Study on strength properties and soil behaviour type classification of Huanghe River Delta silts based on variable rate piezocone penetration test

Fine-grained silt is widely distributed in the Huanghe River Delta(HRD) in China, and the sedimentary structure is complex, meaning that the clay content in the silt is variable. The piezocone penetration test(CPTu) is the most widely approved in situ test method. It can be used to invert soil properties and interpret soil behavior. To analyse the strength properties of surface sediments in the HRD, this paper evaluated the friction angle and its inversion formula through the CPTu penetration te...     

海底管线区浅表层土孔压静力触探参数特征及应用

利用东海陆架海底输油管道路由调查获得的孔压静力触探数据和钻探资料等,采用统计分析的方法,对管道路由区5 m以浅土体的孔压静力触探曲线特征、土的分类方法鉴别作了探讨,结果表明:研究区5 m以浅黏性土的锥尖阻力(qc),侧摩阻力(fs)值较小,且随深度呈线性增加,粉质土的qc,fs值增大,但随深度线性增加规律不明显,砂类土的qc值急剧增大,但fs值变化不大;Robertson法和Eslami-Fellenius法两种土类划分方法均适用于研究区浅表层软土的土类划分,但Robertson法在判别粉质土时受到一定限制,Eslami-Fellenius法判别较为准确,应用简单。本研究可为我国在海底管线工程路由勘察中直接利用孔压静力触探(CPTU)参数划分土层和判别土类作铺垫。     

基于双路图卷积的黄河三角洲湿地地物分类研究

黄河三角洲湿地地物精确分类对湿地资源的保护、开发和利用具有重要意义。目前的湿地分类算法大多存在着全局信息利用不足,地物类型边界不易区分等问题,导致分类精度不高。针对此问题,本文提出了基于双路图卷积的黄河三角洲湿地地物分类算法,包括图结构数据构建模块、特征提取与融合模块两部分。图结构数据构建模块,设计欧式图表示光谱值之间的绝对差异,衡量不同地物类型,设计余弦图表达不同像素光谱波形之间的差异,用以区分不同的地物边界;特征提取与融合模块,利用图卷积聚合全局信息,对欧式图利用双层图卷积进行特征提取,对余弦图使用图U-Net网络进行特征提取,之后将两个特征融合,得到同时具有光谱值绝对差异和光谱波形差异的融合特征,最后进行分类。在CHRIS和GF5两个数据集的实验结果表明,本文所提算法在黄河三角洲湿地地物分类中取得了具有竞争力的分类结果。     

黄河三角洲海上风机新型吸力锚基础型式分析

海上风力发电是未来风电产业的主要趋势,黄河三角洲沿海滩涂地带风能蕴藏量丰富,多为风能富集型,具有很大的开发潜力。但水下黄河三角洲地域条件复杂,广泛发育着不稳定地形地貌,加上波浪荷载和风荷载的联合作用,极易引起海床土体侵蚀液化,直接影响海上风机基础的安全稳定性。在分析了现有海上风电风机基础的优缺点后,针对现有风机基础存在的弊端,提出了一种新型伞式吸力锚基础,并对其结构优势和安装方法做了说明,该新型吸力锚基础独特的结构设计在黄河三角洲地区风电开发中具有一定的应用前景。     

基于光谱-空间联合Transformer模型的黄河三角洲湿地高光谱影像分类

黄河三角洲湿地地物类型在光谱曲线上差异较小,且在空间上分布零散,呈破碎化特性。现有的分类方法受限于局部感受野难以捕捉到图像的长距离依赖关系,导致在黄河三角洲湿地高光谱影像中分类精度不理想,针对此问题,本文提出了一种光谱-空间联合Transformer模型。光谱和空间支路分别以光谱向量和空间邻域为输入,基于自注意力机制提取全局光谱和空间特征,在两个支路引入多阶特征交互层,实现浅层边缘信息和深层语义信息的融合,最后采用自适应相加的方式将两路特征融合,送入分类器实现最终分类。本文在黄河三角洲湿地高分五号GF-5和CHRIS两幅高光谱影像上验证方法的有效性,实验结果表明,该方法显著提高了湿地分类的精度,在选用3%的样本训练条件下总体精度分别达到了90.90%和94.17%,优于其他分类方法。研究结果可实现黄河三角洲湿地地物类型的高精度分类,为湿地的保护提供技术支持。     

基于HICO波段的滨海土壤盐分遥感反演研究

本研究以黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土为例,尝试使用HICO （Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean）高光谱影像结合现场实测高光谱数据进行表层土壤全盐含量的反演。采用波段组合的方法建立光谱参量,通过相关分析筛选出敏感光谱参量,以决定系数R2选出最佳模型;利用HICO影像反射率与实测高光谱反射率之间的关系,对模型进行修正,并应用于影像。研究发现,比值（RI）、差值（DI）波段组合方法建立的光谱参量与表层土壤全盐含量的相关性明显提高。DI_{（845,473）}、DI_{（839,490）}、DI_{（845,496）}及DI_{（839,501）}的幂函数模型效果最好,且验证决定系数R2均大于0.86,相对分析误差RPD>3,RMSE较小。此外,HICO遥感影像的模型反演结果较为一致,能够反映表层土壤全盐含量的分布。研究显示,利用高光谱数据进行表层土壤全盐含量的反演建模具有可行性,可为区域表层土壤全盐含量的定量反演提供参考。     

黄河三角洲北部岸滩的侵蚀演变

为研究黄河三角洲海底冲刷演变规律,2004年6月和9月,在黄河三角洲北部、飞雁滩以东岸段进行了2次共21条水深剖面测线的调查工作。通过1985年、1999年两期历史水深资料与本次实测水深资料的对比研究发现:自1985年以来,研究区一直处于冲蚀状态,1999年以后局部区域出现微弱淤积,侵蚀中心逐渐向东南、向岸迁移。测区总体演变趋势以侵蚀为主,强度逐渐减弱,并向冲淤平衡缓慢过渡。     

海底浅表层不同土类静力触探参数与物理力学性质对比研究

海底土的物理、力学特性是海洋地质学、海洋土工学、海洋地质灾害等调查研究及海洋资源开发环境条件调查和评价等方面非常重要的资料,海底静力触探试验(CPT)是获取这方面资料的一种快速高效、成本低、测试精度高的原位测试方法。它可同时获取海底土锥尖阻力、侧摩阻力等方面的连续原位测试数据,这些数据与海底土取样样品测试分析资料及物探资料结合,可对海底土的工程特性等作比较全面的分析和评价。本文对采集的海底土样的静力触探参数与海底土样的物理力学指标进行相关分析,分粘性土和砂类土二类,建立了海底浅表层土的静力触探参数与物理力学指标之间的相关方程。利用相关方程可以通过静力触探的数据来推算土的物理力学指标,进而对海底土的工程情况作较全面的评价。     

波浪作用下黄河口粉土海床粗化室内模型试验研究

利用室内水槽模型实验,对黄河口粉质海床土在波浪荷载下的粗化现象进行了研究,试验中观测了土体表层沉积物的变化,测量了土体内孔隙水压力及土的粒径变化,结合高密度电阻率法探测结果分析探讨了波浪作用下土体粗化机理.研究表明,波浪作用会使粉质海床土发生明显的粗化现象;土体液化是波浪导致粉土粗化的首要条件;土体内超孔隙水压力累积及消散是细颗粒物质迁移的主要动力.该结果对于研究黄河口粉土海床地貌的形成有一定参考意义.     

波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究

作为一种常见的近海海底灾害地质现象,波致海床液化严重威胁着黄河三角洲地区海底工程设施的安全。粉质海床液化后,海底粉土的结构、物理和力学性质均发生了改变,研究该变化规律尤其是评估液化后海底粉土再次发生液化的可能性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文利用室内动三轴仪对取自黄河三角洲已液化和未液化海底粉土开展了液化试验对比研究,讨论了已液化和未液化海底粉土在孔压增长模式和轴向动应变发展趋势方面的异同,对比分析了二者的液化势。研究结果表明：应变标准比孔压标准更适用于评估黄河三角洲地区海底粉土的液化势;孔压和动应变发展模式均表明与未液化粉土相比,已液化海底粉土再次发生液化的抗力有所提高;已液化和未液化海底粉土归一化孔压比u_d/σ₃与循环加载次数比N/N_f间相关关系可采用双曲线或指数函数模型进行定量化描述;未液化海底粉土的波致液化临界循环应力比约为0.20,已液化海底粉土的临界循环应力比约为0.35。研究成果有助于加深对海底粉土波致液化特性的认识,亦可为循环应力历史影响下的土体力学性质研究提供参考。     

Formation mechanism of large pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta

Abstract

We have identified large pockmarks in an area of approximately 0.3?km² in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta in the Chengdao Sea. Gas eruption channels not been identified in the sediment layers in this area, and the formation mechanism of these large pockmarks remains unknown. To study the formation mechanism of these large pockmarks, we constructed a layered silty sediment model composed of appropriate geological materials. Then, we calculated the stress, displacement, and excess pore pressure in the layered silty sediment from the surface to a depth of 10?m using the Biot theory. A comparative analysis of the calculated results and the data measured in the field was then performed. Based on these results, we established a new formation mechanism for the large pockmarks. With the occurrence of storm waves, two extreme areas of displacement and excess pore pressure appeared in the layered silty sediment. These extreme values increased quickly in the seabed during the continuous action of storm waves. When the excess pore pressure surpassed the effective stress, the top silty layer instantly liquefied and then reconsolidated. Then, when the pore pressure of the interface position exceeded the effective stress produced by the overlying sediment, the sediments experienced “sand boil” damage. With the repeated action of strong waves, the boundary of the pockmark continued to expand, forming a large and stable pockmark. This work is of great value for further understanding and mitigating marine geologic hazards, such as coastal erosion, silt deposition, and unstable sediment, in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta.     

基于RS 和GIS 的近代黄河三角洲滩涂变化分析

黄河携带泥沙入海不断淤积而形成丰富的滩涂是三角洲地区重要的后备土地资源, 掌握滩涂的空间分布及演化特征对合理开发滩涂, 加强滩涂资源的保护和可持续利用, 促进黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展都有重要意义。选取近代黄河三角洲地区1989 年和2000 年landsat TM/ETM+影像, 利用基于专家知识的监督、目视判读分类方法, 提取了两个时期内不同行政区域和不同自然岸段的黄河三角洲滩涂信息。通过土地利用类型转换矩阵分析了滩涂与其他土地利用类型间的相互转化关系, 得出1989～2000 年间, 黄河三角洲中潮位滩涂主要向林草地(15.9%)、海域(12%)、其他用地(7%, 含已围待用地)和养殖、盐田用地(6.3%)等土地利用类型转化; 同时又有36.5%的海域、6.5%的水域和2.5%的林草地转化为滩涂; 而总体上滩涂面积呈减少趋势, 减少面积为246.42 km²。海洋动力作用、黄河断流、人类活动是致使滩涂面积减少的主要因素。     

海底麻坑内外土体物理力学特性差异研究

为了研究海底麻坑内外土体物理力学特性的差异,以杭州湾口外软土海底发现的大型麻坑为研究对象,分别在麻坑内外进行了4站15m孔压静力触探(CPTU)测试、2口钻孔共48个柱状样样品的常规土工试验,结果表明麻坑内土体相较麻坑外土体抗剪强度高、压缩模量大,饱和度、孔隙率和含水量低,而浅层气在海底土体中的赋存形式是造成这种差异的主要原因。     

黄河水下三角洲沉积物输运及海底冲淤研究

根据黄河水下三角洲的特点,建立了一个垂直平均二维沉积物输运数学模型,结合潮流和沉积物资料,模拟研究了沉积物输运机制和海底冲淤演变过程。模拟结果表明,垂直河口射流的潮流决定了本区沉积物净输运的总体格局,风应力对悬浮泥沙和推移质泥沙运动也起到重要作用。潮流底应力和活动层厚度分布表明,黄河口门和埕岛油田附近海域是潮流底应力和活动层厚度高值区,为沉积物活跃区,海底稳定性弱,易于侵蚀再搬运。冲淤计算表明,埕岛油田附近海域为冲刷中心区;现在河口水下三角洲在断流时为冲刷区,正常行河时则转为淤积区。     

联合Bi-LSTM和注意力加强多尺度卷积的黄河三角洲湿地高光谱图像分类方法研究

近年来,面向黄河口的监测需求日益增大,如黄河入海流路改道至清水沟路以来,在新老河道的交汇处存在着丰富的地物类别,对于这些地物类别的检测识别研究有助于掌握生态环境状态,对于黄河口的湿地保护以及国家改善环境的战略支持具有重要意义。因此,本文提出一种新的湿地高光谱图像分类方法,分双路分别提取图像的空谱特征并融合分类。光谱维采用分组预处理的双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)有效学习光谱特征;空间维采用注意力加强的多尺度卷积网络有效增强所提取的空谱特征,使得分类结果更具准确性。本文实验应用覆盖黄河入海口新老河道交界处的成像光谱仪(Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,CHRIS)所采集的数据和黄河三角洲自然保护区滨海湿地高分5号传感器(GF-5)所采集的高光谱图像开展。结果表明:分组与双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)的有效结合显著提升了网络性能,同其他监督分类方法相比提升约3%~8%,此外注意力机制的加入同比增加约3%,在使用1%的极少训练集下数据集CHRIS和GF-5的总体分类精度分别达到92.3%和86.11%。     

浅表土体强度对黄河水下三角洲微地貌形成的控制作用

通过在黄河三角洲潮滩现场进行土体强度试验研究，发现黄河三角洲沉积土体强度浅表存在空间非均匀性，指出浅表土体强度的非均匀性是控制黄河水下三角洲微地貌形态复杂性的基础。     

Study on Wave-influenced resistance to erosion of silty soil in Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta

Along with the reduction of sediment yield of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, the erosion of the Huanghe River Delta aggravates, which has becomes an important factor that threatens the coastal protection structures. Starting from the study of the erosion resistibility of the sediment, this paper explores the internal mechanism of erosion phenomenon. This paper takes Diaokou as the study area and takes soils as samples which are mixed with clay into reconstructed samples whose ratio of clay content are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% respectively, then dynamic tri-axial apparatus is applied to simulate wave loads of different intensity; then the resistibility of soil to erosion is determined via concentrated flow test and the structural property is determined via the disintegration test. Finally, the resistibility to erosion and the structural property of the non-compressed soil samples are compared with the compressed data. The results indicates that liquefaction failure exerts significant influence on the resistibility to erosion and the structural property of the silty soil in the Huanghe River Delta. Therefore, in the future erosion studies, the liquefaction phenomenon shall be fully considered.     

Experimental research on the marine hydrodynamic action on the consolidation process of the sediments in the Yellow River Estuary

Based on the in-situ measurements,the impact of the marine hydrodynamics,such as wave and tide,in the rapidly deposited sediments consolidation process was studied.In the tide flat of Diaokou delta-lobe,one test pit was excavated.The seabed soils were dug and dehydrated,and then the powder of the soil was mixed with seawater to be fluid sediments.And an iron plate covered part of the test pit to cut off the effect of the marine hydrodynamics.By field-testing methods,like static cone penetration test (SPT) and vane shear test (VST),the variation of strength is measured as a function of time,and the marine hydrodynamics impact on the consolidation process of the sediments in the Yellow River estuary was studied.It is shown that the self-consolidated sediments’ strength linearly increases with the depth.In the consolidation process,in the initial,marine hydrodynamics play a decisive role,about 1.5 times as much as self-consolidated in raising the strength of the sea-bed soils,and with the extension of the depth the role of the hydrodynamics is reduced.In the continuation of the consolidation process,the trend of the surface sediments increased-strength gradually slows down under the water dynamics,while the sediments below are in opposite ways.As a result,the rapidly deposited silt presents a nonuniform consolidation state,and the crust gradually forms.The results have been referenced in studying the role of the hydrodynamics in the soil consolidation process.     

联合光谱和纹理特征的滨海湿地高光谱深度学习分类—以黄河三角洲湿地为例

本文基于CHRIS高光谱遥感影像,发展了一种结合地物光谱特征和多纹理空间特征信息,采用双全链接的8层深度卷积神经网络分类算法对滨海湿地高光谱影像进行遥感地物分类,并在黄河口滨海湿地进行了应用。结果表明：1）基于测试样本数据,联合光谱特征和K-L变换的纹理特征信息,采用DCNN模型方法展现了高的分类精度,精度高达99%;2）利用光谱特征和全纹理特征的精度比仅使用光谱特征和光谱特征联合K-L变换后纹理特征的分类精度低。利用K-L变换后的光谱特征和纹理特征的DCNN分类精度达到99.38%,相比于使用全纹理特征信息的精度提高了4.15%;3）基于验证图像,发展的DCNN分类方法精度优于其他算法,DCNN方法总体分类精度为84.64%,Kappa系数为0.80;4）相比于浅层分类方法,本文发展的DCNN模型分类算法保证了所有地物类型的分类精度更加均衡,保持了主要地物类型的分类精度几乎不变,同时提高了滩涂和农田的精度。基于DCNN模型,潮滩和农田的分类精度分别达到79.26%和56.72%。比其它浅层分类方法提高了2.51%和10.6%。     

An improved method for mapping tidal waterways based on remotely sensed waterlines: A case study in the Yellow River Delta,China

Abstract

Tidal waterways perform as the paths through which seawater invades. Their spatial-temporal variation with the shift in Yellow River’s route requires the accurate measurement of their status. Visual interpretation for delineating tidal waterways is inefficient due to a substantial amount of work. Buffer analysis provides an alternative to visual interpretation. However, it is difficult to use the buffer distance threshold to identify tidal waterways from other freshwater bodies. In this study, we present a straightforward method for mapping tidal waterways. First, we adopted the normalized difference water body index (NDWI) to extract water bodies. Waterlines were subsequently delineated based on a morphological opening filter with a kernel of 9?×?9. Finally, tidal waterways were mapped based on the proposed topological relation in ArcGIS. We showed the utility of this approach by mapping tidal waterways in the Yellow River Delta, China. The proposed method enables tidal waterways be mapped precisely and was replicable and universal in other similar studies.