马铃薯与玉米多样性种植生态防治病害的试验研究(英文)

本文针对中国西南山区作物病害发病高峰与降雨高峰重叠难以防治的难点,进行了生态调控马铃薯与玉米种植结构避雨避病的试验。试验结果表明,时间上提前和推后马铃薯种植避开了降雨高峰,平均降低晚疫病病情指数44.3%。空间上行距拉宽株距缩小,通风透光减轻病害,套种玉米的大斑病平均降低病情指数为14.8%,小斑病平均降低22.5%。本试验的另一重要结果表明,通过调整马铃薯种植结构可以大幅度提高耕地产出率,马铃薯与玉米套种,提前和推后种植马铃薯分别提高土地利用率1.738-1.766。本文研究结果对作物病害的生态防治和增加粮食产量有重要现实意义。通过时空优化作物与环境的配置,合理利用农业生态结构,适应最佳生态环境,实现优质高产高效。     

近30年中国东北地区玉米种植体系的时空动态分析(英文)

Understanding crop patterns and their changes on regional scale is a critical requirement for projecting agro-ecosystem dynamics. However, tools and methods for mapping the distribution of crop area and yield are still lacking. Based on the cross-entropy theory, a spatial production allocation model(SPAM) has been developed for presenting spatio-temporal dynamics of maize cropping system in Northeast China during 1980–2010. The simulated results indicated that(1) maize sown area expanded northwards to 48°N before 2000, after that the increased sown area mainly occurred in the central and southern parts of Northeast China. Meanwhile, maize also expanded eastwards to 127°E and lower elevation(less than 100 m) as well as higher elevation(mainly distributed between 200 m and 350 m);(2) maize yield has been greatly promoted for most planted area of Northeast China, especially in the planted zone between 42°N and 48°N, while the yield increase was relatively homogeneous without obvious longitudinal variations for whole region;(3) maize planting density increased gradually to a moderately high level over the investigated period, which reflected the trend of aggregation of maize cultivation driven by market demand.     

基于作物空间分配模型的东北三省春玉米时空分布特征

利用1980-2010 年东北三省分县玉米播种面积与产量统计、耕地分布、农业灌溉分布以及作物适宜性分布等多源数据,结合基于交叉信息熵原理的作物空间分配模型（Spatial Production Allocation Model,SPAM）,在5'×5'的像元尺度模拟了春玉米种植面积与产量的时空分布,并重点分析了两者在纬向、经向,以及高程上的时空变化规律。结果显示：（1）玉米种植面积在2000 年前向北扩展至北纬44°~48°间,2000 年后在中南部出现大规模发展（北纬42°~44°）,并进一步向东扩展至东经123°~127°间,同时还表现为向低海拔（高程100 m以下）和较高海拔（高程200~350 m）扩展的态势;（2）单产在纬向上的增加区主要集中在北纬42°~48°,经向上的单产增加则相对均匀,高程上单产提升区主要集中在海拔350 m以下。（3）像元内玉米种植比例整体上由中低种植比例为主逐步演变为中高比例占据主体,并且中高种植比例像元对应的玉米单产水平整体上较高,反映了市场经济驱动下的玉米种植集聚化和规模化的发展趋势。     

1750-2010年强火山喷发事件的时空分布特征(英文)

Using the dataset provided by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, we have extracted the large volcanic eruptions(volcanic explosivity index ≥ 4) from the period 1750–2010 and have then analyzed the main characteristics of large volcanic eruptions since 1750 according to their geographic latitudes, their elevations, and the years and months in which they occurred. The results show that most large volcanic eruptions were located around the margins of the Pacific Ocean and the islands of Sumatra and Java, especially in the equatorial regions(10°N–10°S). Large volcanic eruptions were concentrated at 1000–2000 m elevations and in the months of January and April. There were more eruptions in the summer half-year(from April to September) than in the winter half-year(from October to the next March). Large volcanic eruptions have interdecadal fluctuations, including cycles of 15–25 years and 35–50 years, which were detected by Morlet wavelet analysis, with the fluctuations being more frequent after 1870 than before. During the periods 1750–1760, 1776–1795, 1811–1830, 1871–1890, 1911–1920 and 1981–1995, there were relatively many large volcanic eruptions.     

基于MODIS NDVI的西辽河流域主要粮食作物时空分布格局（英文）

研究以西辽河流域为案例区,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,选取2000、2005和2010年时间点,利用NDVI时间序列信息,结合西辽河流域不同作物物候历,运用决策树提取模型,获取西辽河流域春玉米、春小麦和大豆等主要作物的空间分布信息,定量揭示了10年间西辽河流域主要粮食作物的时空分布特征。研究表明:(1)2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积为11 965.08 km2,其中春玉米播种面积约占流域主要粮食作物的92.28%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区;春小麦播种面积占比3.14%,以西辽河流域中游面积最大;大豆播种面积占比4.58%,以西辽河上游流域面积最大。(2)2000-2005年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积大幅增加,涨幅达29.77%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。其中,春玉米播种面积增长38.99%,春小麦播种面积减少39.04%,大豆播种面积增长21.27%。(3)2005-2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积增长缓慢,涨幅为5.18%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。春玉米播种面积呈现增加趋势,春小麦呈现减少趋势,大豆呈减少趋势。     

京津冀地区夏玉米生产潜力时空变异及其与现实产量的对比分析(英文)

Crop potential productivity is a key index of scientifically appraising crop production and land population-supporting capacity. This study firstly simulated the potential and waterlimited yield of summer maize in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region using WOFOST model with meteorological data of 40 years, and then analyzed yield gaps between the actual and potential yield based on statistical data at county level. The potential and water-limited yield of summer maize in the BTH region is 6854–8789 kg/hm2 and 6434–8741 kg/hm2, and the weighted average for whole region is 7861 kg/hm2 and 7185 kg/hm2, respectively. The simulated yields gradually decrease from northeast to southwest with changes in climatic conditions particularly temperature and precipitation. Annual variation of potential yield is higher in the central and southern parts than the northeastern part. Compared to potential yield, the water-limited yield has higher coefficient of variation (CV), because of precipitation effects. The actual yield of summer maize was 2537–8730 kg/hm2, regionally averaged at 5582 kg/hm2, about 70% of the potential yield, implying that the region has room to increase the yield by improving crop management and irrigation systems.     

青藏高原太阳辐射对高山草甸净生态系统二氧化碳的影响(英文)

On the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow is the most widespread vegetation type. The alpine meadow has a low biological productivity and low vegetation coverage in the growing season. The daytime NEE between the atmosphere and the alpine meadow ecosystem was influenced by solar radiation. To analyze the characteristics of change in NEE and to calculate the parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration in different solar radiation environments, the NEE measurements were taken in Damxung from July to August in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 using the eddy covariance technique. Solar radiation was grouped into three levels according to the net radiation, which was more than 155 W m-2 d-1 on clear days, 144±5 W m-2 d-1 on partly cloudy days and less than 134 W m-2 d-1 on cloudy days. The diurnal relationships between NEE and PAR varied with differences in solar radiation, which was a rectangular hyperbola form on clear days, two different concave curves on partly cloudy days and an irregular triangle form on cloudy days. The mean CO2 absorption rate showed a decreasing trend with increasing solar radiation. The daytime absorption maximum occurred around 10:00 on clear days with an average of slightly less –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, around 11:00 on partly cloudy days with an average of about –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, and around 12:00 on cloudy days with an average of about –0.25 mg m-2 d-1. As solar radiation increased, the Amax and the Q10 decreased. However, the R10 increased and the maximum of the α occurred on partly cloudy days. The optimum net solar radiation was about 134–155 W m-2 d-1, which induced a PAR of about 1800-2000 μmol m-2 s-1 and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm of about 14℃. Therefore, on the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow ecosystem will have a higher carbon absorption potential while solar radiation decreases in the future.     

2013年北京市PM_(2.5)的时空分布

对2013年北京市35个自动空气质量监测子站的PM2.5数据进行分析,探讨PM2.5的时间分布特征、空间分布特征以及与前体物和大气氧化性的相关性关系。结果表明,PM2.5浓度由高到低的季节依次是冬季、春季、秋季和夏季,平均浓度分别为122.8μg·m-3、85.1μg·m-3、84.9μg·m-3和79.1μg·m-3;各类监测站中浓度由高到低的依次是交通站、城区站、郊区站和区域站,平均浓度分别为102.2μg·m-3、91.8μg·m-3、89.1μg·m-3和88.7μg·m-3。PM2.5月均浓度呈波浪型分布,在1月份、3月份、6月份和10月份各出现一个峰值。全年来看,交通站PM2.5的日变化规律呈单峰型分布,其他站点呈双峰型分布。分地区来看,年均PM2.5浓度由高到低的依次是东南部、西南部、城六区、东北部和西北部。PM2.5浓度与NO2、SO2和OX浓度均为显著正相关,表明前体物和大气氧化性对PM2.5浓度有显著影响。     

澜沧江流域农业灌溉需水的时空变化(英文)

Based on the data of eight meteorological stations from the 1950s to 2007, current cropping patterns, field water moisture management, we use the Mann-Kendall and the Re-scaled Range Analysis methods to research the changes of humidity and crop irrigation water requirements in the Lancang River Basin. The results show that the annual and dry season average temperatures significantly increased, and the dry season rainfall increased while wet season rainfall decreased. Evaportranspiration (ET0) increased during both dry and wet seasons at all stations except Dali, Jianchuan and Gengma, and the aridity-humidity index decreased at most of the stations. The turning points of weather factors, ET0, the arid-ity-humidity index, paddy irrigation requirements and total agricultural water requirements occurred from the 1960s to the 1990s. The spatial changing tendency of paddy irrigation quota increased with the increase of altitude and latitude, and the correlation coefficients are 0.513 and 0.610, respectively. The maximum value is observed in Weixi, while the minimum in Mengla.     

沙地影响玉米产量形成因子的量化研究(I)

采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法,对沙地玉米的水肥因子进行了量化试验研究。结果表明,试验条件下沙地农田当土壤相对含水量保持在67.2%,施用尿素52.5 g·m^-2和施用磷肥36.7g·m^-2时,可以获得1.32 kg·m^-2的最高产量。影响玉米产量形成的敏感因子首先是氮肥施用量,其次是土壤相对含水量,而磷肥施用量对玉米增产效果不明显。玉米的产量(Y)与土壤相对含水量因子(X₁)、氮肥施用量因子(X₂)和磷肥施用量因子(X₃)的关系为:Y=5.16+0.151x₁+0.284x₂-0.182x₃+0.199x₁x₂+0.403x₁x₃-0.215x₂x₃-0.193x₁²-0.415x₂²-0.002x₃²。     

小麦玉米田耕作模式的防风蚀效果

通过风洞实验,在5个风速下对6种耕作方式下农田土壤风蚀速率、0~20 cm风沙流结构进行了模拟研究。结果表明:保护性耕作土壤风蚀速率较传统耕作平均降低20%~40%;保护性耕作和传统耕作条件下土壤风蚀速率均随风速的增大呈幂函数递增,但在传统耕作条件下递增较快;风速14 m·s^-1是荒漠绿洲农田土壤风蚀加剧转折点,当风速>14m·s^-1时保护性耕作下风蚀速率较传统耕作明显降低;0~20 cm内,传统耕作和保护性耕作下输沙率与高度分别呈线性和指数关系,保护性耕作下0~4 cm输沙量和输沙量百分比(Q0~4/Q0~20)均低于传统耕作。     

过去50年吉林省玉米带玉米种植面积时空变化及其成因分析

吉林省中部的玉米带现已成为中国重要的商品粮基地。建国以来,玉米种植面积的时空分布发生了很大变化。过去50年间,吉林省中部玉米带的玉米种植面积占呈波动增加趋势,并在1996年达到最高值,1997年后又开始下降;1980年以后,即吉林省中部玉米带大规模产业化发展以后,玉米种植重心向东移动。对于玉米种植面积变化的原因分析表明,政策引导、农业科技和以及其与其它作物的经济收益比较优势是非常重要的驱动因素。另外,近些年吉林省玉米带年平均气温明显增加,冬季和春季增温较多,玉米带的玉米种植面积呈现出随气温增加而线性增加的趋势。     

棉花-花生在不同间作模式下土壤养分的变化特点

通过田间试验研究了棉花－花生在不同间作模式下土壤养分的变化,结果表明：棉花－花生在合理的间作条件下,土壤养分有一定的互补作用。棉花能充分利用固定的氮,花生能利用棉花活化的土壤磷;棉花－花生间作,要注意钾素的补充。间作距离小,这两种作物一方面发生养分竞争,更主要的是地上部竞争,影响经济产量。间作距离过大与单相作类似。     

中国沙尘天气变化的时空特征及其气候原因

根据中国大陆1954-1998年338站沙尘天气频次（日数）资料、1948-1999年NCEP/NCAR850hPa位势高度资料、1950-1998年中国160站月降水和气温资料分析了中国沙尘天气与降水、气温及扰动涡旋的相关关系，分析发现，沙尘天气的出现与气温和扰动涡旋的关系密切，表现为沙尘天气频次与冬春气温存在显著的负相关，而与春季850hPa上的扰动涡旋有显著的正相关，基于上述关系建立了一个描述中国沙尘天气特征的指数：沙尘指数，通过分析发现沙尘指数能较好地反映中国北方除新疆以外地区沙尘天气的变化规律。     

黄土高原侵蚀产沙强度的时空变化特征

采用“水文－地貌法”即水文站实测值与侵蚀形态类型相结合的方法，将黄土高原划分为292个侵蚀产沙单元，分别对治理前后侵蚀产沙强度的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：黄土高原自70年代以来，由于降雨因素和水土保持作用的影响，侵蚀产沙强度的结构特征发生了明显变化，侵蚀模数＞10000t/km^2.a的极强烈以上的侵蚀面积急剧减少（减幅71．8％），减沙幅度最大的区域主要分布在以无定河为中心的极强烈侵蚀区和汾河流域的大部分地区（减幅50％以上）；黄土高原侵蚀产沙，按流域区段主要来自河龙区间（54．8％），按类型区主要来自黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区（27．4％）和干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区（23．1％），按侵蚀带主要来自暖温带半干旱草原风蚀、水力侵蚀带（34．8％）和暖温带半干旱森林草原水力侵蚀带（32．6％）；以侵蚀模数＞10000t/km^2.a作为标准，可将黄土高原划分为7个极强烈以上的侵蚀产沙中心，其面积虽仅占全区总面积的15．5％，但其产沙量却占到全区总产沙量的42．1％。     

陇东南地区短历时降水特征及其分布规律

本文使用1971-2000年的自动站逐日降水资料和2009-2010年的区域站逐时降水资料,研究了陇东南地区短历时降水的特征及其分布。研究发现4-9月是一年降水的主要时段,占到了80%以上,空间分布上从西北向东南迅速增大,离高原近的地区高低值中心较多,可能是因为高原季风和高原地形的影响更大;随持续时间的增加,峰值呈现出了反位相分布,并且振幅逐渐减弱;短历时降水无论是频数还是对降水的贡献都占了很大比例,有40.3%的降水事件属于短历时降水,甚至有部分测站短历时降水的贡献超过了90%,表明短历时降水是研究地区的一种重要降水形式;在短历时降水量构成中有19.4%的降水由短历时强降水产生,表明短历时强降水是短历时降水的重要组成部分;短历时强降水傍晚达到最大,此外还有一个次峰值是在午夜时分;用新定义的概念计算了研究地区的集中期和集中度分布,发现集中度普遍较大,基本在0.6以上,主要集中在7-8月,进一步印证了“七下八上”的主汛期。     

我国工业碳强度的空间分布及影响因素研究

在分析1998—2008年我国工业碳排放和碳强度空间分布特点的基础上,基于省际面板数据,建立回归分析模型,探索地区工业碳强度变化的原因。研究发现,省际工业碳排放量和碳强度的分布存在明显的空间差异;回归分析显示,地区工业总产值在全国所占比例越高,其工业碳强度越低,工业资本有机构成提高有利于降低工业碳强度,但其效应较为微弱,地区工业结构中大中型企业比例增加、重型工业和国有企业比例减少均有利于降低工业碳强度。研究结论的政策含义在于,各地区在发展工业经济的过程中应积极推动工业结构调整以降低工业碳强度,要鼓励企业在市场竞争中壮大规模,防范重工业过度扩张和积极发展非国有经济。     

珠江三角洲城市热岛空间分布及热岛强度研究

进入21世纪,我国珠江三角洲地区城市化规模越来越大,研究该地区的热岛效应具有重要的现实意义。研究区21世纪初自动气象站点运行趋于稳定,数据质量好,为城市气候研究提供了数据基础。利用2000—2003年的珠江三角洲城市群自动气象站温度数据进行空间分析,统计热岛和冷岛出现的频率,总结空间分布规律,并对照土地利用类型图分析热岛区域与地表覆被的对应关系。计算每月热岛强度值,通过热岛的月际变化曲线,总结热岛的年变化规律以及昼夜差异。研究结果表明,研究区城市热岛呈现六区两带的空间分布格局;全年中夏季白天的热岛强度最大,并且夏季的热岛强度出现昼强夜弱的现象。     

干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式和强度对土壤粒度分布的影响

以干旱区三工河流域下游绿洲作为研究区,应用SPSS数理统计软件,选择12种土地利用系统,采集上层（0～20cm）和下层土壤（20-40cm）样品,分析出不同土地利用系统对土壤粒度分布的影响。研究结果表明：（1）研究区土壤主要由砂和粉砂组成,土地利用系统对砂、粉砂和粘土粒度分布的影响显著,无论上层还是下层,不同土地利用系统土壤砂、粉砂和粘土含量差异明显。（2）绿洲土壤砂含量随着土地种植年限增加有降低的趋势,而粉砂和粘土含量有增加的趋势。在不同的土地利用强度下土壤粒度分布表现出了不同的特征。土地利用强度大的一年生作物和多年生作物土壤粉砂和粘土含量较高。土壤质量得到了逐步改善;而受人类活动干扰较小的土地利用系统土壤砂和粉砂含量高,土壤质地差。说明干旱区绿洲的人类农业活动基本趋于合理。绿洲生态环境正逐步得到改善并持续发展。