A practical method for the simultaneous determination of234Th,226Ra,210Pb and210Po in seawater

A practical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of²²⁶Ra,²³⁴Th,²¹⁰Pb and²¹⁰Po in seawater. In the method, the samples are spiked with²²⁸Ra,²³⁰Th,²⁰⁸Po and common lead to determine chemical yield. These nuclides are coprecipitated with calcium carbonate and ferric hydroxide from 20 to 50 l of seawater and separated from one another by using coprecipitation and ion exchange techniques. Counting sources of Ra and the other nuclides are prepared by electrodeposition onto silver discs. Their radioactivities are counted with an-spectrometer and a low background-counter. This method gives a standard deviation of about 5% for replicate determination of²²⁶Ra and the other nuclides.     

Sorption of transition metals on manganese and iron oxides,and silicate minerals

Experiments of sorption of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn on manganese oxides, hydrated ferric oxide, Na-montmorillonite and treated red clay are carried out in connection with the mechanisms by which transition metals are removed from seawater in marine environments.The order of sorption affinities of transition metals for Na-montmorillonite, treated red clay and hydrated ferric oxide is Mn相似文献   

Effects of ligand speciation on determinations of the complexing abilities of strong ligands in natural waters

The presence of organic ligands (L) whose conditional stability constants (K_ML) are strong enough to allow them to form complexes with copper has been reported in oceanic waters. However, there is no general agreement on the distributional characteristics of such strong ligands in the water column. We present that these inconsistencies are derived from not only different analytical methods employed for their detection but also different oceanographic conditions. In particular, the nature and quantities of detectable natural ligands are affected by what kind of form the ligands are presentin situ in different marine environments, that is, chemical speciation of natural ligands (ligand speciation), which depends strongly on the variations in concentrations of coexisting trace metals. Using published data from observations in the laboratory and the field, we provide limits to the ranges of conditional stability constants of organic ligands for copper, zinc and cadmium that are detectable by the extensively used direct metal-titration method. For example, our model indicates that organic ligands for copper with log K_CuL(Cu)>12.4 in surface water and with log K_CuL(Cu)>9.9 in deep water might not have been detected because stronger ligands had formed complexes with ambient metalsin situ at a station in the North Pacific. The estimation suggests that there is a basinscale difference in speciation of natural organic ligands and, moreover, that this difference influences metal speciation. It is postulated that comparisons of the occurrence and levels of organic ligands might not be possible among spatially and temporally different observations without reconciliation of the effects of speciation of the ligands, even if an identical method is used in every case.     

Potential for heavy metal (copper and zinc) removal from contaminated marine sediments using microalgae and light emitting diodes

The effects of monochromatic (blue, yellow and red LED) and mixed wavelengths (fluorescent lamp) on the adsorption and absorption of Cu and Zn by Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nitzschia sp., Skeletonema sp., and Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. In addition, we confirmed the potential of microalgae for phytoremediation of these heavy metals from contaminated marine sediment by using microcosm experiments that incorporated LEDs and semipermeable membrane (SPM) tube containing microalgae. Among the four microalgae, C. vulgaris grown under red LED exhibited the highest Cu and Zn removal with values of 17.5 × 10^-15 g Cu/cell and 38.3 × 10^-15 g Zn/cell, respectively. Thus, C. vulgaris could be a useful species for phytoremediation. In the microcosm experiments with SPM containing C. vulgaris, the highest Cu and Zn removal from sediment and interstitial water showed under red LED. Therefore, phytoremediation using LED and SPM tube containing microalgae could be utilized as an eco-friendly technique for remediating contaminated marine sediment.     

On the role of abiogenic factors in the bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the hydrothermal fauna of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The distributions of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, As, Ag, Cd, Se, Sb, and Hg in 128 samples of tissues of the organisms that inhabit hydrothermal vent fields of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Menez Gwen, Snake Pit, and Rainbow) depending on the abiotic environmental parameters were studied. The majority of the elements studied showed direct correlations between their concentrations in the fluids released and in the tissues of hydrothermal organisms. A higher degree of bioaccumulation of metals was revealed in the Bathymodiolus mussels and Rimicaris shrimps from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field as compared to their analogues from Menez Gwen and Snake Pit. This corresponds to the maximum concentrations of the majority of the metals studied in the Rainbow high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The highest degree of bioaccumulation of heavy metals was found in gills of the symbiotrophic mussels Bathymodiolus and in maxillipeds of the ectosymbiotic shrimps Rimicaris, i.e., in the organs that function in dependence on chemosynthetic bacteria. Within the Rainbow vent field, the shrimps, which inhabit in biotopes with more high-temperature conditions and therefore are more strongly subjected to the influence of fluids, were found to contain higher metal contents than mollusks. The Fe-Mn hydroxide films that cover mussel shells might serve as important reservoirs of other metals related to Fe and Mn.     

DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL MALATHION IN NATURAL WATER

A method for determination of malathion in natural water by cathodic stripping voltammetry using mercury film electrode is suggested in this paper. The method is based on the quantitativeformation of group generated by malathion as a result of elimination reaction inthe ethanol solution of sodium hydroxide. The group is similar to sulphide in electrochemical properties, and can be determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Interference from inorganic sulphide is prevented by the addition of Hg (NO3)2. This method has been applied to the determination of residual malathion in natural water (e. g. the sea, rivers, lakes, etc.). The waveheight is directly proportional to the malathion concentration within the range 5×10-9 - 1×10-7 mol/L. The method is simple and rapid, and the results of water sample determination is quite in accord with those of Gas Chromatograph.     

Heavy metals in the benthic animals from hydrothermal vents: Results of neutron activation analysis

A series of samples of inhabitants of hydrothermal vents were collected during the 12th cruise of R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in Guaymas Basin (the Gulf of California) and the Axial Seamount area (Juan de Fuca Ridge). The concentrations of trace and heavy metals in the tissues of Ridgeia piscesae, Riftia pachyptila, and Paralvinella palmiformis were analyzed. The neutron-activation analysis revealed significantly higher concentrations of uranium in the tissues of Paralvinella palmiformis as compared to the ambient seawater. The possible reasons for such phenomenon are discussed. The data obtained by the neutron-activation method are compared with those obtained by the atomic-absorption method for the same tissues analyzed.     

Study on the chemical forms of radionuclides in seawater—I

The stability constants for sulfate, chloride and hydroxide ions with cerium (III) in the solution at ionic strength of 0.67 have been determined by cation exchange method, the values of ₁ and ₂ for sulfate complexes of cerium being 40±13 and 453±140, respectively and those for chloride complexes being 1.28±0.23 and 0.56±0.076, respectively. The values of ₁, ₂ and ₃ for hydroxide complexes of cerium were (4.5±0.9)×10⁷, (3.3±0.7)×10¹⁴ and (1.8±0.7)×10²³, respectively.Using the above constants the ratios of individual chemical species of¹⁴⁴Ce were calculated in a solution at ionic strength of 0.67 containing sulfate and chloride ions approximately the same as in seawater of 35 %. The result of calculation indicates that the dominant species of¹⁴⁴Ce in this solution is Ce(OH)₃ ⁰ at pH 8.     

Parameterization of iron and manganese cycling in the Black Sea suboxic and anoxic environment

New and published data on the distribution and speciation of manganese and iron in seawater are analyzed to identify and parameterize major biogeochemical processes of their cycling within the suboxic (15.6σ_t16.2) and anoxic layers (σ_t16.2) of the Black Sea. A steady-state transport-reaction model is applied to reveal layering and parameterize kinetics of redox and dissolution/precipitation processes. Previously published data on speciation of these elements in seawater are used to specify the nature of the transformations. Two particulate species of iron (Fe(III) hydroxide and Fe(II) sulfide) are necessary to adequately parameterize the vertical profile of suspended iron, while three particulate species (hydrous Mn(IV) oxide, Mn(II) sulfide, and Mn(II) carbonate) are necessary to describe the profile of suspended manganese. In addition to such processes as mixing and advection, precipitation, sinking, and dissolution of manganese carbonate are found to be essential in maintaining the observed vertical distribution of dissolved Mn(II). These results are used to interpret the observed difference in the form of vertical distribution for dissolved Mn(II) and Fe(II). Redox transformations of iron and manganese are coupled via oxidation of dissolved iron by sinking suspended manganese at σ_t16.2±0.2 kg m⁻³. The particulate manganese, necessary for this reaction, is supplied through oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The best agreement with observations is achieved when nitrate, rather than oxygen, is set to oxidize dissolved Mn(II) in the lower part of the suboxic layer (15.90σ_t16.2). The results support the idea that, after sulfides of these metals are formed, they sink with particulate organic matter. The sinking rates of the particles and specific rates of individual redox and dissolved-particulate transformations have been estimated by fitting the vertical profile of the net rate.     

Irrotational,progressive surface gravity waves near the limiting height

Numerical solutions of irrotational, progressive surface gravity waves in water of a constant depth are obtained by means of an iterative method. Our results suggest that waves with the surface slope angle greater than/6 may exist. The calculated phase velocity of deep water waves near the wave steepness 0.14 is significantly smaller than the value given by the Stokes' fourth approximation.In order to check our method, we apply it to the problem proposed byDavies (1951), which is hypothetical but similar to the present problem, and for which the exact solution is known. In this case our results show good agreement with the exact solution.     

On trajectories of Rossby wave-packets released in a lateral shear flow

The problem of reflexion and critical level absorption of barotropic non-divergent Rossby waves in a lateral shear flow is considered with a ray tracing method. The results are compared with those of a normal mode approach. Some oceanographical applications are suggested.     

Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFCs

Several methods to compute the anthropogenic component of total dissolved inorganic carbon () in the ocean have been reported, all in some way deducing (a) the effect by the natural processes, and (b) the background concentration in the pre-industrial scenario. In this work we present a method of calculating using nutrient and CFC data, which takes advantage of the linear relationships found between nitrate (N), phosphate (P) and CFC-11 in the Nordic Seas sub-surface waters. The basis of the method is that older water has lower CFC-11 concentration and also has been exposed to more sinking organic matter that has decayed, resulting in the slopes of P versus CFC-11 and N versus CFC-11 being close to the classic Redfield ratio of 1:16. Combining this with the slope in total alkalinity (A_T) versus CFC-11 to correct for the dissolution of metal carbonates gives us the possibility to deduce the concentration of anthropogenic C_T in the Nordic Seas. This further allowed us to compute the inventory of anthropogenic C_T below 250 m in the Nordic Seas in spring 2002, to ∼1.2 Gt C.     

基于船载走航观测高光谱颗粒物吸收系数反演浮游植物粒级结构*

利用高光谱监测数据反演浮游植物种群组成是当前海洋光学和水色遥感的研究热点。文章采用大西洋经向断面航次中走航式观测系统测量的海水总颗粒物吸收光谱数据, 尝试建立了两种模型对浮游植物粒级结构(Phytoplankton size class, 简称PSC)进行反演和比较讨论。一类模型是基于总颗粒物吸收光谱高斯分解获得的典型波段高斯带强度与色素浓度之间的关系, 建立了偏最小二乘回归模型(Partial Least Squares regression model, 简称PLS回归模型); 另一类模型是采用长波波段吸收基线高度推算海水总叶绿素a浓度, 进而根据Brewin等(2010)生物量算法推算PSC的三组分模型(简称三组分模型)。模型比较验证结果显示, 两类模型对海水总叶绿素浓度的反演都有较高的精度, 相对偏差ME在15%左右; 对于三个粒级浮游植物对应的叶绿素浓度(Pico级C_p, Nano级C_n, Micro级C_m)的反演效果也相当, PLS回归模型反演的ME分别为28.4%、31.9%和41%, 三组分模型反演的ME分别为31%、35.9%、37.7%。研究结果初步表明了采用高光谱吸收系数反演浮游植物种群结构的潜在优势, 可为不同海域走航式高光谱观测系统的推广应用提供思路。     

Contribution of breaking internal waves to structure formation,energy dissipation,and vertical diffusion in the ocean

The relationship between the scale of the spectral minimum of the first differences in temperature fluctuationsL and the local value of the Väisälä-Brunt frequencyN has been analysed using the results of more than 600 soundings made in various regions of the world's oceans. Allowing for the series of theoretical and experimental indications of the fact that the vertical scaleL at the boundary between the fine structure and microstructure in the ocean exists under the effect of processes of breaking of internal waves and hydrodynamic instability with the formation of turbulent patches, and using the energy relationships, the relationship for a solitary patch has been derived through the determining parameters. Based on two expressions forL, derived experimentally and using the energy estimations, the relationships for the averaged rate of absorption of the wave field energy by patches and the coefficient of the density vertical diffusion are derived, which do not contradict a series of independent estimations fromin situ measurements.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Tectonics of a fast spreading center: A Deep-Tow and sea beam survey on the East Pacific rise at 19°30′ S

Sea Beam and Deep-Tow were used in a tectonic investigation of the fast-spreading (151 mm yr^-1) East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 19°30 S. Detailed surveys were conducted at the EPR axis and at the Brunhes/Matuyama magnetic reversal boundary, while four long traverses (the longest 96 km) surveyed the rise flanks. Faulting accounts for the vast majority of the relief. Both inward and outward facing fault scarps appear in almost equal numbers, and they form the horsts and grabens which compose the abyssal hills. This mechanism for abyssal hill formation differs from that observed at slow and intermediate spreading rates where abyssal hills are formed by back-tilted inward facing normal faults or by volcanic bow-forms. At 19°30 S, systematic back tilting of fault blocks is not observed, and volcanic constructional relief is a short wavelength signal (less than a few hundred meters) superimposed upon the dominant faulted structure (wavelength 2–8 km). Active faulting is confined to within approximately 5–8 km of the rise axis. In terms of frequency, more faulting occurs at fast spreading rates than at slow. The half extension rate due to faulting is 4.1 mm yr^-1 at 19°30 S versus 1.6 mm yr^-1 in the FAMOUS area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Both spreading and horizontal extension are asymmetric at 19°30 S, and both are greater on the east flank of the rise axis. The fault density observed at 19°30 S is not constant, and zones with very high fault density follow zones with very little faulting. Three mechanisms are proposed which might account for these observations. In the first, faults are buried episodically by massive eruptions which flow more than 5–8 km from the spreading axis, beyond the outer boundary of the active fault zone. This is the least favored mechanism as there is no evidence that lavas which flow that far off axis are sufficiently thick to bury 50–150 m high fault scarps. In the second mechanism, the rate of faulting is reduced during major episodes of volcanism due to changes in the near axis thermal structure associated with swelling of the axial magma chamber. Thus the variation in fault spacing is caused by alternate episodes of faulting and volcanism. In the third mechanism, the rate of faulting may be constant (down to a time scale of decades), but the locus of faulting shifts relative to the axis. A master fault forms near the axis and takes up most of the strain release until the fault or fault set is transported into lithosphere which is sufficiently thick so that the faults become locked. At this point, the locus of faulting shifts to the thinnest, weakest lithosphere near the axis, and the cycle repeats.     

Composition and morphology of ferromanganese coatings on glacial erratics in Lydonia Canyon,United States East Coast

Ferromanganese coatings have been found on glacial erratics in Lydonia Canyon, off the United States northeastern coast. The coatings, which are about 17 m thick, consist of an outer manganese-rich layer which covers the top of the erratic, a middle transitional layer, and an internal iron-rich layer that encircles the entire surface of the erratic. Chemical analyses of the coatings, when compared with similar data on abyssal marine ferromanganese deposits, reveal comparable Mn/Fe ratios, higher P and Ti concentrations, and an order of magnitude less of Co, Ni, Cu, and most other metals. A comparison of the Lydonia Canyon coatings with desert varnishes reveals obvious chemical, mineralogical, and morphological differences.     

Compaction model for quartzose sandstones application to the Garn Formation,Haltenbanken, Mid-Norwegian Continental Shelf

The compaction of quartzose sandstones is described by a macroscopical visco–elasto–plastic model, derived from microscopical considerations. This model considers that the reduction of total porosity (the relative pore volume) is related to the changes in the relative cemented volume and the relative intergrain volume. Furthermore, we consider that the variations of these two petrophysical parameters result from two physical mechanisms, mechanical compaction and closed system chemical compaction.The model has been calibrated for the Middle Jurassic Garn Formation from the Haltenbanken area of the Mid-Norwegian Continental Shelf. Around 300 data points from 17 wells have been used in this study. The viscous parameters have been optimised against the present day data. With total porosity data the best fit is obtained for an activation energy between 14 and 16 kJ/mole and a macroscopical viscosity at 15°C between 39 and 46 GpaMa (1.210²⁴–1.410²⁴ Pa.s). If quartz cement data are used, the best fit is obtained for an activation energy between 16 and 18 kJ/mole and a macroscopical viscosity at 15°C between 47 and 56 GpaMa (1.510²⁴–17.10²⁴ Pa.s).The visco–elasto–plastic compaction model has been tested in the Haltenbanken area of Mid Norway, with the result that observed porosity trends and pore pressures can be modelled. Using multiple 2-D basin modelling simulations the results of this model and its implications for fluid flow and petroleum systems analysis can be seen. The compaction method has significant impact on the simulated fluid flow and petroleum migration pattern.