气候的突然变化的现象，突变语气大多出现在冰期，或由冰期向间冰期的过渡时期、并认为这是冰盖的成冰与溶解过程造成海水铅直运动的结果。近些年，过去气候研究还发现在间冰期中也出现突变。我国的历史文献，冰芯和沉积的高分辨率的古气候恢复工作发现近２０００年中国气候明显存在着突变事件。     

末次冰期以来松嫩盆地东部榆树黄土堆积及其环境意义

通过对松嫩盆地东部末次冰期以来榆树黄土剖面的粒度、磁化率等指标分析研究后认为:(1)该地区的黄土至少于4万年前的末次冰期开始沉积,沉积物类型为黄土与河流沙混合沉积,粒度可有4个组分,其中46kaB.P.以前主要是以第④组分为主导的水成河流沙,46kaB.P.以后主要以第③组分为主的黄土粉尘。(2)松嫩盆地东部的黄土粉尘主要来源于科尔沁、松嫩等西北广大沙地,末次冰期是科尔沁等沙地大规模发育的时期。(3)东北地区全新世气候演化可分成5个阶段:10000aB.P.左右,9000aB.P.左右,6000aB.P.前后,4500aB.P.左右,2500aB.P.以后。     

南极冰盖与中国风尘堆积

通过南极冰盖消长和风尘堆积物的气候事件对比,说明在4.3—2.5 Ma B.P,间南极冰盖增长和北极冰盖发展,中国第三纪风尘红壤土沉积可能是中国东部季风气候雏形形成的反映。2.6Ma以来,随着北极冰盖的迅速扩展,中国内陆进一步干旱化并促成黄土堆积。南极极锋带北移与黄土区极寒等事件的发生具有同步性,据此建立极寒事件的序列,可能反映大气环流强度变化情况。南极东方站冰岩芯气候曲线说明,黄土高原晚更新世以来的干冷期可能形成于0.115Ma B.P.。我国东部地区转暖大致发生在13000aB.P.,此后不久可能出现欧洲新仙女木寒冷事件。此外,大约在40000aB.P.可能有一寒冷事件。     

Pollen analysis of the 1973 ice core from Devon Island glacier,Canada

Meltwater from a 299-m-long ice core was filtered and analyzed for fossil pollen and spores. Pollen concentration was higher in the late Holocene and interglacial intervals (ca. 7 liter^?1) than in the early Holocene and Wisconsinan (ca. 1–2 liter^?1) ones. The late Holocene and interglacial assemblages were dominated by Alnus (alder), whereas the early Holocene and Wisconsinan ones were dominated by Betula (birch) and Artemisia (sage). During the Holocene and probably the last interglaciation, most of the pollen and spores were blown a minimum of 1000 km from low arctic shrub tundra and adjacent subarctic Picea (spruce) forest; these areas were dominated by the arctic air mass during the summer pollinating season. During the Wisconsinan-early Holocene, glacier ice and arctic air were more widespread and pollen sources were more distant; thus, at this time relatively little pollen was incorporated into the ice.The Devon ice-core data suggest that there should have been pollen in the continental ice sheet of Wisconsin time. When the ice sheet retreated this pollen would be carried by meltwater and redeposited with silt and clay together with contemporary pollen, producing an ecologically anomalous assemblage.     

Revision of the NW Laurentide Ice Sheet: implications for paleoclimate,the northeast extremity of Beringia,and Arctic Ocean sedimentation

For the past half-century, reconstructions of North American ice cover during the Last Glacial Maximum have shown ice-free land distal to the Laurentide Ice Sheet, primarily on Melville and Banks islands in the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Both islands reputedly preserve at the surface multiple Laurentide till sheets, together with associated marine and lacustrine deposits, recording as many as three pre-Late Wisconsinan glaciations. The northwest corner of Banks Island was purportedly never glaciated and is trimmed by the oldest and most extensive glaciation (Banks Glaciation) considered to be of Matuyama age (>780 ka BP). Inside the limit of Banks Glaciation, younger till sheets are ascribed to the Thomsen Glaciation (pre-Sangamonian) and the Amundsen Glaciation (Early Wisconsinan Stade). The view that the western Canadian Arctic Archipelago remained largely ice-free during the Late Wisconsinan is reinforced by a recent report of two woolly mammoth fragments collected on Banks and Melville islands, both dated to ～22 ka BP. These dates imply that these islands constitute the northeast extremity of Beringia.A fundamental revision of this model is now warranted based on widespread fieldwork across the adjacent coastlines of Banks and Melville islands, including new dating of glacial and marine landforms and sediments. On Dundas Peninsula, southern Melville Island, AMS ¹⁴C dates on ice-transported marine molluscs within the most extensive Laurentide till yield ages of 25–49 ka BP. These dates require that Late Wisconsinan ice advanced northwestward from Visount Melville Sound, excavating fauna spanning Marine Isotope Stage 3. Laurentide ice that crossed Dundas Peninsula (300 m asl) coalesced with Melville Island ice occupying Liddon Gulf. Coalescent Laurentide and Melville ice continued to advance westward through M'Clure Strait depositing granite erratics at ≥235 m asl that require grounded ice in M'Clure Strait, as do streamlined bedforms on the channel floor. Deglaciation is recorded by widespread meltwater channels that show both the initial separation of Laurentide and Melvile ice, and the successive retreat of Laurentide ice southward across Dundas Peninsula into Viscount Melville Sound. Sedimentation from these channels deposited deltas marking deglacial marine limit. Forty dates on shells collected from associated glaciomarine rhythmites record near-synchronous ice retreat from M'Clure Strait and Dundas Peninsula to north-central Victoria Island ～11.5 ka BP. Along the adjacent coast of Banks Island, deglacial shorelines also record the retreat of Laurentide ice both eastward through M'Clure Strait and southward into the island's interior. The elevation and age (～11.5 ka BP) of deglacial marine limit there is fully compatible with the record of ice retreat on Melville Island. The last retreat of ice from Mercy Bay (northern Banks Island), previously assigned to northward retreat into M'Clure Strait during the Early Wisconsinan, is contradicted by geomorphic evidence for southward retreat into the island's interior during the Late Wisconsinan. This revision of the pattern and age of ice retreat across northern Banks Island results in a significant simplification of the previous Quaternary model. Our observations support the amalgamation of multiple till sheets – previously assigned to at least three pre-Late Wisconsinan glaciations – into the Late Wisconsinan. This revision also removes their formally named marine transgressions and proglacial lakes for which evidence is lacking. Erratics were also widely observed armouring meltwater channels originating on the previously proposed never-glaciated landscape. An extensive Late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet across the western Canadian Arctic is compatible with similar evidence for extensive Laurentide ice entering the Richardson Mountains (Yukon) farther south and with the Innuitian Ice Sheet to the north. Widespread Late Wisconsinan ice, in a region previously thought to be too arid to sustain it, has important implications for paleoclimate, ice sheet modelling, Arctic Ocean ice and sediment delivery, and clarifying the northeast limit of Beringia.     

Changes in the Thermal Climate in Northwestern Europe during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3, Estimated from Fossil Insect assemblages

More than 30 fossil coleopteran (beetle) assemblages have been recorded from oxygen isotope stage 3 in northern Europe, comprising several hundred identified species. Using the mutual climatic range method for quantifying palaeotemperatures, these assemblages show that the climates of the times can be divided into two distinct interstadial types. One, a short phase of temperate/oceanic climate occurred between 43,000 and 42,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. when conditions were not much different from those of the present day. In spite of the temperate climate, trees did not colonize northwestern Europe at this time. Two, both before and after this temperate interlude there were phases of cold/continental climate during which summers were too cold for trees to grow and winters were of Siberian intensity. It is possible that periods of even colder conditions intervened from time to time between the interstadial but, because of the intensity of the cold, biological systems were so inhibited that no fossil evidence for them can be found in northern Europe. Evidence for them must be sought in the fossil records from the warmer parts of southern Europe or in the physical evidence in the Greenland ice cores.     

Late Wisconsin climate in northeastern USA and southeastern Canada,reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages

Mean July and January temperatures are reconstructed from radiocarbon-dated fossil beetle assemblages, yielding a synthesis of palaeoclimatic history of the regions south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America from 35 000 to 8500 yr BP. Mean July temperatures close to the last glacial maximum were 11–12°C colder than present; mean January temperatures were possibly 10–19°C colder. Mutual climatic range analyses of the beetle assemblages show warming of mean summer temperatures as early as 13.7 kyr, although ice-proximal sites were consistently about 5°C cooler than ice-distal sites. Late-glacial mean summer temperatures peaked between 12 and 11 kyr, then remained fairly constant through the early Holocene. Mean winter temperatures did not reach modern values until after 10 kyr.     

青藏高原中、东部全新世以来多年冻土 演化及寒区环境变化*

古冻土存在的依据和判别标志主要是古冻土遗迹(深埋藏多年冻土层、古冻土上限、融化夹层、厚层地下冰)和古冰缘现象(古冻胀丘、古融冻褶皱、砂楔、土楔、冰楔假型、风成沙丘、黄土层、厚层泥炭和腐殖质层等)。文章结合大量的测年数据,利用古代和现代冻土以及冰缘现象的时空分布差异综合分析对比,将全新世以来青藏高原多年冻土演化过程和环境变化划分为6个较明显的时段:早全新世的气候剧变期(10800aB.P.至8500~7000aB.P.)、中全新世大暖期(8500~7000aB.P.至4000~3000aB.P.)、晚全新世寒冷期(4000~3000aB.P.至1000aB.P.)、晚全新世温暖期(1000aB.P.至500aB.P.)、全新世末小冰期(500aB.P.至100aB.P.)及近代升温期(100aB.P.至今);同时,概述了各时段高原冻土的发育条件、分布范围及总面积,和当时高原上的古气候、古地理环境。     

Sedimentary architecture of a glaciolacustrine braidplain delta: proxy evidence of a pre‐Middle Wisconsinan glaciation (Grimshaw gravels,Interior Plains,Canada)

The erosional nature of glacial systems commonly results in removal of direct evidence of previous glaciation (e.g. till and moraine). Therefore, reconstruction of former ice‐margin positions may rely, in part, on indirect (proxy) evidence from the sedimentary record. This study examines the facies and sedimentary architecture of a pre‐Middle Wisconsinan sand and gravel deposit (the ‘Grimshaw gravels’), which is positioned between areas where previous stratigraphical investigations have identified single (Late Wisconsinan) and multiple (pre‐Middle to Late Wisconsinan) glaciation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Five facies associations (FAs) are characterized within the deposit, which, together with the sedimentary architecture, record a transition from a braided river environment in the west (FA1‐3) to a gravelly braidplain delta front in the east (FA4 and 5). We propose that the Grimshaw gravels braid delta formed at the margin of a body of water that occupied the ancestral Peace River valley, probably impounded by the LIS; hence, the Grimshaw braid delta provides proxy evidence of the presence of an ice margin (previously unrecognized) in the Peace River lowland prior to the Middle Wisconsinan. This study provides further understanding of the origin of the Grimshaw gravels deposit, allowing re‐evaluation of previous models of formation. These findings offer insight into the glacial history of the southwestern margin of the LIS, and may help to refine ice‐sheet reconstructions spanning the Wisconsinan glaciation.     

Sedimentology and palynology of Middle Wisconsinan deposits in the Pecatonica River valley,Wisconsin and Illinois

The bedrock valley of the Pecatonica River north of Freeport, Illinois, contains a thick valley-fill complex of alluvium and drift. Within the valley, loess-capped benches surround hills of silty Illinoian drift. Beneath these benches lie thick deposits of poorly sorted stony silt interbedded with thin lenses of silt, sand, and organic-rich loam. Channel deposits and peat cap the diamicton in places. We interpret the stony silts as solifluction debris shed from silty slopes within the valley-fill during the Early or Middle Wisconsinan (Altonian). Top and bottom radiocarbon dates from a 2.5-m section of peat overlying the diamicton are 26,820 ± 200 and 40,500 ± 1700 yr B.P., respectively. We informally refer to the stony silts, channel sediments, and peat as the “Martintown unit.” Geomorphic position, sediment input, and macrofossils suggest that the dated peat was deposited in a floodplain pond (oxbow?). The pollen record from the peat indicates that a boreal forest dominated this area during the Middle Wisconsinan (late Altonian and Farmdalian). Two pollen zones are recognized: a basal Zone I with Pinus slightly more abundant than Picea and with few herbs and shrubs, and an upper Zone II dominated by Picea and with a larger representation of herbaceous and shrub taxa. Little displacement of vegetation zones is indicated, even though ice advanced to within 100 km of the site during the time of peat accumulation. Because of the problems involved in clearly defining Middle Wisconsinan forest-tundra in mid-latitudes by using analogs of Holocene forest-tundra in high latitudes, caution is required in making geomorphic inferences solely from vegetation data. Together, though, pollen and sediment data indicate that during the Middle Wisconsinan, Pecatonica hillslopes progressed through a sequence of instability-stability-instability related to climatic fluctuations.     

Mid-Wisconsin seasonal temperatures reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages in eastern North America: comparisons with other proxy records from the Northern Hemisphere

Mutual climatic range (MCR) analysis was applied to 15 North American beetle assemblages spanning the interval from > 52 000 to 17 200 yr BP, bracketing a Mid-Wisconsin interstadial interval. The analyses yielded estimates of mean July (TMAX) and mean January (TMIN) temperatures. The oldest assemblage (> 52 ka) yielded TMAX values 7.5–8°C lower than present and TMIN values 15–18°C lower than present. A Mid-Wisconsin interstadial warming dating from 43.5–39 ka was rapid and intense. At the peak of the warming event, about 42 ka, TMAX values were only 1–2°C lower than modern. This level of amelioration apparently lasted only about 2000–3000 yr. By 23.7 ka, TMAX values declined to 11.5–10°C lower than modern, but another, small-scale amelioration is indicated by assemblages dating from 20.5 to 19.7 ka. The interstadial event recorded from the site at Titusville, Pennsylvania closely matches the timing and intensity of the climate change estimated from British beetle faunas in the Upton Warren interstadial. Another warm interval (ca. 31–32.5 ka) has been documented from fossil beetle assemblages in Europe and North America. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆地区13000年来的气候序列初探

本文根据新疆地区全新世地层的年代标尺,黄土、湖泊和河流沉积物记录的环境变迁信息,以及古土壤和炭化层等所反映的古气候变化做了综合分析,对新疆地区13000年来的气候序列初步概括为:13000—10000aB.P.冷湿转凉干;10000—8000aB.P.,温干;8000—7000aB.P.,温湿;7000—6000aB.P.,暖干;6000—4000aB.P.,温湿;4000—3000aB.P.,温干;3000—2000a.B P.,凉湿;2000aB.P.至今,温干(1500aB.P.左右有凉湿的波动),与现代气候类似。     

Late Pleistocene environmental changes indicated by fossil insect faunas of the English Midlands

Twenty-five fossil insect assemblages are described from discrete lenses of or-ganic material in a gravel sequence at Four Ashes. The youngest date of 30,500 years B.P. obtained on the organic materialhas confirmed that the till overlying the gravels is Late Devensian (Weichselian) in age. The analyses of the insect faunas have shown conclusively for the first time the existence of climatic changes in one geographic area during the Early and Middle Devensian in Britain. Some of the earliest insect faunas can be correlated with the Brorup Interstadial, when boreal forests existed in the English Midlands. It is suggested that a cold period prior to 43,000 years ago (but post-Brorup) may have caused the elimination of the trees, because around 40,000 years ago the insects indicate that there was a rapid climatic amelioration when it was warm enough for trees to grow again in that area. Around 36,000 years ago there was another climatic deterioration when the thermophilous insect species were replaced by a large number of arctic stenotherms and a tundra type of environment. This cold period lasted for at least 6,000 years and probably became increasingly severe with the approach of the main Devensian ice advance sometime after 30,500 years B.P.