Diversity and distribution of bacterioplankton in the coastal upwelling waters off Hainan Island,China

The diversity, community composition and 16 S rRNA gene abundance of bacterioplankton along a transect across an upwelling area off the eastern coast of Hainan Island（the Qiongdong upwelling） were investigated in August of 2016 using high throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR assay of 16 S rRNA genes. Compared with the offshore stations, the inner-shelf stations had higher bacterial gene abundance（up to 3 fold） and operational taxonomic unit richness, a result of the influence of upwelled a...     

2012年夏季海南岛东岸上升流区的混合观测

The turbulent mixing in the upwelling region east of Hainan Island in the South China Sea is analyzed based on in situ microstructure observations made in July 2012. During the observation, strong upwelling appears in the coastal waters, which are 3℃ cooler than the offshore waters and have a salinity 1.0 greater than that of the offshore waters. The magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε in the upwelling region is O(10–9 W/kg), which is comparable to the general oceanic dissipation. The inferred eddy diffusivity K_ρ is O(10–6 m~2/s), which is one order of magnitude lower than that in the open ocean. The values are elevated to K_ρ≈O(10–4 m~2/s) near the boundaries. Weak mixing in the upwelling region is consistent with weak instability as a result of moderate shears versus strong stratifications by the joint influence of surface heating and upwelling of cold water.The validity of two fine-scale structure mixing parameterization models are tested by comparison with the observed dissipation rates. The results indicate that the model developed by Mac Kinnon and Gregg in 2003 provides relatively better estimates with magnitudes close to the observations. Mixing parameterization models need to be further improved in the coastal upwelling region.     

2006年夏季琼东、粤西沿岸上升流研究

利用2006年夏季广东、海南、广西近海的海洋水文调查资料和卫星遥感QuikSCAT风场资料分析琼东、粤西沿岸上升流的空间结构特征, 探讨风场、风应力旋度对上升流的影响以及上升流区水温、海流、海平面对上升流的响应。结果表明:琼东、粤西沿岸上升流区并非相互独立, 从10 m层以下已经连成一片。琼东沿岸上升流主要由夏季西南季风驱动而产生, 风应力旋度也有一定贡献。琼东沿岸上升流的强度比粤西强。琼东沿岸海域的上层海水(18 m以浅)以离岸运动为主, 中下层海水以向岸运动为主。上层的离岸流速大于中下层的向岸流速。琼东沿岸的上升流现象是间歇性的, 与沿岸风速强弱有关。琼东沿岸海域海平面的升降与上升流的强弱有良好的关系, 上升流的强弱滞后于海平面的升降约1～2 d。     

冬季婆罗洲岛西北沿岸上升流的时空特征及机理研究

Winter coastal upwelling off northwest Borneo in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated by using satellite data, climatological temperature and salinity fields and reanalysis data. The upwelling forms in December, matures in January, starts to decay in February and almost disappears in March. Both Ekman transport induced by the alongshore winter monsoon and Ekman pumping due to orographic wind stress curl are favorable for the upwelling. Transport estimates demonstrate that the month-to-month variability of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are both consistent with that of winter coastal upwelling, but Ekman transport is two times larger than Ekman pumping in January and February. Under the influence of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), the upwelling shows remarkable interannual variability: during winter of El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, an anticyclonic(a cyclonic) wind anomaly is established in the SCS, which behaves a northeasterly(southwesterly) anomaly and a positive(negative) wind stress curl anomaly off the northwest Borneo coast, enhancing(reducing) the upwelling and causing anomalous surface cooling(warming) and higher(lower) chlorophyll concentration. The sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) associated with ENSO off the northwest Borneo coast has an opposite phase to that off southeast Vietnam, resulting in a SSTA seesaw pattern in the southern SCS in winter.     

南海上升流研究概述

本文对近40a来南海上升流研究结果进行了概述，重点介绍了南海北部陆架区上升流的时空分布特征，及其消长和形成机制等研究成果．这些研究成果揭示上升沈是整个南海北部陆架区夏季的普遍现象，具有南海海盆的空间尺度．引起南海北部陆架区夏季上升流存在的动力因素是盛行的西南季风．该上升流在空间和时间上的分布是不均一的，海南岛东北和闽、粤边界海域是上升流中心区；台湾浅滩周围的上升流呈多元结构，各上升流区海水的理化性质存在看明显差异；在粤东，上升流的影响可达沿海港湾内部，并支配看这些港湾的夏季水文条件．南海除了在其北部陆架区存在看夏季上升流外，夏季在越南东部沿岸和冬季在吕宋岛沿岸均存在看上升流。     

Nitrate isotope dynamics in the lower euphotic-upper mesopelagic zones of the western South China Sea

The dual isotopes(N and O) of nitrate were measured using a denitrifier bacterial method in the western South China Sea(WSCS) during September 2015 to elucidate key information during N transformation in the lower euphotic zone(LEZ)-upper mesopelagic zone(UMZ,down to 500 m in this study) continuum,which is a vital sub-environment for marine N cycle and sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ as well.The N isotopic composition(δ¹⁵N) of nitrate generally decreased from 500 m toward ...     

2014年与2015年夏季琼东上升流的年际变化及其成因分析

本文通过2014年与2015年7月琼东海域的现场调查资料,结合卫星遥感数据,对ENSO影响下琼东上升流的变化进行研究分析,结果表明:2015年为强厄尔尼诺年,2015年7月低温高盐水总体上离表层较深,大约为20~30 m（24.5℃等温线和34等盐线）,但在近岸处（离岸20 km以内）却相对较浅,24.5℃等温线和34等盐线在整个断面抬升15~25 m,上升流的爬升现象更为明显;受西南季风影响,表层海水离岸运动,低温高盐水沿地形爬升进行补充,是典型的风生上升流。2014年为正常年份,2014年7月,整个断面低温高盐水更接近表层（近岸例外）,大约为10~20 m,同等深度低温高盐现象比2015年明显,但上升流爬升现象不明显,24.5℃等温线和34等盐线在整个断面抬升不到10 m;盛行风为东南风、向岸风,对上升流的形成起抑制作用,低温高盐水使整个断面的抬升,不符合风生上升流的特征规律,表明该年琼东上升流的形成可能与外海环流变化导致的温跃层抬升有关。     

2006年夏季粤东至闽南近岸海域上升流的特征

利用2006年夏季粤东至闽南近岸海域海水的实测温度、盐度资料和海表温度、叶绿素0含量的卫星遥感资料,分析了该海域的上升流现象．结果表明：上升流区水体具有低温、高盐特征,其中心区域位于汕头至东山一带近岸海域．在汕头以西海域,外海深层低温高盐水沿海底地形向岸爬升形成上升流．汕头以东近岸海域的上升流为爬升至惠来近岸的外海水随沿岸流向东北方向运动,并在各地沿海底地形爬升所致．研究海域上升流区的水体属同一来源,均来自汕头西南外海．汕头以东近岸海域的上升流强度大于汕头以西,水温低于23．0℃、盐度高于34．00的外海水仅爬升至汕头以西近岸海表以下25m左右,但可出现在汕头以东近岸10m以浅海域．以研究海域海表温度低于27．5℃的沿岸低温区的面积来反映上升流的强度,通过对海表温度遥感数据的分析可知：7月初至7月中旬和7月28日至8月上旬,低温区域面积较大且较为稳定,上升流强度较大;7月19—27日期间和8月中旬以后,低温区域面积较小或短暂消失,上升流强度较弱．该上升流在2006年7—8月期间经历了强一弱-强．弱的短期变化过程．     

夏季南海北部浮游植物对上升流与羽状流的响应

文章建立了基于真实场驱动的三维物理—生态耦合模型, 利用模型定量分析了夏季南海北部上升流和羽状流过程对浮游植物生物量空间分布的影响程度及作用机制。首先, 利用2006—2008年卫星遥感数据及2006与2008年夏季观测数据对模型进行了验证, 结果表明, 模型能较好地再现夏季南海北部上升流和羽状流过程, 较好地反映出浮游植物的空间分布特征。模拟分析结果显示, 夏季南海北部浮游植物主要分布在50m等深线以内。琼州海峡东部海域和汕头海域浮游植物垂向分布较为均匀, 上升流的贡献均达到90%以上, 表层水平平流输送是浮游植物主要的汇, 生物过程是浮游植物的源。珠江口和汕尾海域浮游植物存在表层和次表层两个高值区, 羽状流贡献35%~40%, 主要促进表层浮游植物生长, 而上升流贡献60%~65%, 主要促进中底层浮游植物的生长。粤西海域上升流对浮游植物的贡献占92%, 主要促进中底层浮游植物生长, 而表层浮游植物浓度极低。整体上, 夏季南海北部上升流和羽状流主要是通过输送营养盐的方式影响浮游植物的生长。上升流对营养盐的输送作用是向岸方向的爬升输送和平行于等深线的沿岸流输送共同作用的结果。跃层的存在改变了营养盐的垂向输送过程, 是导致上升流和羽状流过程对不同水层浮游植物贡献差异的关键因素之一。整体而言, 夏季南海北部浮游植物空间分布差异是以上升流、羽状流主导, 环流—营养盐—生物过程共同作用的结果。     

南海中西部渔场上升流时空变化特征分析

南海中西部海域是我国外海渔业开发的潜在渔场之一,摸清该海域的物理环境特征可为我国开发中西部渔场提供参考。本文以遥感风场和海温数据为基础,分析了2003~2012年西南季风期起止时间的年变化、上升流中心位置时空变动以及风场对上升流中心位置变动的影响。结果表明:在南海中西部海域,西南季风期通常从5月份开始,到9月份结束,西南季风持续天数平均值为129.4 d,其中,风向角呈51°~60°的天数最多,占总季风天数的21.98%,西南季风期持续时间有增加的现象。上升流中心位置变动范围为11°~15°N,109°~112°E。西南季风期平均风速减小时,年平均上升流中心在经向上向近岸移动,在纬向上向高纬度移动;平均风速增加时,年平均上升流中心在经向上向离岸方向移动,在纬向上向低纬度移动;当西南季风期平均风向角减小时,年平均上升流中心向低纬度移动,平均风向角增大时,年平均上升流中心向高纬度移动。此外,发现厄尔尼诺年此上升流面积显著大于非厄尔尼诺年,而最低温度比2003~2012年平均最低温度低1.3℃。     

Dynamic of ENSO towards upwelling and thermal front zone in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that relates to the fluctuation of temperatures over the Pacific Ocean. The ENSO significantly affects the ocean dynamics including upwelling event and coastal front. A recent study discovered the seasonal upwelling in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia(ECPM), which is significant to the fishery industry in this region. Thus, it is vital to have a better understanding of the influence of ENSO towards the coastal upwelling and thermal front in the ECPM. The sea surface temperature(SST) data achieved from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) aboard Aqua satellite are used in this study to observe the SST changes from 2005 to 2015. However, due to cloud cover issue, a reconstruction of data set is applied to MODIS data using the data interpolating empirical orthogonal function(DINEOF) to fill in the missing gap in the dataset based on spatial and temporal available data. Besides, a wavelet transformation analysis is done to determine the temperature fluctuation throughout the time series. The DINEOF results show the coastal upwelling in the ECPM develops in July and reaches its peak in August with a clear cold water patch off the coast. There is also a significant change of SST distribution during the El Ni?o years which weaken the coastal upwelling event along the ECPM. The wavelet transformation analysis shows the highest temperature fluctuation is in 2009–2010 which indicates the strongest El Ni?o throughout the time period. It is suggested that the El Ni?o is favourable for the stratification in water column thus it is weakening the upwelling and thermal frontal zone formation in ECPM waters.     

海南岛以东外海的暖涡

本文对出现在海南岛以东外海的暖涡及其形成机制作了简略的回顾及分析，认为这个暖涡是常常出现在这区域的，其存在与南海北部的西向流在遇到陆架—陆坡海域作反气旋式偏转而延伸为南海暖流有关；同时当南海暖流流向东北作反气旋式弯曲时，在暖流右侧也会出现暖涡。暖涡冬季较弱，夏季当海南岛东岸在西南风作用下出现上升流时会得到加强。     

Comparative assessment of nitrogen fixation rate by 15N2 tracer assays in the South China Sea

Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important sources of new nitrogen in the ocean and thus profoundly affects the nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical processes. The distribution, controlling factors, and flux of N₂ fixation in the global ocean remain uncertain, partly because of the lack of methodological uniformity. The 15N₂ tracer assay (the original bubble method → the 15N₂-enriched seawater method → the modified bubble method) is the mainstream method for field measurements of N₂ fixation rates (NFRs), among which the original bubble method is the most frequently used. However, accumulating evidence has suggested an underestimation of NFRs when using this method. To improve the availability of previous data, we compared NFRs measured by three 15N₂ tracer assays in the South China Sea. Our results indicate that the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the 15N₂-enriched seawater method varies obviously with area and season, which may be influenced by incubation time, diazotrophic composition, and environmental factors. In comparison, the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the modified bubble method is more stable, indicating that the N₂ fixation rates based on the original bubble methods may be underestimated by approximately 50%. Based on this result, we revised the flux of N₂ fixation in the South China Sea to 40 mmol/(m2·a). Our results improve the availability and comparability of literature NFR data in the South China Sea. The comparison of the 15N₂ tracer assay for NFRs measurements on a larger scale is urgently necessary over the global ocean for a more robust understanding of the role of N₂ fixation in the marine nitrogen cycle.     

中全新世以来南海琼东南近岸泥质区物质来源

对位于南海琼东南近岸泥质区的X2站柱状沉积物进行了粒度、Sr-Nd同位素、常量元素(Al_2O_3、TFe_2O_3、K_2O、MgO、Na_2O、TiO_2、CaO、P_2O_5、MnO)和AMS14 C年代分析,探讨了中全新世以来该沉积区的物质来源。结果表明,X2站沉积物可划分为上(A2段,120~0cm,4.0~0ka BP)、下(A1段,240~120cm,7.6~4.0ka BP)两个沉积地层单元,A2段较A1段沉积物平均粒径变粗,已测的9种常量元素含量减少。~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与εNd除异常点外,总体变化幅度不大。X2站沉积物主要来源于海南岛和台湾,珠江贡献较小,其中A1段沉积物主要是海南岛和台湾岛来源物质的混合,A2段沉积物主要来源于海南岛,其次珠江物质可能也有影响。据X2站研究结果初步表明,世界级大河(如珠江)对南海北部陆架区(特别是琼东南近岸泥质区)的贡献以前可能被高估,而山溪型河流(如台湾岛、海南岛等河流)的贡献却可能被低估,日后研究中应该重视小型河流对陆架区的物质贡献。     

140kaBP以来南海西南部上升流影响区沉积记录及其古海洋环境变化

对南海西南部现代上升流区沉积物柱样BIS-187-61孔有机碳、生物蛋白石、碳酸盐等各沉积组分进行了详细的分析,试图探讨末次间冰期(MIS 5)以来南海西南部夏季上升流影响区沉积过程及其所反映的海洋环境变化过程。研究结果发现,140kaBP以来该孔沉积记录期总体表现为:碳酸盐百分含量冰期低间冰期高,主要受周边陆源物质输入稀释的控制,为典型的"大西洋型碳酸盐旋回",有机碳、生物蛋白石、碳酸钙以及陆源沉积物的堆积速率均在MIS 2期、MIS 4期和MIS 5e期出现高值。其中,MIS 2期和MIS 4期生源和陆源沉积堆积速率增加可能与冰期时冬季风增强及海平面下降导致陆源营养物质输入增加对初级生产力的刺激有关,也可能与陆源物质输入增加对海洋生源颗粒物输出的压载作用增强有关。而MIS 5e期南海海平面高度与现代相仿,间冰期较强的夏季风引起的越南沿岸上升流增强是导致该时段本研究区域表层初级生产力增强,沉积物总堆积速率及各组分堆积速率都相应增加的主要原因。     

南海西部夏季上升流锋面的次中尺度特征分析

利用卫星遥感资料和区域海洋数值模式ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)高分辨率数值模拟结果, 对南海西部夏季上升流锋面的次中尺度特征及其非地转过程进行了探讨。高分辨率卫星遥感观测和数值模拟结果显示, 南海西部夏季锋面海域存在活跃的次中尺度现象, 其水平尺度约为1~10km, 且具有O(1)罗斯贝数(Rossby number, Ro)的典型次中尺度动力学特征。进一步的诊断分析表明, 在夏季西南风的驱动下, 沿锋面射流方向的风应力(down-front wind stress)引起的跨锋面埃克曼输运有利于将海水由锋面冷水侧向暖水侧输运, 减小了锋面海域的垂向层结和Ertel位涡, 加剧了锋面的不稳定, 并形成跨锋面的垂向次级环流。高分辨率模拟结果显示, 锋面海域最大垂向流速可达100m?d ^-1, 显著增强了上层海洋的垂向物质交换。因此, 活跃在锋面海域的次中尺度过程可能是增强南海西部上升流海域垂向物质交换的重要贡献者。     

粤东及闽南近岸上升流对局地风场变化的响应

本文利用2010年6-7月的实测温盐、水位、海流等资料,结合风场数据,讨论了在台风影响较小的情况下,粤东及闽南近岸上升流对局地风场变化的响应特征,主要结论如下:（1）谱分析结果显示,沿岸风、水位、海流、近底层水温均具有3.5～4.0 d、5.0～5.5 d、8.3～9.0 d的波动周期,沿岸风的变化引起上升流强度在3～9 d周期上的波动;（2）上升流对局地风场变化的响应过程如下:利于上升流产生的局地风场发生变化时,沿岸风作用下产生的Ekman输运促使的上升流区水位的下降幅度发生改变,随即向岸方向的压强梯度力也发生变化,进而导致沿岸流及近底层向岸流的增强或减弱,而近底层向岸流强度的改变又会引起近底层水温的变化;（3）相关分析及交叉谱分析的结果表明,沿岸风的变化将在3 d以内影响上升流区近底层水温。以34 m向岸流代表近底层向岸流,则“沿岸风-水位-近底层向岸流-近底层水温”这一过程的响应时间依次为24 h、7 h、27 h左右。     

长江口以南沿岸海域主要经济贝类的食品卫生质量状况

根据1990～1992年的调查资料，结合国内外水产食品中Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr、As、666和DDT的卫生标准，对我国长江口以南沿岸海域16种主要经济贝类的食品卫生质量作初步评价。结果表明，该海域绝大多数主要经济贝类中的Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr、As、666和DDT的含量未超标，其食品卫生质量基本上是良好的。     

Monsoon-forced distribution and assemblages of appendicularians in the northwestern coastal waters of South China Sea

This study examines species composition and abundance of appendicularians in the northwestern coastal waters of South China Sea based on in situ data obtained by 169 μm planktonic nets during summer and winter, and discusses the influence of environmental factors on their distribution and assemblages. A total of 19 appendicularian species (including one unidentified species) was collected. Species richness is higher in summer than in winter, and it increases from inshore to offshore waters. Average abundance of appendicularians is 103.1 (±198.1) and 54.6 (±111.1) ind. m⁻³ in summer and winter, respectively. The abundance distribution of appendicularians is generally high around inshore waters during summer and winter, and with a higher abundance assemblage along the eastern coast from Leizhou Peninsula to Hainan Island, especially at the eastern mouth of Qiongzhou Strait in summer. Oikopleurids accounted for 97.5% and 99.6% of total appendicularians abundance in summer and winter, and the region of high values was the same to that of total appendicularians abundance. Oikopleura longicauda, Oikopleura rufescens, and Oikopleura fusiformis are dominant species during summer and winter. Results showed that spatial distribution of species richness of appendicularians is considered to be the result of physical factors such as temperature and salinity in summer and winter, while variations in abundance of appendicularians are affected by the combination of physical and biological factors. In particular, variations of appendicularians abundance are affected by food availability in summer.     

Application of an optical nitrate profiler to high- and low-turbidity coastal shelf waters

Here, we report the results of high-resolution nitrate measurements using an optical nitrate profiler(in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer, ISUS) along transect across a high-turbidity shelf(East China Sea) and a lowturbidity shelf(Chukchi Sea). The ISUS-measured nitrate concentrations closely reproduced the results measured by conventional bottle methods in low-turbidity waters. However, for high-turbidity waters of the East China Sea(salinity<30), a correction factor of 1.19 was required t...