图像处理技术在地质灾害监测中的应用

三维激光微位移监测技术是一种对地质灾害进行长期监测的新方法。该技术用激光作为光源，用CCD摄像器作为镜头，通过图象采集卡把视频信号采入计算机中，用与该仪器配套的专门软件对采集到的光斑图像进行处理，计算出光斑的三维中心坐标值，把该值和原点坐标值进行比较，就可以算出灾害体滑动的距离。该系统可以对灾害体进行长期、非接触监测，监测时间、监测频率可以任意设定。文章概括介绍该监测的原理，各个组成部分，重点介绍软件部分，即采集的视频信号进入计算机后的图像处理过程和数据库结构。该监测系统已在三块地区试运行了3个月，效果较好。     

一种新型地质灾害无线遥测台网

由于出现大量的高边坡和人工弃渣填沟造地，三峡库区的地质灾害在二期水位阶段将会变得比以往更为严重。文章首先对库区地质灾害防治方法进行简要的讨论。其次，介绍了作者新近开发的无线遥测台网系统。其主要由遥测子站、台网中心站及地区灾害监测中心3部分组成。台网中心站连续收集各遥测子站测量的数据，经处理后再通过GSM公共蜂窝网发送到区、县地质灾害监测中心。研究者便可据以进行数据分析，发出滑坡灾害的预警并提出有效的减灾决策。该无线遥测台网具有监测参数、实时数据传输、很高的工作效率与可靠性等特点。无需派遣管理人员到现场操作仪器，系统即可在全天候的条件下提供亚毫米级的精度，监测滑坡是否发生了超出正常范围的滑移和变形。研究工作的目的旨在发展一种仪器监测系统，以便能够早期监测到滑坡的趋势性变形、提供滑坡变形非线性加速的预警，以及给出三峡库区地质灾害治理工程质量定量评估的基础。文中论述了系统的结构，特点，以及所采用的关键技术。最后，给出了在三峡工程重庆市万州库区吴家湾滑坡现场试验观测的初步结果。     

内支撑基坑支护体系施工过程的监测及分析

河南省人民医院新建病房楼基坑采用两道钢筋混凝土内支撑。通过基坑支护桩深层水平位移、支撑轴力、地面沉降、周边建筑物沉降的监测,对各工况下的监测结果进行了分析,找出了各工况对基坑变形的影响因素及规律性,得到一些有益结论,为以后类似工程施工提供经验与借鉴作用。     

Seismic hazard analysis for the Philippines

Two sample probabilistic hazard maps for the Philippine Region are compiled. In these are shown various levels of expected horizontal ground acceleration for some given annual probability of exceedence, namely, for 0.1% a.p.e. and for 0.01% a.p.e. Such hazard maps are needed by structural engineers for compiling seismic zoning maps. The hazard maps are derived from source-zone or seismogenic maps, which, in turn, are compiled from seismographic, geologic, and geotectonic data. Much weight is put on geotectonic data rather than on seismographic data. The former lends support to extrapolating to much longer periods of exposure time or longer periods of recurrence.     

隧道大变形灾害施工监控技术研究

针对隧道大变形灾害监控操作危险、干扰施工等困难,研究灾害监测的特点和要求,开发隧道位移实时监测系统,制定灾害监测系统方案,并应用于湖南酉水3号4、号隧道大变形监测。实施效果表明,对隧道大变形灾害处治过程和灾后施工开展远程监测,可以保障施工安全,优化加固措施,评价灾后结构安全性,可供其它工程借鉴。     

水文地质及灾害地质监测新仪器介绍

本文介绍了地下水监测和滑坡监测的两种新型仪器。ＷＬＴ－１０２０地下水动态监测仪器的突出特点是高分辨率、长期稳定、微功耗、全自动工作。ＨＹＪ－３００８滑坡诱发因素监测仪通过监测滑体内的水分变化来预测预报暴雨滑坡。     

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bangalore

This article presents the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for Bangalore, South India. Analyses have been carried out considering the seismotectonic parameters of the region covering a radius of 350 km keeping Bangalore as the center. Seismic hazard parameter ‘b’ has been evaluated considering the available earthquake data using (1) Gutenberg–Richter (G–R) relationship and (2) Kijko and Sellevoll (1989, 1992) method utilizing extreme and complete catalogs. The ‘b’ parameter was estimated to be 0.62 to 0.98 from G–R relation and 0.87 ± 0.03 from Kijko and Sellevoll method. The results obtained are a little higher than the ‘b’ values published earlier for southern India. Further, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bangalore region has been carried out considering six seismogenic sources. From the analysis, mean annual rate of exceedance and cumulative probability hazard curve for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (Sa) have been generated. The quantified hazard values in terms of the rock level peak ground acceleration (PGA) are mapped for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years on a grid size of 0.5 km × 0.5 km. In addition, Uniform Hazard Response Spectrum (UHRS) at rock level is also developed for the 5% damping corresponding to 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.121 g obtained from the present investigation is slightly lower (but comparable) than the PGA values obtained from the deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) for the same area. However, the PGA value obtained in the current investigation is higher than PGA values reported in the global seismic hazard assessment program (GSHAP) maps of Bhatia et al. (1999) for the shield area.     

The spatial analysis of thunderstorm hazard in Iran

In this study, monthly, quarterly, and annual frequency data of thunderstorm days of 25 long-term synoptic weather stations during the period from 1960 to 2010 were analyzed applying Ward’s Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (WHCA) Method and Kriging Geostatistical Method (KGM). The results of temporal analysis of Thunderstorm Days (TD) in Iran showed that in terms of frequency, seasonal occurrence of this phenomenon is mostly in transitional seasons of spring and autumn. The results of WHCA to find homogeneous places in terms of synchronization and timing of TD reflects the fact that there are five clusters with similar memberships, including the North West, West, the southern part, northern, central, and northeastern parts, eastern regions, and center of Iran, and in this classification, the frequency of occurrence of TD reduces in the same order the regions are mentioned. In contrast, the lowest frequency of TD is in summer and winter seasons. In this study, it was found that among various deterministic and geostatistical methods, KGM is the most suitable one for thunderstorms hazard zonation and for classifying the different regions based on thunderstorm occurrence; WHCA is more suitable than other methods. The results of spatial analysis of thunderstorms point to the fact that the core of the mentioned thunderstorms is mostly in mountainous areas, particularly, highlands of North West and West of Iran. With regard to place, in the West part of the country, especially North West (Tabriz, Oroomieh, and Zanjan stations) and West, thunderstorms have higher frequencies, while the South East, South, Central, and eastern regions are less affected by the thunderstorm hazard.     

公路工程建设用地地质灾害危险性评估工作方法简介

文章详细地介绍了公路工程建设用地地质灾害危险性评估工作一些常见的基本工作方法,包括野外图件的选用,地质灾害危险性评估区范围的确定,各类地质灾害的测绘、描述、记录以及评估报告编写应注意的几个问题。     

论公路隧道信息化施工超前地质预报系统与地质灾害预报

文章以京珠国道高速公路旦架哨隧道左右线量测断面1-1和3-1断面为例,对公路隧道信息化施工技术中的超前地质预报进行了深入的探讨.主要采用锚杆轴力和围岩应力量测分析成果,同时结合地面地质调查与观测以及隧道洞内边墙地质观测.前者为定量的现场施工监控量测手段;后者则为定性的研究手段.建立了隧道施工超前地质预报系统框架,即,地勘-设计优化-施工-支护优化-现场监控量测等一系列互动式的反馈序列.成功地对地质灾害进行了预报,有效指导了隧道进行及时的支护与加固,确保了隧道的安全施工.对类似的工程具有很大参考价值.     

Correlation of stress analysis results with visual and microseismic monitoring at creighton mine

A three-dimensional, elastic stress analysis was conducted using the boundary element method. The analysis has indicated that mining of a “destress slot” reduced the confinement and caused yielding of the ground adjacent to it. This is confirmed by both visual and microseismic observations which were made during the past three years. These results indicate that the slot has been effective in controlling the location and timing of a large part of the ground failure in the area and has thereby enhanced the inherent safety of the mining.The correlation of stress analysis results with visual and microseismic monitoring suggests that three-dimensional elastic stress analysis can be confidently used as a geomechanics design tool at Creighton Mine. This affirms the usefulness of the elastic boundary element technique and demonstrates that it can be applied succesfully to large simulations on a minicomputer.     

Seismic hazard analysis for critical infrastructures in California

California is in a highly seismically active region, and structures must be designed and constructed to withstand earthquakes. Seismic hazard analysis to estimate realistic earthquake ground motions and surface fault rupture offsets is done for various mitigation measures. The best policy is to avoid constructing structures crossing seismogenic faults. Because earthquake timings are unpredictable within our current understanding, the best method is time-invariant deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DHSA) to assess effects from the largest single earthquake called Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCEs) expected from seismogenic faults. Time-dependent hazard estimates such as those arrived at through probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) are inherently unreliable. Hazard analyses based on MCEs have been in continuous use for the design and construction of highways and bridges in California for over 30 years.

This paper presents an alternative to other methods of analysis, e.g., Abrahamson (2000) [Abrahamson, N.A., 2000. State of the practice of seismic hazard evaluation. Melbourne: proceedings of GeoEng, 2000].     

嵌入式Linux技术在地质灾害监测中的应用

我国是一个地质灾害多发的国家。地质灾害监测的基础是获得大量可靠的现场数据。因此,在地质灾害监测中采用了大量的监测仪器设备。在目前的技术条件下,如果依然沿用在仪器中将应用软件与系统软件混在一起的开发模式,那么将对仪器的维护、升级等后续工作的开展造成很大的困难。现在比较流行的嵌入式系统有Linux、Vx Works、QNX、Palm OS、Win CE、uC/OS-II等,这些系统各有自己的优点,但是从综合性方面考虑,以开放源代码为基础的嵌入式Linux具有明显的优势。将嵌入式Linux作为这些仪器设备的系统软件平台,可以大大降低监测数据转换的复杂性,很好地实现监测数据的通用性。为最终实现仪器设备的标准化开辟一条新思路。论文阐述了嵌入式Linux技术,并对嵌入式Linux技术在地质灾害监测中的应用进行了探讨。     

三峡库区地质灾害监测中几种常用方法之比较

从传统技术手段、特殊测量方法和最新测量技术等几方面入手,介绍了目前三峡库区地质灾害变形监测中几种常见的方法和技术手段,同时比较分析了不同方法和技术手段在不同的地质灾害变形监测中应用的优缺点。     

中国地质灾害早期预警体系建设与展望

阐述了中国地质灾害防治面临的形势及早期预警体系建设的现状。贯彻以人为本、预防为主、防治结合的地质灾害原则,逐步形成和推行中国独特的地质灾害防治体系,其核心是建设早期预警体系,内容包括：地质灾害多发区地质灾害调查和区划、建设用地的地质灾害危险性评估和地质灾害的监测预警。另外,还对比了中国和国际地质灾害防治情况,展望未来地质灾害防治的趋势。     

公路建设用地地质灾害危险性评估实践与认识——以湖北襄-十高速公路襄武段为例

文章以湖北省襄-十高速公路襄樊至武当山段为例，提出了建设用地地质灾害危险性评估范围、评估重点的确定方法，就地质灾害危险性的涵义展开讨论并给出了明确定义。结合工程实践，对现状评估、预测评估与综合评估的要点、方法展开论述，提出高速公路地质灾害危险性等级划分标准，同时提出以防灾工程投入比大小评估建设用地土地适宜性的量化指标，并对存在的主要问题提出相应建议。     

重庆市地质灾害数据库设计与建设

灾害信息管理在减灾工作中占有重要地位。世界各国非常重视灾害数据库的建设。我国灾害数据库研究较为薄弱。重庆市地质灾害频繁,但灾害信息的管理缺乏有效的管理方法。因此,在这一地区设计和建立标准统一、功能完善的的地质灾害时空数据库无疑具有十分重要的意义。论文从数据库的概念性设计、逻辑设计和数据库实体建设等方面详细介绍了重庆市地质灾害数据库的设计和建设过程。概念性设计中对重庆市地质灾害数据库的内容、灾害信息的分类编码、数据库的宏观地理定义进行了设计;逻辑设计中侧重对数据库中空间数据和属性数据的结构以及图形属性数据库一体化进行设计;最后,文章从图形数据库和属性数据库2个方面详细介绍了如何进行重庆市地质灾害数据库的实体建设。     

基于GIS的建设项目地质灾害危险性评估

经济的快速发展使人类活动导致的地质灾害问题越来越严重,建设项目是目前人类活动的一项重要内容,国家已明确要求对建设项目进行地质灾害危险性评估。针对目前建设项目地质灾害危险性评估大多处于定性评估阶段的现状,提出利用GIS技术进行建设项目危险性评估。以桂西某县冶金化工加工厂建设项目为例,设计了基于GIS的地质危险性评估模型,详细介绍了评估过程,并通过GIS技术实现了评估结果的可视化显示。实践证明,GIS技术可为建设项目地质灾害危险性的定量评估和可视化输出提供科学的表现方法。