滇西道街盆地上新世怒江埋藏砾石层、堰塞湖沉积 的发现及其磁性地层学

在对怒江道街—惠通桥段的考察研究中,不仅重新厘定了河谷中拔河150m以下的多级低阶地,而且在拔河180～380m的高度上发现了多级由磨圆良好、成分复杂的厚层冲积砾石层所组成的高阶地,厚近100m的堰塞湖成因的砂层及其下伏厚约100m的砾石层。冲积层的同位素年龄测定结果表明,6级低阶地形成于中更新世以来。望江楼剖面的磁性地层研究结果显示,组成相当于第九级阶地上部的湖相砂层,上部以正向极性为主,含2次短期的负极性,下部则为负极性。与标准磁性地层柱对比表明,该湖相地层形成于4.2～2.6MaBP的中—晚上新世,湖相地层之下的埋藏阶地与高阶地则应形成于上新世早期至中新世晚期。据此在进一步的区域地层对比后认为：怒江至少在中新世的中晚期已开始形成并下切,至上新世早期已下切至现今河床附近。上述研究结果为更科学地认识青藏高原东缘的强烈隆升过程提供了非常有价值的新线索。     

云南怒江河谷新近纪砾石层与堰塞湖相沉积的发现及其意义

作者在怒江道街—惠通桥段考察研究中,填绘了道街盆地的晚新生代地质图,测量了多条河谷横剖面,不仅重新厘定了河谷中拔河150m以下的多级低阶地,而且在拔河180～380m的高度上发现了多级由磨圆良好、成分复杂的厚层冲积砾石层所组成的高阶地,及厚近100m的堰塞湖成因的砂层及其下伏厚约100 m的砾石层.本文采集并测试了低阶...     

TIME-SLICE OF THE FLUVIAL EVOLUTION IN THE NORTHERN JINSHAAN GORGE DURING LATE CENOZOIC

晋陕峡谷黄河形成的时代是地学界十分关注的科学问题,长期存在比较大的意见分歧,至今没有得到比较好的解决.山西保德地区发育—套晚中新世-早上新世的河湖相沉积,年代为＞8.3 ～3.7Ma,地貌与地层分析表明,它们是唐县期夷平面的相关沉积.河湖相地层所含砾石层的组构和岩性统计揭示,当时汇入古湖的河流是发源于周围抬升区的短小河流,形成一个局地规模的湖泊水系.晋陕峡谷北段唐县期夷平面之上分布两期红粘土覆盖的河流砾石层,形成年代分别在4.9Ma前和3.7Ma前;砾石组构和岩性统计揭示,它们所指示的河流流向向北,与黄河流向相反,是一个不同于现代黄河的古河流,它将保德古湖水系与河套盆地联系起来.3.7Ma前,强烈的地面上升导致河湖相沉积结束和唐县期夷平面抬升,风成红粘土堆积其上,地形起伏增大,河流溯源侵蚀加剧,水系进入重新组织阶段;1.2Ma前,黄土高原南部的河流将原北流水系袭夺,黄河形成;最近1.2Ma的强烈地面上升,导致黄河不断下切并发育多级阶地,逐渐形成现代壮观的深切峡谷地貌.     

四川攀枝花昔格达组下伏砾石层成因和时代探讨与古金沙江河谷发育

本文主要描述和讨论了四川省攀枝花市沿金沙江分布、并以炳草岗地龙箐剖面为代表的昔格达组湖相沉积下伏的砾石层的沉积特征及其河流相成因.根据前人对昔格达组湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究结果,为4.2/3.28～2.6/2.12/1.78 MaBP的上新世中、晚期或至早更新世早期,表明其下伏厚达50 m的砾石层的形成时代约为4.2～4.5/5 MaBP的上新世早期.早上新世金沙江河流相砾石层在接近金沙江谷底位置的发现,表明金沙江很早就已经从青藏高原主夷平面下切了2000 m以上、已在接近其现今谷底的位置上存在.这对于探讨古金沙江的河谷发育及其与青藏高原隆升的关系,具有重要的指示意义.     

冀西北康保、沽源一带新构造运动特征

冀西北坝上高原是河北省的三大地貌单元之一,新构造活动强烈,间歇性断块升降十分明显,主要表现为多级层状地貌、强烈的火山活动、盆地迁移、断裂活动及地震等。区内发育北台期及唐县期两期夷平面,其海拔高度分别为1 700 m、1 500 m左右,其形成时代分别为晚白垩纪—始新世初和中新世未—上新世初。区内发育Ⅰ~Ⅲ级阶地,Ⅰ级阶地河拔高度为1~2 m,形成于晚全新世早期;Ⅱ级阶地河拔高度为6~12 m,形成于早全新世初期;Ⅲ级阶地河拔高度为25~30 m,形成于晚更新世晚期。     

黄河晋陕峡谷1.1 Ma阶地的形成及其构造背景*

对黄河晋陕峡谷河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口等4个地区进行了详细的野外考察。河曲地区共发现3级河流阶地,更高的则为唐县期宽谷;唐县期宽谷的海拔高度约1000m(拔河高度150m),而3级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为110m、80m和12m。黑峪口地区也存在唐县期宽谷,宽谷之下发育5级河流阶地,唐县期宽谷西高东低,海拔高度位于970m和940m之间,5级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为130m,80m、50m、12m和4m。延水关地区共发现6级河流阶地,全部为第四纪期间形成,6级河流阶地的拔河高度分别为180m、130m、95m、50m、20m和4m。壶口地区共存在8级阶地,也全部为第四纪期间的阶地,阶地的拔河高度分别约为260m、210m、180m、120m、80m、60m、35m和15m。对壶口最高阶地进行了地层学研究,发现这一阶地上覆厚度约110m的黄土地层,黄土层的最底部为L13,古地磁研究结果和古土壤断代都指示了这一阶地的形成时间在距今1.1Ma左右。综合晋陕峡谷地区现有的研究结果认为,3.3Ma之前,鄂尔多斯地块内部构造极为稳定,发育了唐县期夷平面,古黄河在此夷平面上主要以侧蚀拓宽为主,下蚀极其微弱;3.3-1.1Ma,鄂尔多斯地块的构造稳定可能被打破,黄河小幅度下切;而1.1Ma以来,受鄂尔多斯地块快速抬升的影响,黄河发生剧烈下切,1.1 Ma阶地和晋陕峡谷的主体在这一时期形成。     

黄河晋陕峡谷1.1 Ma阶地的形成及其构造背景

对黄河晋陕峡谷河曲、黑峪口、延水关和壶口等4个地区进行了详细的野外考察。河曲地区共发现3级河流阶地,更高的则为唐县期宽谷;唐县期宽谷的海拔高度约1000 m(拔河高度150 m),而3级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为110 m、80 m和12 m。黑峪口地区也存在唐县期宽谷,宽谷之下发育5级河流阶地,唐县期宽谷西高东低,海拔高度位于970 m和940 m之间,5级河流阶地的拔河高度分别约为130 m,80 m、50 m、12 m和4 m。延水关地区共发现6级河流阶地,全部为第四纪期间形成,6级河流阶地的拔河高度分别为180 m、130 m、95 m、50 m、20 m和4 m。壶口地区共存在8级阶地,也全部为第四纪期间的阶地,阶地的拔河高度分别约为260 m、210 m、180 m、120 m、80 m、60 m、35 m和15 m。对壶口最高阶地进行了地层学研究,发现这一阶地上覆厚度约110 m的黄土地层,黄土层的最底部为L13,古地磁研究结果和古土壤断代都指示了这一阶地的形成时间在距今1.1 Ma左右。综合晋陕峡谷地区现有的研究结果认为,3.3 Ma之前,鄂尔多斯地块内部构造极为稳定,发育了唐县期夷平面,古黄河在此夷平面上主要以侧蚀拓宽为主,下蚀极其微弱;3.3—1.1 Ma,鄂尔多斯地块的构造稳定可能被打破,黄河小幅度下切;而1.1 Ma以来,受鄂尔多斯地块快速抬升的影响,黄河发生剧烈下切,1.1 Ma阶地和晋陕峡谷的主体在这一时期形成。     

西藏纳木错第四纪湖相地层划分及纳木错群的建立

第四纪湖相地层剖面实测和水准仪测量表明,在西藏纳木错沿岸,发育有拔湖48m以下的6级湖岸阶地和拔湖48m以上最高至139.2m的高位湖相沉积。纳木错湖相或湖滨相沉积的铀系等时线年龄测定结果表明,高位湖相沉积形成于晚更新世早期,第六至第三级阶地则分别形成于晚更新世中期至晚期。14C法测年表明,第二和第一级阶地的形成时间介于13820～2350年间,属全新世。根据沉积相、岩相组合等特征,并结合同位素测年、微体古生物鉴定等资料,将该套地层命名为纳木错群,由上更新统干玛弄组和全新统扎弄淌组组成。     

云南三江一河典型地区河谷第四系发育特征

三江一河（金沙江、怒江、澜沧江、红河是流经云南境内的４条主体水系，将上述４条河流河谷第四系的野外观察加以总结得出；金沙江河谷局部发育早一中更新世的湖相层和河湖相层，常形成晚期阶地的基座，晚更新世至全新世冲积层构成四级阶地；怒江河谷第四系发育较差，在六库的上游河谷中冲积层极不发育，只有局部地方有少量的河漫滩砂砾层（全新世），在六库至过街河段中，尤其是过街盆地，发育有中更新世至全新世的冲积层和洪积层，前者构成五级阶地，后者形成巨大的洪积扇分布在河流右岸的谷底或苍坡上；澜沧江除景洪、勐罕（橄榄坝）盆地外，其它河段主要为峡谷，第四系很少，在景洪盆地中发育有第二、第一级阶地和河漫滩冲积层；红河的第四系有中更新世至全新世的冲积层，并构成五级阶地。基于上述第四系特点，简要地讨论了这４条河流的形成时代。     

云南丽江地区大具盆地早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现及其意义

报道了云南大具盆地北部金沙江下渡口西岸的2层早更新世金沙江砾石层,它们分别位于盆地底部的冲、洪积砾石层的底部。该砾石层的砾石分选与磨圆很好,局部被钙质胶结,成分复杂,大部分为本地所无,表明其应为金沙江长距离搬运而来。该砾石层的钙质胶结物和钙质砂层2个样品的ESR年龄测定结果分别为1950±230kaBP和1770±160kaBP,属早更新世。对比其上游四川德格含下更新统汪布顶组哺乳动物群的金沙江第五级阶地砾石层和下游四川攀枝花金沙江沿岸伏于中、晚上新世湖相沉积昔格达组之下的分选与磨圆良好、成分复杂的河流相砾石层,表明在早更新世甚至上新世时期,金沙江已经贯通。     

青藏高原东缘新生代构造层序与构造事件

新生代龙门山前盆地和盐源盆地是青藏高原东缘龙门山－锦屏山冲断带内及前缘地区发育和保存最好的新生代沉积盆地，本次以地层不整合面和ESR测年资料为主要依据，将该区新生代构造地层序列划分为5个构造层序，即TS1（65－55Ma)、TS2(40-50Ma)、TS3（23－16Ma)、TS4(4．7-1.6Ma)和TS5（0．74－0Ma)，据此将青藏高原东缘新生代构造变形和隆升事件划分为5期，其中TS1与喜马拉雅地体和拉萨地体拼合事件相关，TS2与印亚碰撞事件相关，TS3与青藏高原第一次隆升事件相关，TS4与青藏高原第二次隆升事件相关，TS5与青藏高原第三次隆升事件相关。     

THE CENOZOIC GEORECORDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF YUNNAN AND THE EVOLUTION OF QING—ZANG PLATEAU

THE CENOZOIC GEORECORDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF YUNNAN AND THE EVOLUTION OF QING—ZANG PLATEAU     

青藏高原隆升对云南高原环境的影响

讨论了云南高原环境从上新世至早更新世对青藏高原隆升的响应。在上新世 ,云南高原普遍发育一套粘土岩、亚粘土岩、粉砂岩及褐煤的湖相、湖沼相沉积 ,大致以红河断裂为界 ,西厚东薄 ,说明在上新世云南高原内部总体构造环境较稳定 ,但西部盆地下沉的速度大于东部盆地。在早更新世 ,云南高原的沉积相和厚度都发生了较大的变化。红河断裂以西为洪冲积相的砾石层 ,厚度薄 ;滇西北主要为河流相的砾石层和砂层 ,略较滇西的厚 ;滇中地区为河湖相和河流相的砂质粘土层、粘土层、砂层和砾石层 ,厚度较大。说明进入早更新世 ,云南高原隆升强度明显加强 ,而且从西部向东部逐渐推进。在早更新世晚期 ,在青藏高原的昆黄运动的影响下 ,全区发生了一次显著的构造运动———元谋运动 ,造成下更新统的褶皱、断裂变形和金沙江的全线贯通。     

Marine transgression and regression in Miocene sequences of northern Pegu (Bago) Yoma,Central Myanmar

Neogene strata of the northern part of the Pegu (Bago) Yoma Range, Central Myanmar, contain a series of shallow marine clastic sediments with stratigraphic ages ranging from the Early to Late Miocene. The studied succession (around 750 m thick) is composed of three major stratigraphic units deposited during a major regression and four major transgressive cycles in the Early to Late Miocene. The transgressive deposits consist of elongate sand-bars and broad sand-sheets that pass headward into mixed-flats of tidal environments. Marine flooding in transgressive deposits is associated with coquina beds and allochthonous coral-bearing sandy limestone bands. Major marine regressions are associated with lowstand progradation of thick estuary point-bars passing up into upper sand-flat sand bodies encased within the tidal flat sequences and lower shoreface deposits with local unconformities. The succession initially formed in a large scale incised-valley system, and was later interrupted by two major marine transgressions in the generally regressive or basinward-stepping stratigraphic sequences. Successive sandbodies were formed during a sea-level lowstand and early stage of the subsequent relative rise of sea level in a tide-dominated estuary system in the eastern part of the Central Myanmar Tertiary Basin during Early to Late Miocene times.     

New data on structure of consolidated gravel beds in Samur-Kusarchay watershed

Tectonically the Samur-Kusarchay watershed lies in the deepest central part of the Kusar-Divich synclinorium with its thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic section. Upper Pliocene and Anthropogene sediments show a great variety of facies. Results are presented of vertical electrosounding (VES) in this watershed of southeastern Azerbaijan. The principal water intake area is that of Kusar gravels in the southwestern foothills; also the Samur and Kusarchay alluvial cones. The regional northeasterly homoclinal dip of upper Pliocene and Anthropogene beds toward the Caspian, coupled with an impermeable seal of marine Apsheronian Akchagylian, and Productive Interval Claystones, assures a vast, supply of fresh underground water, mostly at the base of the gravels. A regional resistivity drop, going from the Greater Caucasus foothills to the Caspian, reflects a gradual replacement of Quaternary and upper Pliocene gravels by argillaceous deposits. Figure 1, compiled from all extant data, shows the distribution of gravels and the nature of the underlying impermeable horizons. Besides present day gravels, it shows a buried cone of thick gravels in a syncline between the Imamkulukend and Yalama uplift. Recurring late Pliocene and Quaternary Shakhdag glaciers left behind huge volumes of clastic material which glacial waters carried on down slope: A sinking of the coastal zone, coupled with post-glacial uplift in the mountains, has contributed to alluviation. Electroexploration is recommended in all foothill areas of alluvial gravel cone development.—W. D. Lowry     

Spit-platform temperate carbonates: the origin of landward-downlapping beds along a basin margin (Lower Pliocene, Carboneras Basin, SE Spain)

ABSTRACT Lower Pliocene temperate carbonates exhibit landward‐downlapping beds at the southern margin of the Carboneras Basin in south‐eastern Spain. This rarely documented stratal geometry resulted from the accumulation of bedded bioclastic carbonate sand and gravel by longshore currents along a spit platform located a few hundred metres from the palaeoshoreline. The top of the spit platform was covered by shoals that extended over a gently dipping ramp inclined to the north. On the landward slope of the spit, sediments washed over from the shoal area were deposited in parallel‐laminated beds with a southward dip of 8–11°. These beds aggraded and retrograded after an increase in accommodation space, probably related to an Early Pliocene eustatic sea‐level rise. As a result, the beds downlap onto the underlying unconformity surface in a shoreward direction. Eventually, the depression between the shoreline and the spit platform was filled, and a gentle ramp became established. These Pliocene exposures in the Carboneras Basin and a similar Upper Miocene example in southern Spain suggest that landward‐downlapping stratal geometries can be expected in nearshore temperate carbonates along basin margins, and demonstrate a similarity in sedimentary dynamics to siliciclastic sands and gravels.     

The Çubukludağ graben,south of İzmir: its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of the western Anatolia

Abstract

Field studies on the Neogene successions in south of ?zmir reveal that subsequent Neogene continental basins were developed in the region. Initially a vast lake basin was formed during the early-Middle Miocene period. The lacustrine sediments underwent an approximately N-S shortening deformation to the end of Middle Miocene. A small portion of the basin fill was later trapped within the N-S-trending, fault-bounded graben basin, the Çubukluda? graben, opened during the Late Miocene. Oblique-slip normal faults with minor sinistral displacement are formed possibly under N–S extensional regime, and controlled the sediment deposition. Following this the region suffered a phase of denudation which produced a regionwide erosional surface suggesting that the extension interrupted to the end of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene period. After this event the E–W-trending major grabens and horsts of western Anatolia began to form. The graben bounding faults cut across the Upper Miocene–Pliocene lacustrine sediments and fragmented the erosional surface. The Çubukluda? graben began to work as a cross garden between the E–W grabens, since that period. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS