Multi-national iconographies in Macedonia

The authority of Marshall Tito and his newly crafted iconography of `brotherhood and unity' temporarily marginalized the ethnic deographies of the peoples in the Yugoslav Federation. In the 1990s this Yugoslavia was run over by time. The Republic of Macedonia was among the newly emerging states. In Macedonia the multi-ethnic mosaic was complicated by the confusion of old and new iconographic impulses. In 2001 the Macedonian crisis developed as a result of the spread of the new regional Albanian identity spread by the domino effect to the areas with mixed population in the Balkans after the events in Kosovo. Differences between Macedonians and Albanians are analyzed in terms of family structure, religion and ethnic and national affiliation. The politics based on these cleavages and their ensuing, contested iconographies are set out.     

Ethnicity as a cause of migration in Eastern Europe

Migration within and from Eastern Europe has recently risen as a topic of significance on the European political agenda. One aspect of this complex migration matrix relates to ethnic unrest. This paper examines the scale and spatial ramifications of this movement on a part of the continent recently freed from communist rule.An attempt is made to divide the ethnic quilt of Eastern Europe into those countries with few such problems and those with many. It is possible then to define areas of active migration (hot spots) from those of potential migration (inflammable spots) based on predictions from the current situation.Active ethnic migration results from the present political/military instability in the western Balkans, where refugees have left for other parts of Europe to escape the present Croat-Serb-Muslim conflict. War escalation could encourage potential ethnic migration from Kosovo, the Sandzak and Vojvodina regions,and Macedonia within the former Yugoslavia. Future disquiet elsewhere could stimulate ethnic groups such as the Turks in Bulgaria,and the Hungarian minorities in Slovakia and Romania to join this migration movement scenario.     

GPS results for Macedonia and its importance for the tectonics of the Southern Balkan extensional regime

GPS results from 25 stations in Macedonia measured in 1996 and 2000 show that Macedonia moves SSE relative to Eurasia essentially as a single crustal piece along with parts of westernmost Bulgaria. Geological studies show active N–S normal faults and two NNW-striking right-lateral faults in western Macedonia, and NW-trending left-lateral faults SE Macedonia, with a region in central Macedonia essentially devoid of active faults. Distribution of seismic activity supports the geological studies. However, the GPS results cannot discriminate the active faulting, except perhaps in the northern part of Macedonia in the Skopje and adjacent areas, where active ~NS extension occurs. Slip-rates on the strike-slip faults must be low, in the range of 0–2 mm/year. There is a progressive increase in GPS velocities southward in northern Greece toward the North Anatolian fault zone, across which the velocities increase and change direction dramatically.     

Rumex acetosella L. and Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern as geobotanical and biogeochemical indicators for ore deposits in northern Greece

Copper, zinc, lead, manganese, arsenic, iron, cadmium and molybdenum were measured in specimens of Rumex acetosella and Minuartia verna and in soils where these plants grow. In Macedonia and the Chalkidiki peninsula both plants occur on newly investigated sulphide-mineralized ground. There are highly significant correlations between the levels of copper, zinc and lead in the plants and those in the soils. Where high concentrations of arsenic occur in the soil, this is also reflected in the plants. Because of the common association of gold and arsenic, it is suggested that analysis of Rumex and Minuartia for arsenic may be a useful prospecting tool since most of the ore occurrences in the Serbomacedonian massif are auriferous. The high levels of manganese in both plants from a manganese mineralized area indicate a strong possibility of using biogeochemical methods to define zones of some types of mineralization of this element also.     

Local environmental action plans and the `glocalisation' of post-socialist governance: The Macedonian experience

Local Environmental Action Plans (LEAPs) are a useful starting point for the theoretical and empirical unravelling of the global post-Fordist socio-economic drive, within the framework of environmental policy devolution in Transition. Accordingly, this paper aims to identify the interconnected economic, social and political specifities involved in the formulation and institutionalisation of such projects in the Republic of Macedonia. Seven LEAPs - broadly representative of the immense micro-scale physical and social diversity of the country - have been selected for detailed review, so as to provide more fine-tuned insights that should be relevant for the wider LEAP process in Macedonia and beyond. Preliminary evidence about the realisation of these initiatives indicates that comprehensive implementation is highly dependent upon the realistic political and economic abilities (and interests) of local and national elites, plus international organisations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geographical study of ethnicity: Comparison between downtown and suburban Chinese in Metropolitan Los Angeles

There are two main schools of theory in the history of ethnic study in the US: acculturation/assimilation, and ethnicity/pluralism. The former emphasizes ethnic groups will merge to the host society and lose their entity; the latter indicates the ethnic identity will continue to exist. This paper proposes a now model of ethnic group distribution multiple cluster to support ethnicity/pluralism theory by adding the spatial perspective. The model indicates there are both traditional ethnic enclaves in inner city and new relatively concentrated ethnic residential and business districts. Creating a new landscape of their own in suburb will help the persistence of ethnic identity. The situation of Chinese. in Monterey Park becomes a Chinese hub with strong ethnic signature and entities, which attracts more Chinese people and businesses.     

Global connectivity, local consumption, and Chinese immigrant experience

Acquiring consumer goods and services in the destination country signifies a different type of immigrant experience. This is especially pertinent in world cities where there is a strong presence of ethnic economies and where co-ethnic businesses and mainstream businesses compete against each other. The consumption pattern of immigrants is influenced not only by their pre-migration shopping habits, but also their post-migration transnational behaviour. In this paper, we focus on the consumption experience of Chinese immigrants in Toronto, which hosts one of the largest Chinese ethnic economies outside Asia. Based on a random survey and two focus group discussions, we explore how Chinese immigrants choose between ethnic Chinese and mainstream supermarkets, electronic stores and travel agencies. In theory, Chinese and non-Chinese stores providing similar goods and services are substitutes. The study however reveals intriguing results. Chinese and mainstream travel agencies are substitutes but Chinese and mainstream supermarkets and electronic stores are complements. Such differences reflect the importance of ethnicity and culture in immigrants’ consumption behaviour. The paper provides new evidence on immigrant integration in the domain of consumption and contributes a consumer perspective to the literature on ethnic economy and transnationalism.     

Regional development and the disintegration of Czechoslovakia

The breakup of Czechoslovakia on 31 December 1992 resulted in the emergence of a newly independent Slovakia and Czech Republic. The split is often interpreted as the result of ethnic nationalism. In contrast, this paper attempts to assess the influence of regional inequalities and uneven economic development on the split. Pre-World War Two Czechoslovakia was unable to address large regional differences between the Czech lands and Slovakia. The economic policies pursued by the state socialist governments following 1948 were directed toward the elimination of these differences through rapid industrialization of Slovakia. The economic transformation in Czechoslovakia after the collapse of state socialism resulted in reemergence of uneven development between Slovakia and the Czech lands, which contributed to the disintegration of the country. The links between economic issues and politics are discussed, and the paper shows how the regional inequalities and economic issues were used to justify the necessity of Slovak and Czech independence.     

Everywhere different? Globalisation and the impact of international migration on Sydney and Melbourne

Using a new approach to classifying migrant group concentrations, we test for evidence of the effects of globalisation, associated by some with ‘protopostmodernity’, on two Australian cities. Sydney is characterised as an emergent world city and a focus of ‘new economy’ activities. Melbourne is associated with ‘old economy’ activities, dominated by manufacturing. In the Australian context, the onset of globalisation also coincided with significant changes to immigration policy: the end of a ‘white Australia’ policy in the early 1970s in favour of a skills-based policy, regardless of race or ethnicity. We argue that the evidence of the spatial behaviour of ethnic groups for these two cities highlights the essential continuity of ethnic segregation and spatial assimilation processes in two cities where segregation levels and experience are fundamentally different from many overseas examples. We further argue for a need to recognise that context, and the ethnic experience, are everywhere different, both intra- and internationally.     

Statistical-analytical methods in theoretical regional geography

In this paper the applicability of quantitative methods in theoretical regional geography is examined within Kenya. By means of statistical integration- and regionalization methods (Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, Discriminant analysis), Kenya is devided into five homogeneous regions based on information that is given by six thematical maps (mean annual rainfall, vegetation, altitude, ethnic groups, agriculture, geology). A discussion follows about the relation of these regions to the modern notion of “landscape” and generally about the utility of the newly developed terminology in theoretical regional geography.     

The Dudica Epithermal Cu–Au Deposit (Republic of North Macedonia)

Geology of Ore Deposits - The Dudica deposit is located in the southern part of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), not far from the border with Greece in the Kozuf–Aridean volcanic...     

P,S wave velocity model of the crust and upper most mantle of Albania region

This paper describes the one-dimensional (1D) velocity model computed by VELEST in the SEISAN seismic analysis system, inverting re-picked P-wave and S-wave arrival times recorded during 2002–2006 by the Albanian, Montenegro, Thessalonica and Macedonia seismic networks. The re-picked data yield P-wave and S-wave velocities proved to be more suitable compared to bulletin data for this detailed inversion study. Seismic phases recorded by the Albania seismic network and integrated with data from the Montenegro, Thessalonica and Macedonia networks are used to prepare the Albanian seismic bulletin. Earthquake hypocenters from the Albanian bulletins have also location errors that are negligible for civil protection purposes, large scale seismotectonic analyses and more accurate hypocentral determinations which are necessary for detailed seismotectonic and geodynamic studies.It was noted that the smoothness of the velocity variation increased with depth. A velocity of 5.5 km/s was calculated for the upper crust, 6.1 km/s was calculated for the middle crust and 6.9 km/s was computed for the lower crust. P wave velocity was 7.85 km/s at depth of 50 km and for the upper mantle it is 8.28 km/s. Using the improved velocity model, the earthquakes which occurred in Albania in the past 5 years were able to be relocated, achieving constrained hypocentral determinations for events in Albania. The interpretation of the 1 D velocity models infers interesting features of the deep structure of Albania. These results represent an important step towards more detailed seismotectonic analyses.     

Quaternary coastline evolution of Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)

Lake Ohrid (between FYR of Macedonia and Albania), situated in an active tectonic region of the Balkanides, is characterized by N ?? S trending active faults. To reconstruct the Holocene shoreline evolution we investigated the coastline using sediment cores and geophysical methods to image sedimentary and tectonic structures. We revealed areas of differing sedimentation regimes. The plains north and south of the lake are dominated by clastic input related to climate variations and uplift/erosion, whereas the steep western and eastern margins are controlled by recent tectonics. Furthermore, no evidence for a much higher lake-level during the Holocene was found in the plains north and south of the lake, except rare temporary floodings. This is supported by mappings of the limestone cliffs around Lake Ohrid, which yielded no evidence for abrasional platforms or notches as indicators for past highstands.     

Environmental deterioration and human agency in ancient Macedonia: A case study

Stobi, a city inhabited from at least the 4th century B.C. to the late 6th century A.D., is at the confluence of the Vardar and Crna Rivers, now in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Archaeological and geologic evidence was used in the 1970s by R. L. Folk to develop a scenario of local environmental degradation, resulting from a postulated widespread climate change (4th–8th centuries A.D.), as a major cause of the decline and eventual abandonment of Stobi. The data for increasingly xeric conditions, catastrophic floods, and mudslides along the Crna River are reviewed and other paleoenvironmental evidence is considered. Subsequent archaeological investigations and a refined chronology reveal repeated episodes of rebuilding along the Crna between periods of flooding. After that portion of the city was abandoned in the mid‐5th century, Stobi achieved new prosperity as reflected in the construction of large‐scale ecclesiastical architecture and houses outside the south city wall. Human agency and periodic extreme weather are proposed as causes of environmental degradation at Stobi. The city's demise is attributed mainly to hostile invasions, plague, earthquake, and the collapse of imperial administrative and economic networks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Mineralogy of Copper in Sulfide-Free Endogenic Pb–Zn–Sb Mineralization of the Pelagonian Massif,Republic of North Macedonia

Geology of Ore Deposits - Behavior of copper in sulfide-free metasomatic ores of the Pelagonian massif, Republic of North Macedonia has been studied. It is shown that the highest copper activity...     

高能射流式液动锤低阻高效冲锤结构研究

为了对SC-86H型高能射流式液动锤冲锤结构进行优化,应用CFD动态分析,对2种不同冲锤结构的射流式液动锤模型进行了研究。计算表明：在相同输入流量下,新型冲锤结构的射流式液动锤与原冲锤结构相比性能具有优势,冲击末速度得到了提高,冲击功与能量利用率平均增长7.9%与12.7%,新型冲锤结构减小了流体阻力消耗的能量,更有利于高能输出。另外,通过Ls-dyna非线性动力学分析,对2种冲锤结构的碎岩效果进行了研究,并对新型冲锤应力强度进行了分析。结果表明：新型冲锤结构的能量传递效率更高,且满足疲劳强度校核,相同冲击末速度下,岩层吸能值高于原冲锤结构;新型冲锤结构的吸能率较高,2种冲锤模型的吸能率随入射能量成非线性增长。     

Inter-metropolitan migration of the newly landed immigrants in Canada: 1991–1996 and 1996–2001

Based on the tabulations of the Longitudinal Immigration Data Base, I characterized, explained and compared the 1991–1996 and 1996–2001 inter-metropolitan migration of the newly landed immigrants in Canada. The spatial and temporal patterns were consistent with the neoclassical economic theory and the ethnic enclave theory. In making their decisions on departure and destination choices, the immigrants were responsive to income and employment incentives, as well as the retaining and attracting powers of ethnic communities among Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs). The research also discovered an interesting temporal pattern—while the inter-CMA migration of immigrants accentuated the over representation of the immigrants in Toronto and Vancouver in the 1991–1996 period, the rise of the “secondary” CMAs led to a spatial dispersal of the immigrants in the 1996–2001 period. This finding supplements the existing literature on internal migration of Canadian immigrants, which discovered little evidence of an increased dispersion of immigrants over time.     

Structural Analysis of the Coal-Bearing Kleidi Basin: Insights in Kinematics of the Broader Ptolemais Sedimentary Basin (Western Macedonia,Greece)

Geotectonics - This study processes borehole data from the coal-bearing Kleidi basin (Ptolemais sedimentary basin, Western Macedonia, Greece) to unravel the timeline of the neotectonic...     

Between social and spatial convergence and divergence: an exploration into the political geography of European contact areas

The European continent, the motherland of nationalism, and the part of the world where political borders and different territorial and cultural identities are mostly interrelated, is now facing new challenges regarding how best to represent its numerous interests within one system. With the increase of international integration European countries began to devote greater attention to the development problems of their border areas that had to be helped to undertake certain functions in the international integration process. The fostering of a more balanced regional development also resulted in a strengthening of regional characteristics, which the new model could no longer ignore. Regional characteristics in turn have always been preserved in Europe by persistent historical and cultural elements of ethnic and linguistic variety. Therefore, it is not surprising that the process of European integration based on the new regional development model was accompanied by a parallel process of ethnic or regional awakening of minorities and other local communities. The key question for contemporary European (though of course this is not limited to Europe) political geography is, then, how the process summarised under the twin labels of social convergence and deterritorialisation will effect the persistent maintenance of regional identities and the corresponding divergence of regional spaces. Or, in other words: is the ‘unity in diversity’ European programme ever practicable and exportable on a world-wide scale or are we to be absorbed by a new global ‘melting pot’?     

Development of new attenuation equation for subduction mechanisms in Malaysia water

The attenuation equation for far field earthquake is important because the earthquake occurring in neighboring countries can be felt in Malaysia. In this study, a new attenuation was generated using the regression method. It was developed to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) onsite (offshore platform). The database consisting of more than 150 PGAs from 9 events of earthquakes recorded by the Seismology Station in Malaysia was used to develop the relationship. In addition, attenuation relationships for subduction mechanisms from previous researchers are then compared with the newly generated ones in this research. The new attenuation equation was also validated and used to calculate the acceleration for far field earthquake in a case study of offshore platform at a Terengganu seaside. The result of PGA from the new generated attenuation relationship was in a good match with previous attenuation equations.