构建防震减灾中心高速局域网的综合布线系统

日益膨胀的信息数据和不断丰富的网络应用 ,不但需要单位局域网络支持越来越多的联网用户 ,而且更要支持更丰富的媒体应用 ,以满足电子数据交换和数字音像综合处理的要求 ,因此 ,构建一个高速局域网已刻不容缓 ,本文主要探讨在福建省地震局新建的防震减灾大楼中构建一个适合当前需求 ,且在将来可方便、平滑升级的综合布线系统 ,为地震监测预报及抗震救灾打下坚实的基础     

德国GPS在线位移监控和预警系统工作原理与工程应用

德国GPS在线位移监控和预警系统,除了可以进行GPS测量和数据处理外,还可给出观测点的实时三维位移数据、位移速度和位移加速度,绘出分析曲线,其测量精度达毫米级,并可根据预先设定的破坏概率自动报警.该系统可预测和预警自然灾害如滑坡、泥石流、地震等;在矿山开采作业中,可对矿坑、尾矿坝及采空区的地表塌陷进行监控;可用于岩土工程和土木工程建设中的高边坡、建筑物、基坑、挡土墙以及塔楼和桥梁高频率运动的监测;可广泛应用于水利工程建设,如大坝、大堤位移和沉陷的监控等.在道路建设中,可应用于隧道开挖、路堤沉陷和桥梁位移的观测.     

Seismically induced variations in Mariánské Lázně fault gas composition in the NW Bohemian swarm quake region, Czech Republic — A continuous gas monitoring

A continuously operated gas monitoring station was emplaced within the epicentral area of the NW Bohemian swarm earthquakes overlying directly the active Mariánské Lázně fault. The recordings of 8-month continuous monitoring period are presented. The variations in radon concentrations are similarly to variations in CO₂, i.e. CO₂ is considered to be the carrier gas for radon. Very small diurnal variations in gas concentration are caused by the earth tides, as daily variations in meteorological conditions cannot explain a short daily minimum at midday times. Sudden changes in gas concentration, which clearly exceed these diurnal variations occur and are always linked with seismic activities. Decreased gas concentration may indicate compression resulting in reduced fault permeability as is implied by negative peaks following local earthquake swarms. A sudden increase in CO₂ and Rn concentration may indicate an increased fault permeability caused by stress redistribution, giving rise to opening of migration pathways. This implies a repeatedly sudden rise in gas concentration before local earthquake swarms. Several variations in gas concentration were monitored linked with remote earthquakes of ground motion amplitudes  >1 μm. These seismic events are accompanied by an interference of the diurnal gas concentration–stress-cycle along the Mariánské Lázně fault. However, if shocks of remote earthquake can alter properties of the migrating fluids or the fault properties it can be suggested that these are able to trigger local seismicity, as indicated in the case of the Slovenia earthquake on 12th July 2004.     

Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Earthquake Behaviour Coding Methodology: analysis of Christchurch Public Hospital video data from the 22 February Christchurch earthquake event

Earthquake epidemiological research indicates that the behavioural response influences the nature and severity of injuries sustained. However, there is no observational evidence of the actions individuals engage in during and immediately following earthquake shaking, and the context in which earthquake injuries and deaths are caused. Closed Circuit Television Earthquake Behaviour Coding Methodology has been developed as a tool to classify human behaviour during and immediately following earthquake shaking using real event video data. The coding methodology was applied to security video data captured during the 22 February 2011 M_w6.3 ‘Christchurch’ earthquake event from the Christchurch Public Hospital which experienced shaking intensity of MM9 lasting approximately 12–15 s. We applied this coding methodology to determine: demography, trans-event behavioural responses, post-event behavioural responses, influence of social context on behaviour, and influence of behaviour on injuries. A total of 213 individuals from 31 different camera views were analysed. Sixty-six per cent of the individuals were adult-aged females. The primary trans-event responses were to hold (26%) onto furniture, walls, and/or other people close to them and to look around (30%). No individuals were observed to perform all ‘Drop, Cover, Hold’ actions, the recommended action during strong earthquake shaking in New Zealand. Post-event behaviour included: running, walking, providing assistance, moving towards others, visual communication, and some individuals gave instructions. Social contextual behaviour varied depending on the role of the adult. There were no serious injuries linked to behaviour. The results of this initial study indicate the coding methodology can record the distribution of and variation in human behaviours. Therefore, objective observation of earthquake video data can provide a useful quantitative measure of human behaviour. Significantly, the process will enable researchers to look more closely at behaviours, as well as the social and physical contexts associated with injury risk during and immediately following earthquake shaking.     

Hydrogeological and Gasgeochemical Earthquake Precursors – A Review for Application

Even if earthquake precursory signals can be identified, how can they be useful? This paper investigates relationships among the attributes of 229 proposed earthquake related gasgeochemical and hydrogeological precursory signals, and applies these results to improve future earthquake prediction strategies. Sub-groups of these reported signals and relationships between sub-groups are established using parameters, including earthquake magnitude, signal duration, precursory time, and epicentral distance to the monitoring site (original studies are used wherever possible to improve data quality). A strong correlation (r=0.86) between signal duration and precursory time was identified. This suggests a relationship between the investigated precursory signals and tectonic processes related to the referenced earthquakes. Moreover, these signals are categorized into four groups, reflecting differences in monitoring station densities, measurement methods and physical processes related to signal occurrence: (a) radon exhalation from the earth’s crust, (b) exhalation of other gases (helium, argon and others), (c) temporal variation in water level or discharge of springs and (d) temporal variation in temperature and dissolved ions in the water of the monitoring sites. In addition, boundary functions are used to separate signal group subsets. Finally, it is shown how these boundary functions can be used in the context of an earthquake prediction strategy by identifying potential minimum magnitudes and maximum epicentral distances from the monitoring site.     

Comparison of high-rate GPS,strong-motion records and their joint use for earthquake monitoring: a case study of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake

We explore the use of high-rate GPS, strong-motion records and their joint use for earthquake monitoring, the data collected during 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake was studied. We compared the recorded co-seismic movement, analyzed the displacements in both time-frequency domain. Meanwhile, the comparison of P wave detection was shown and the dynamic velocity waves were discussed. The results suggest that the GPS-only solution is good for low-frequency signal, and the strong-motion-only solution is good for high-frequency signal, thus, the integration of two datasets best complement the advantages of each, more details of co-seismic motions and broader frequency band of seismic signals. This is crucial for earthquake monitoring and early warning.     

Recent Advances in Prediction and Processing of Strong Ground Motions

We present an overview of our recent results on utilizing small earthquakes in the earthquake engineering practice. Site-specific ground motion time-histories of large earthquakes can be successfully simulated using recordings of small earthquakes which are often referred to as 'empirical Green's functions' in seismology. Another important practical problem is whether and how these observations can be used in seismic risk studies which are based on empirical attenuation relations for ground motion parameters. We study a possibility of extrapolating attenuation relations for small earthquakes, to larger magnitudes using the data from the Garner Valley downhole array in Southern California. Finally we introduce efficient ground motion processing techniques in frequency- and time-domains and apply them to site response estimation.     

Toward real-time regional earthquake simulation II: Real-time Online earthquake Simulation (ROS) of Taiwan earthquakes

We developed a Real-time Online earthquake Simulation system (ROS) to simulate regional earthquakes in Taiwan. The ROS uses a centroid moment tensor solution of seismic events from a Real-time Moment Tensor monitoring system (RMT), which provides all the point source parameters including the event origin time, hypocentral location, moment magnitude and focal mechanism within 2 min after the occurrence of an earthquake. Then, all of the source parameters are automatically forwarded to the ROS to perform an earthquake simulation, which is based on a spectral-element method (SEM). A new island-wide, high resolution SEM mesh model is developed for the whole Taiwan in this study. We have improved SEM mesh quality by introducing a thin high-resolution mesh layer near the surface to accommodate steep and rapidly varying topography. The mesh for the shallow sedimentary basin is adjusted to reflect its complex geometry and sharp lateral velocity contrasts. The grid resolution at the surface is about 545 m, which is sufficient to resolve topography and tomography data for simulations accurate up to 1.0 Hz. The ROS is also an infrastructural service, making online earthquake simulation feasible. Users can conduct their own earthquake simulation by providing a set of source parameters through the ROS webpage. For visualization, a ShakeMovie and ShakeMap are produced during the simulation. The time needed for one event is roughly 3 min for a 70 s ground motion simulation. The ROS is operated online at the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica (http://ros.earth.sinica.edu.tw/). Our long-term goal for the ROS system is to contribute to public earth science outreach and to realize seismic ground motion prediction in real-time.     

康定MS6.3级地震斜坡地震动响应监测分析

芦山MS7.0地震、鲁甸MS6.5地震诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,一些学者认为地形放大效应是其中的一个影响因素,但目前斜坡地震动响应研究仍然缺乏大量的实测数据支撑。通过在冷竹关两岸斜坡不同部位掘进平硐并放置强震监测仪器的方法,对沟谷两岸斜坡地震动响应特征进行研究,剖面较为完整地记录了康定地震两岸斜坡的地震动响应特征。监测数据揭示,(1)相对于康定姑咱参考站,位于右岸半岛状凸出山梁顶部1#监测点的水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了10.6～11.5、7.1,阿里亚斯强度最大,水平东西向比竖直向HVSR频比值达到11.1,卓越周期在低频部分;位于右岸山梁中部2#监测点水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了4.3～5.0、2.3;(2)左岸地形坡面起伏较小,记录的峰值加速度较小,仅在坡折部位5#监测点有明显的放大,水平与垂直峰值加速度放大系数分别为3.0～4.5、2.3,各监测点频比存在多个卓越周期,其放大效应在高频段更突出;(3)近直线型斜坡内(6#及7#监测点)放大效应相对较弱,且监测洞外侧放大系数大于水平深度较大的内侧。结果表明冷竹关两岸斜坡存在明显的地形放大效应,且右岸半岛状凸出山脊地形较左岸中高山斜坡地形放大效应显著。对比芦山地震该剖面放大系数,揭示了背坡面效应。     

Examples of geomorphologic and geological hazards in Algeria

We present three geomorphologic and geological phenomena that have occurred in Algeria in recent years: (i) the Bab El Oued mudflow on 11 November 2001, which claimed several hundred lives, (ii) a soil collapse induced by sand liquefaction triggered by the Boumerdes earthquake (M _w = 6.8) on 21 May 2003, and (iii) landslides that are threatening Constantine city, for which a hazard map is presented using a qualitative approach. We briefly describe and analyze these natural disasters, and in the first two cases propose the application of geophysical techniques such as ambient noise recordings and electrical imagery to help evaluate their extent and potential threat. Finally a landslide hazard map of Constantine is proposed.     

Locating, monitoring, and characterizing typhoon-linduced landslides with real-time seismic signals

Landslides induced by typhoon Morakot during its passage across Taiwan on 7–9 Aug 2009 claimed more than 700 lives and caused heavy economic loss. Unlike earthquake monitoring, precise locations of landslides could not be determined in near-real time because their seismic phases are difficult to identify. Here, we show that large, damaging landslide events are characterized seismically by a distinct waveform pattern of frequent intermixes of P and S waves over a time window of several tens of seconds. The predominant frequency band during these time windows ranges from 0.5 to 5?Hz. The high-frequency content is clearly deficient relative to that of local earthquakes by about one to two orders. We also demonstrate that large landslide events can be located and monitored with algorithms specifically designed for real-time seismic applications. This near-real-time monitoring capability would be particularly useful for emergency responders and government organizations to coordinate effective relief-and-rescue operations.     

Earthquake early warning for earth dams: concepts and objectives

In the geotechnical field, the risk related to slope instabilities or collapse of geotechnical structures are increasingly being faced by early warning systems, capable of: (1) predicting the incipient collapse based on the interpretation of a continuous monitoring of the structure and (2) spreading alarm promptly to reduce people exposure. Compared with structural approaches, early warning systems have two important advantages: a faster, simpler and less expensive implementation and environmental compatibility. Past experience indicates that vulnerability of earth dams is generally low under both static and seismic loading conditions. In spite of this, earth dams are characterized by a high-risk level, due to the high exposure factor. Nowadays, the application of early warning systems to dams is fully supported by the technological progress achieved in the telecommunication field, since it is possible to install and automate recordings and transmission of all physical variables significant to check dam safety: accelerations, displacements, pore-water pressures, total stresses, seepage flows. A considerable lack still arises in the predictive models for interpreting monitoring data and providing indicators on dam safety soon after a strong earthquake. The present work illustrates the basic concepts of an earthquake early warning (EEW) system for earth dams and the main features that should characterize a predictive model to such a scope. An application to a real case is finally provided, enhancing the role played by each monitored physical variable for the aims of EEW.     

Groundwater electrical conductivity and soil radon gas monitoring for earthquake precursory studies in Koyna, India

Hourly monitoring of electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater along with groundwater levels in the 210 m deep boreholes (specially drilled for pore pressure/earthquake studies) and soil Rn gas at 60 cm below ground level in real time, in the Koyna-Warna region (characterized by basaltic rocks, >1500 m thick, and dotted with several sets of fault systems), western India, provided strong precursory signatures in response to two earthquakes (M 4.7 on 14/11/09, and M 5.1 on 12/12/09) that occurred in the study region. The EC measured in Govare well water showed precursory perturbations about 40 h prior to the M 5.1 earthquake and continued further for about 20 h after the earthquake. In response to the M 4.7 earthquake, there were EC perturbations 8 days after the earthquake. In another well (Koyna) which is located 4 km north of Govare well, no precursory signatures were found for the M 4.7 earthquake, while for M 5.1 earthquake, post-seismic precursors were found 18 days after the earthquake. Increased porosity and reduced pressure head accompanied by mixing of a freshwater component from the top zone due to earthquakes are the suggested mechanisms responsible for the observed anomalies in EC. Another parameter, soil Rn gas showed relatively proportional strength signals corresponding to these two earthquakes. In both the cases, the pre-seismic increase in Rn concentration started about 20 days in advance. The co-seismic drop in Rn levels was less by 30% from its peak value for the M 4.7 earthquake and 50% for the M 5.1 earthquake. The Rn anomalies are attributed to the opening and closing of micro-fractures before and during the earthquake. On line monitoring of these two parameters may be useful to check the entire chemistry change due to earthquake which may help to forecast impending earthquakes.     

汶川地震断裂作用研究新认识

2008年汶川地震后,人们不得不思考问题是:大地震是如何发生的?下一次大地震什么时候发生?也就是涉及地质学家和地球物理学家一直未解决的科学问题:断层是如何破裂的?震后断裂是如何愈合的?我们试图通过对汶川地震断裂带结构、断裂摩擦行为和断裂愈合过程的研究来回答这些问题。本文将介绍通过对地表露头和汶川地震断裂科学钻探一号孔(WFSD)岩心中汶川地震主滑移带的详细研究,以及钻孔中长期温度监测来分析有关汶川地震断裂动态弱化和摩擦行为,并结合钻孔中长期水文监测计算所得断裂带渗透率变化,分析震后断裂愈合过程,进而探讨和认识汶川地震断裂作用所涉及的上述问题。经过详细研究,确定了汶川地震断裂带(映秀—北川断裂带)宽105~240 m、具有五个不同断裂岩组合的内部结构,是一条经常发生大地震、具多种弱化机制的断裂带;发现了汶川地震不仅具有同震石墨化作用,而且测量到目前世界上最低的动态摩擦系数(≤0.02),同时首次记录到大地震后断裂快速愈合信息。这些研究结果不仅直接回答了一直困扰在地震地质和地震物理学领域几十年的关键问题,而且对完善地震断裂理论和认识汶川地震机制具有极其重要的意义,为防震减灾提供了理论依据。     

青海茫崖—新疆若羌地震探测剖面及其深部构造的研究

穿越ＮＥ向阿尔金断裂带,首次进行了天然地震探测获取了大量远震与近震资料,对数据进行了层析分析,接收函数和震源定位的研究。提供了阿尔金断裂深部构造的新资料。地震层析资料表明,软流圈的大致深度在１００ｋｍ。地壳各部位的速度特征有较大差异,推断南缘断裂产状较陡。沿此断裂出现的幔源物质,在层析图象上呈低速体。     

地震速报回顾及展望

分秒必争的地震速报在防震减灾工作中是非常重要的。本文进行了模拟测震地震 速报与数字测震地震速报的对比，总结分析了两者的差异。对地震速报工作的不足之 处提出了看法．对以后地震速报的改进、提高作出初步的设想。     

基于GIS技术多源信息集成的三峡水库库首区诱发地震危险性动态评价

将数值模拟成果与监测数据集成,对三峡水库库首区诱发地震危险性进行了动态评价。在GIS (geographic information system) 平台上将数值模拟结果用专业地震模型进行评价,其成果作为评价背景数据库。用实时的地震监测数据、地下水位监测数据、地壳形变监测数据对背景数据库进行更新。选用FLAC 3D为数值模拟工具,MAPGIS为GIS基础平台,VC＋＋为开发工具,研发了水库诱发地震危险性动态评价系统。系统提供在一定蓄水位条件下、一定评价范围、一定深度内的水库诱发地震灾害危险性区划。研究结果表明,在GIS平台上,利用信息融合技术,可以将水库诱发地震的数值模拟评估、监测数据评估进行集成,实现水库诱发地震危险性动态评价。     

1556年陕西关中华县特大地震地质灾害遗迹发育特征

1556年陕西关中华县8 1/4 级特大地震造成地表强烈变形破坏,灾害群发,伤亡惨重,是史载灾害极端严重的具有世界对比性的特大地震。地表现存的华县特大地震地质遗迹清晰完整,具有重要的地震灾害比较学意义和地震地质学研究价值。本文在深入调查关中盆地东部的渭南、华县、华阴、潼关等高烈度区地震地质遗迹的基础上,重点对发震断层、地震裂缝、地震山崩与地震滑坡等4类典型地质遗迹的发育特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,华县特大地震的典型地震地质遗迹的形成机理是地震动力与区域构造应力场、场地岩土体性质、地形地貌特征、水文地质等要素和作用的耦合结果。华县地震地质遗迹具有重要的科考科普价值和开发应用前景,应积极开展评价和保护工作,发挥地质遗迹的社会和经济效益。     

“七五”期间航空放射性测量取得重大成果

“七五”航空放射性测量在航测生产、科研和军转民方面都取得了重大成果。本文较全面、简要地综述了航空放射性测量在区调普查、航测生产中科研和利用航空伽玛能谱新技术普查黄金、石油天然气、钾盐及进行环境监测等综合找矿和扩大应用领域方面取得的成果”。     

原位地应力测量与实时监测在地震预报研究中的作用和意义

当2013年4月20日四川芦山Ms 7.0级大地震发生时,中国科学家已不再像2008年汶川Ms 8.0大地震发生时那样茫然和不知所措。其根本原因在于,2008年汶川大地震发生后,龙门山地区开展了大量的科学研究工作,已超前初步认知龙门山断裂带西南端具有潜在地震危险性,特别是原位地应力测量和实时监测已发现绝对地应力大小高值异常和相对地应力大小临震异常变化。论文简要介绍了地震预报国际主流观点与认识,梳理了地应力在地震预报研究中的作用和认识,探讨了2004 Parkfield earthquake钻孔应变监测结果给予的启示,详细介绍了原位地应力测量与实时监测在地震预报研究中应用的实践与探索。实践证明:地震预报是值得探索和研究的,原位地应力测量与实时监测是地震预报的有效方法之一。