缅甸硬玉岩中的流体包裹体

缅甸硬玉岩是世界上最大和最重要的玉石矿床之一,位于印度板块和欧亚板块之间的新特提斯洋缝合带中。研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩是新特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中橄榄岩经高压变质、交代作用形成的。对不同变质程度缅甸硬玉岩样品中的流体包裹体的研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩中含有4种类型的流体包裹体:1不含或含少量甲烷的低盐度水溶液包裹体(Ⅰ型),呈孤立状或小群(簇状)产于硬玉晶体核部,或沿着硬玉晶体的生长环带分布,具有原生生长结构;2含石盐子晶的H2O+Na Cl±CH4三相包裹体(Ⅱ型);3纯甲烷(CH4)包裹体(Ⅲ型),可以细分为高密度(Ⅲa)和低密度(Ⅲb)两种;4气相或空包裹体(Ⅳ型)。研究表明,缅甸硬玉岩及其相关岩石在形成和演化过程中发生了多期次流体交代事件。硬玉形成过程中,交代橄榄岩的流体相可能来自海水。首次在缅甸硬玉岩中识别出高盐度的含水包裹体和高密度的含CH4包裹体。高盐度的含水包裹体可能与硬玉岩重结晶过程相关,而高密度的CH4流体可能为俯冲板片的上地幔楔中超基性岩蛇纹石化过程的副产物。计算的流体包裹体等容线表明,硬玉岩演化过程中这些流体包裹体发生了不同程度的再平衡。     

缅甸硬玉岩区的硬玉化绿辉石岩

绿辉石岩是缅甸硬玉岩区一种新的岩石类型,普遍遭受多期次硬玉化.未发生硬玉化的绿辉石含较高TFeO和CaO,但较低的MgO,按化学成分分类部分已属霓石-普通辉石系列的中间相.这种绿辉石很可能是硬玉质的流体/熔体交代地幔辉石岩类的产物,与主期大规模硬玉岩的结晶、钠质-钠钙质角闪石边和钠铬辉石的形成同期或稍后,是该区第Ⅰ期的硬玉化.沿绿辉石的解理或裂隙交代并伴有充填的硬玉是在相对拉张的构造背景下形成的,是该区第Ⅱ期的硬玉化.切割早期绿辉石和硬玉的充填硬玉细脉可能是最晚一期的硬玉化.硬玉化绿辉石岩的结构与显微构造特征指示了在缅甸硬玉岩区,至少存在不少于3期的硬玉化的交代充填作用.文中讨论了硬玉化物质的可能来源,认为其可能与俯冲板片上的沉积物有密切关系.     

缅甸硬玉岩中硬玉矿物的结构水表征

本文介绍了名义上无水的辉石族矿物中结构水的研究现状,特别是硬玉矿物的结构水红外表征和含量。且笔者以缅甸硬玉岩为研究对象,使用显微红外光谱、电子探针等测试手段,从微观角度研究其中硬玉矿物的结构水表征。研究结果表明:缅甸硬玉岩中硬玉矿物的结构水在红外光谱中主要表征为3 610~3 620 cm-1和3 540~3 550cm-1两个区域的吸收峰,且结构疏松的硬玉岩中硬玉矿物的结构水含量呈现外侧多中间少,结构致密的硬玉矿物的结构水含量各部位较为均一。结构水的含量差异和变化趋势可能是硬玉岩形成时板块俯冲和折返过程中的流体参与作用的结果,进一步为缅甸硬玉岩成因提供了的佐证。     

缅甸硬玉岩地区的热液型钠长石岩

产于俯冲带内的低温高压带的由单矿物构成的硬玉岩通常伴有钠长石岩,目前对于硬玉岩研究的关注度较高,而对于钠长石岩则相对较低,很少有相关论文报导.产于缅甸翡翠矿区的钠长石岩,经常与硬玉岩相伴而生,是良好的研究样品.钠长石岩的主要矿物成分是低温钠长石,其次含有硬玉、绿辉石、透辉石等辉石类矿物和钠透闪石、蓝透闪石、镁钠闪石等闪石类矿物,此外还有钠沸石等.钠长石沿着解理和裂隙交代硬玉,说明钠长石形成晚于硬玉岩.钠长岩中的主要组成矿物钠长石的形成温度小于300℃,且其形成压力小于0.5kb,推测是在硬玉岩抬升程中通过交代与沉淀作用形成.其内的透辉石有两种类型,一类可能是被交代的硬玉中的透辉石组分会渐进增加,最终形成透辉石.另一类是被绿辉石包裹的透辉石残留,其很有可能是早期来自地幔楔或者俯冲带岩石中的矿物残留,即异剥钙榴岩或辉石岩类,可以视作硬玉化绿辉石岩和硬玉化异剥钙榴岩的矿物学证据.热液型钠长石岩的存在进一步说明缅甸翡翠矿区钠化热液存在现象的普遍性与穿越性.     

大别山超高压变质岩后成合晶矿物中微细流体包裹体的透射电镜研究

流体包裹体的研究对于了解地壳岩石的形成条件、构造演化及其动力学过程具有重要意义。利用透射电镜研究了大别山双河地区超高压硬玉石英岩中退变质矿物或后成合晶冠状体矿物(钠长石、霓辉石、绿闪石和磁铁矿)中的纳米-亚微米级流体包裹体特征及其与构造缺陷之间的关系。观察到该类流体包裹体的粒径(约1 nm～200 nm)要比石英中的流体包裹体(约10 nm～350 nm)小得多,一般呈圆形或负晶形分布、有些呈不规则状或小群体分布,其中大多数含H2O包裹体,有些含CO2流体。流体包裹体常与位错、位错网、晶界或亚边界等交生在一起,这些位错及构造缺陷空间构成了非爆裂流体相渗漏的有利通道。在变形钠长石中发现非均匀分布的纳米级(约1 nm～30 nm)水分子团,这种球形状水分子团包体是导致后成合晶矿物水解弱化和塑性变形的重要因素,该类流体和水分子团的存在,加速了岩石的塑性变形和退变质作用的进程。因此,可以反映大别山地区高压变质后的抬升历史。     

缅甸硬玉岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

缅甸硬玉岩是一种与超基性岩密切相关的岩石。通过硬玉岩主量成分、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明，缅甸硬玉岩属过碱性系列。稀土总量在(0.2～10.13)×10^-6之间，为贫稀土类型。LREE/HREE比值平均为3.5,轻稀土相对富集，稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式图较缓向右倾斜。δCe无异常，δEu轻度正异常。富集不相容元素Cs、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr和高场强元素Zr、Hf,亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,岩浆来自富集地幔2 (EM₂)。Th/Ta=6.2(>1.6),Ta/Hf=0.056(<0.1),其大地构造环境为岛弧环境。缅甸硬玉岩是新特提斯演化过程中，幔源岩浆上侵，加入陆源物质后，经过复杂的岩浆结晶、交代作用形成的矿床，后期受一定程度的变质改造。     

缅甸含硬玉的蛇纹石化橄榄岩及其围岩的岩石学研究

以缅甸帕敢地区含硬玉岩的蛇纹石化橄榄岩及其围岩－未细分的变质岩为研究对象，较详细地研究了各类岩石的岩相学，岩石化学及主要矿物的组成，认为该区超基性岩为含铬铁矿的蛇纹石化纯橄岩，它的围岩由含多硅白母蓝闪石片岩，石榴斜长角闪岩，大理岩及透辉石大理岩，石英岩等构成。通过其中典型的变质反应分析与计算，认为围岩的变质程度分别为蓝闪石片岩相和的高角闪岩相，其中蓝闪石片岩相的压力大于0．8－1．0GPa，斜长角闪岩相的温度为582度，通过对比分析世界上不同产地硬玉岩的特征，认为硬玉岩，尤其是优质者，产出环境如下：（1）容矿岩体属超基性岩，以含铬铁矿的纯橄岩为最佳；（2）围岩中存在低温高压变质岩，即蓝闪石片岩－榴辉岩类；（3）位于与俯冲带有关大地构造单元内。     

危地马拉硬玉岩与硬玉化绿辉石岩的岩石学特征及其地质意义

位于北美-加勒比板块俯冲带内的危地马拉硬玉岩区产有硬玉岩、榴辉岩、钠长岩等岩石类型,但绿辉石岩还没有详细报导过。研究样品为该区的硬玉岩和绿辉石岩,前者主要由Jd端元含量较高的硬玉组成,具有粒、柱状镶嵌结构。硬玉晶体具有显著的成分振荡环带,其核部及其背散射电子图像的浅色区Jd端元含量为94.81%～95.48%;暗色区Jd含量大于97.92%。后者绿辉石岩具有交代结构,主要由绿辉石和硬玉组成。其中绿辉石的CaO(9.01%～10.80%)和MgO(6.09%～7.94%)含量较高,FeO(2.84%～4.89%)含量较低;硬玉的CaO、MgO和FeO含量变化范围较大,分别为0.59%～4.30%,0.26%～3.05%,0.76%～2.87%。硬玉岩中流体包裹体的存在,以及绿辉石岩中显著的硬玉交代绿辉石现象说明其成因与缅甸硬玉一样,是硬玉质流体通过结晶-交代作用形成。硬玉岩中硬玉振荡的环带结构反映形成时温度-压力-组分体系存在振荡变化,平直连续的环带边界反映结晶时P-T条件位于硬玉稳定的低温高压区域。该区绿辉石岩的硬玉化作用清楚,能够观察到三期硬玉岩化作用现象,说明绿辉石岩可能是在硬玉岩的形成过程中,硬玉质流体与原岩辉石岩作用的结果,这进一步阐明了俯冲带内硬玉岩区硬玉质流体的广泛透入性与结晶交代作用的多样性。     

缅甸硬玉岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其对新特提斯洋俯冲带流体活动的制约

硬玉岩大多产于蛇纹石化橄榄岩中,是洋壳俯冲带低温高压条件下流体与超基性岩相互作用的产物。缅甸硬玉岩产于新特提斯洋俯冲带中,是世界上最大和最重要的硬玉矿床。本文对一块缅甸紫色硬玉岩中的锆石进行了内部结构、微量元素和U-Pb定年研究。所研究的锆石晶形不规则,普遍遭受了不同程度的重结晶改造。锆石U-Pb年龄与Ti含量具有明显的正相关性,反映了受重结晶改造越强,Ti含量越低。受重结晶改造较弱的锆石区域具有弱的岩浆分带特征,较高的Th/U比值(0.11~0.29)和REE含量(ΣREE=607×10-6~2494×10-6),Ti含量在1.58×10-6~8.60×10-6之间,对应的锆石Ti温度为598~732℃,206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为158±4Ma(MSWD=3.5,N=6),代表了硬玉岩中岩浆锆石结晶年龄的最小估计值;重结晶改造较强的锆石区域呈现出杂乱的补丁状分带,根据锆石Th/U比值、REE含量和Ti含量分为完全重结晶锆石和不完全重结晶锆石。完全重结晶锆石区域具有相对低的Th/U比值(集中在0.11~0.17),REE含量较低(ΣREE=143×10-6~362×10-6)并具有非常低的Ti含量(0.19×10-6~0.68×10-6),对应的锆石Ti温度为473~543℃,与硬玉岩形成的温度条件相符,给出的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为79±2Ma(MSWD=0.88,N=5),代表了硬玉岩有关的流体活动的年龄。而不完全重结晶锆石区域的地球化学特征介于两者之间,Th/U比值在0.14~0.43,Ti含量多数在0.25~7.17之间,其年龄范围在91~142Ma之间,不具有明确的地质意义。结合已有的缅甸硬玉岩的年代学数据,我们认为在新特提斯洋俯冲过程中发生了多期次的流体交代作用,在147~79Ma期间形成了不同时代的硬玉岩。     

辽西建平变质杂岩区蠕虫状后成合晶的成因与意义

建平变质杂岩中发育蠕虫结构的后成合晶,它受与石榴石共生的矿物组合、变质流体中水活度和变质岩原岩的制约。这种后成合晶可出现四种矿物组合：（１）Ｏｐｘ＋Ｐｌ＋少量Ｃｐｘ,（２）Ｏｐｘ＋Ｍｔ＋Ｐｌ＋Ｑ＋少量Ｃｐｘ,（３）Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ,（４）Ｃｏｒｄ＋Ｏｐｘ±Ｐｌ。它们是在建平变质杂岩受中元古代三座庙序列侵入岩侵位作用影响发生的相当于辉石角岩相接触热变质作用中形成的,温压条件为７２０℃～７８０℃,０．６４～０．７０ＧＰａ。这些后成合晶的结构特征、矿物学特征、变质反应前后体积变化、岩体热传导模型的时间域的半定量估算等都表明它们是在压力降低,热扰动历史较为短暂（介于２．８５Ｍａ和１１．４０Ｍａ之间）的非平衡条件下形成的     

A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok Ruby, Myanmar

The primary occurrence of ruby in the Mogok area, northern Myanmar is exclusively found in marble along with spinel–forsterite-bearing marble and phlogopite–graphite marble. These marble units are enclosed within banded biotite–garnet–sillimanite–oligoclase gneisses. Samples of these marbles collected for C–O stable isotope analysis show two trends of δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O variation resulting most likely from fluid–rock interactions. Ruby-bearing marble and phlogopite–graphite marble follow a trend with coupled C–O depletion, whereas spinel–forsterite-bearing marble follows a δ¹⁸O depletion trend with relatively constant δ¹³C values. Ruby formation might have resulted from CO₂-rich fluid–rock interaction, while spinel–forsterite-bearing marble was genetically related to CO₂-poor fluid–rock interaction. Both fluids may have arisen from external sources. Based on graphite Raman spectral thermometry, the estimated temperature for phlogopite–graphite marble, and probably ruby-bearing marble, was lower than 607 °C, and for spinel–forsterite-bearing marble, lower than 710 °C. Contrasting C/O diffusion between graphite/ruby/spinel/forsterite and calcite, local variations of isotopic compositions of newly formed minerals as a result of non-pervasive fluid infiltration, and open-system isotopic disturbance during cooling may have affected C-/O-isotopic fractionations between minerals. The estimated high formation temperatures for ruby and spinel/forsterite imply that the parental fluids may have been related to nearby igneous intrusions and/or metamorphic processes. Whether these two types of fluid were genetically related is unclear based on the present data.     

缅甸琥珀内含物的初步研究及其意义

琥珀是中生代白垩纪至新生代第三纪松柏科植物的树脂经地质作用而形成的有机混合物.目前世界上琥珀产地主要有欧洲波罗的海沿岸国家,中美洲的多米尼加、墨西哥,亚洲中国抚顺、缅甸、日本久慈和盘城、泰国,大洋洲澳大利亚、新西兰哈密尔顿等.然而,具有商业价值的白垩纪琥珀目前只有缅甸产出.缅甸琥珀资源主要分布于缅甸克钦邦密支那到德乃(Tanai)一带的胡康盆地.本研究在缅甸琥珀中观察和发现共20只生物个体,属15种生物,均属于节肢动物门.其中大部分属于昆虫纲,包含了膜翅目的蜂科、双翅目的蚊科等,另有一些未确切鉴定的种类.     

The origin of olivine-plagioclase coronas in metagabbros from the Adirondack Mountains, New York

Olivine-plagioclase coronas in metagabbros from the Adirondack Mountains, New York (USA) are spatially well-organized reaction textures consisting most commonly of sequential layers of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and garnet; the textures are characteristic of diffusion-controlled reaction kinetics. Although similar coronas have been interpreted by previous workers in terms of an isochemical steady-state diffusion model, petrographical relations and material-balance calculations establish that coronas in the Adirondack metagabbros cannot be treated as isochemical and do not form in a single-stage steady-state process; instead they evolve through time in a complex open-system reaction. In this study, the isochemical diffusion model is modified to account for elemental fluxes across the outer boundaries of the coronal reaction band, thereby approximating the open-system behaviour of the coronas. The sequence and relative proportions of product minerals calculated by the open-system steady-state model correspond closely to those observed in coronas of the Adirondacks, over a wide range of values for the relative diffusivities of chemical components involved in the reaction, regardless of the particular method used to determine material balance in the reaction texture. Despite this correspondence, petrographical evidence for successive replacement of coronal product layers reveals that the Adirondack coronas evolved through one or more transient states, rather than forming in a single-stage steady-state process. There is no evidence that the successive replacement of coronal product layers resulted from changes in pressure or temperature, but there is petrographical evidence that these changes resulted from modification of the composition of reactant plagioclase as the corona-forming reaction proceeded. This is confirmed by the fact that the evolution of the coronas over time can be replicated with the open-system diffusion model by simulating the effect of the gradual exhaustion of plagioclase as a source of the Ca and Si components required for reaction. These simulations suggest that successive stages in the evolution of the coronas are characterized by these product sequences: (i) orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-garnet; (ii) orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-garnet; and (iii) orthopyroxene-garnet. All of these stages, and the transitions between them, are observed petrographically. Coronas in Adirondack metagabbros appear, therefore, to have originated in a complex, open-system, diffusion-controlled reaction in which the product assemblages changed as the reaction progressed.     

Origin of zircon in jadeitite from the Nishisonogi metamorphic rocks,Kyushu, Japan

On the basis of internal structures, laser ablation U–Pb ages and trace element compositions, the origin of zircon in jadeitite in the Nishisonogi metamorphic rocks was examined. The zircon comprises euhedral zoned cores overgrown by euhedral rims. The cores contain inclusions of muscovite, quartz, albite and possibly K‐feldspar, yield ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb ages of 126 ± 6 Ma (±2 SD, n = 45, MSWD = 1.0), and have Th/U ratios of 0.48–1.64. The rims contain inclusions of jadeite, yield ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb ages of 84 ± 6 Ma (±2 SD, n = 14, MSWD = 1.1), and have Th/U ratios of <0.06. The cores are richer in Y, Th, Ti and rare earth elements (REEs), but the rims are richer in Hf and U. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of the cores indicate higher Sm_N/La_N ratios, lower Yb_N/Gd_N ratios and larger positive Ce anomalies compared with those of the rims. Thus, the cores and rims have different ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb ages and trace element compositions, suggesting two stages of zircon growth. Although the ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb ages of the rims are consistent with the reported ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar spot‐fusion ages of matrix muscovite in the jadeitite, the ²³⁸U–²⁰⁶Pb ages of the cores are older. The mineral inclusions and high Th/U ratios in the cores are best explained by crystallization from felsic magma. Therefore, the cores are considered relicts from igneous precursor rocks. The rims surrounding the inherited cores possibly precipitated from aqueous fluids during jadeitite formation. The elevated U concentrations in the rims suggest that infiltration of external fluids was responsible for the precipitation. This study provides an example of jadeitite formation by metasomatic replacement of a protolith.     

缅甸D区块构造特征与油气储层评价

研究区D区块位于缅甸中部,包括钦敦凹陷北部和沙林凹陷南部,面积12384km2。D区块以南分布有许多油田。其中,Letpanto油田紧临该区块,在D区块内还有许多人工井或油苗,是油气聚集的有利场所,勘探潜力很大。为了研究该区的勘探方向,笔者从区域构造和沉积演化入手,分析研究了该区的生油层、储层和盖层的沉积相带特征和有利的油气聚集带。其中,晚始新世巴当组是始新世地层中产油的储层,为区块主要生油岩系;中新世和渐新世砂岩为良好储层;渐新世尧河组泥岩为较好的盖层;晚中新世到早上新世之间形成的各类局部构造圈闭均可能成为油气聚集场所,展示了良好的油气远景。     

A new section of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in Kayin State (Southeast Myanmar)

Lower Palaeozoic rocks have been mapped in Kayin State in an area previously shown on published maps as either metamorphic or possibly Lower or Upper Palaeozoic rocks. Three new formations, with a total thickness of over 900?m, apparently overlain by an, at least, 100?m thick Upper Palaeozoic formation are mapped along the Salween River and along the road from Yinbaing, in Myanmar, to Tha Song Yang, in Thailand. The Lower Palaeozoic succession consists of the predominantly siliciclastic Kyaukpulu and Kushwe–e–we formations and an overlying, predominantly carbonate Meseik Ashe Formation which contains Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) conodonts. The older two formations are probable correlates of the Ngwetaung and Lokeypin formations of the southern Shan State of Myanmar and the Lower Ordovician siliciclastics of western Thailand. The overlying, peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates of the Meseik–Ashe Formation are correlates of the Wunbye and Sitha formations of Shan State, Myanmar. The thick–bedded, quartz arenites of the Nyaungwiang Formation are faulted against the Ordovician carbonates and are probable lithological correlates of the Carboniferous Taungnyo Formation. The folds in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks are overturned to the northeast and deformation was in one major phase between the Tournaisian and the Early Permian. The Lower Palaeozoic strata may probably be followed as a ridge for at least 100?km towards the NNW, close to the western border of the Sibuma Block which is separated by a postulated cryptic suture from the Irrawaddy Block to the west.     

缅甸紫色翡翠的致色机理——光谱和色度学研究

采用电子探针分析、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和色度学方法等多种手段,对55个缅甸紫色翡翠样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,缅甸紫色翡翠的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Na₂O,含量与标准硬玉接近。色度学测试分析显示,缅甸紫色翡翠的彩度C^*主要受色度值a^*控制,而色调角h°主要由色度值b^*控制。缅甸紫色翡翠可分为两种类型:Ⅰ型紫色翡翠主要由Mn³⁺致色,并在紫外-可见-近红外光谱570 nm显示主要吸收带;Ⅱ型紫色翡翠由于Fe²⁺-Ti⁴⁺之间的电荷转移致色,在光谱540 nm和610 nm显示吸收。两种翡翠中均存在Fe³⁺的吸收峰,样品中的全铁含量决定其色调角及明度。