青藏高原中部纳木错流域孢粉多样性的时空变化及其对高寒植被恢复的启示

孢粉多样性可为植物多样性和植被变化历史的研究提供诸多线索.目前青藏高原地区尚未有现代孢粉多样性和过去植物多样性变化的研究.基于青藏高原中部纳木错流域的37个表土和63个湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合,利用Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和孢粉丰富度指数(E(T_(600)))定量构建了该地区现代孢粉多样性的空间分布格局.结果显示,不同植被类型孢粉多样性指数的差异反映了流域内植物多样性的空间变化.东南部高寒草原区域的孢粉多样性较高,在高寒草甸和沼泽草甸植被区域则较低.湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合主要来自于流域内高寒草原植被和山地垂直植被带.因而纳木错沉积物记录的孢粉多样性可以有效的反映过去植物多样性的变化.通过纳木错NMLC-1孔化石孢粉组合,重建出过去8400年以来当地植物多样性经历了逐渐上升的长期变化,并发生过多期快速变化事件.这主要受控于气候持续变冷驱动下山地垂直植被带的向下迁移.青藏高原中部与纳木错流域面临着气候变暖与植被退化等环境问题的挑战,该地区高寒植被恢复工作应重视山地垂直植被带和地带性高寒草原植被,并从植物多样性的长期变化历史中寻找参照.     

青海湖流域表土花粉分析

青海湖位于青藏高原东北部,是我国最大的半成水湖。表土花粉研究显示青海湖流域各植被带表土花粉组合与主要植被类型之间相关性良好。占绝对优势的草、灌植物花粉中,蒿属花粉具有超代表性特征,禾本科、莎草科、蓼科花粉则表现为低代表性,蒿／藜比具有区域植被生态特点与气候指示意义。青海湖中花粉沉积来源于整个流域植被,花粉组合主要受控于近源植被类型,风速和风向对青海湖花粉的散布与沉积影响巨大。青海湖花粉沉积具有均一分布特点,但湖泊的汇聚作用以及河流和湖流作用等也造成了花粉沉积的局部差异性。     

青藏高原湖泊表层沉积物GDGTs分布特征及其影响因素

过去温度变化的定量记录对于深入探讨气候变化机制非常重要,不仅有助于检验并改善气候模式模拟的准确性,也可以为全球变化背景下的气候变化幅度提供参考.青藏高原由于其特殊的地理位置影响着大气环流格局,研究青藏高原气候变化有助于理解高原对全球气候变化的响应及其与全球气候系统之间的关系.生物标志化合物代用指标在气候变化研究中的应用为定量重建高原过去温度变化提供了可能.湖泊沉积物中甘油二烷基甘油四醚类化合物(GDGTs)来源相对复杂,其分布特征受多种气候与环境因素影响.本文对青藏高原27个湖泊表层沉积物及部分湖泊流域表土样品GDGTs进行分析,探讨湖泊表层沉积物中GDGTs分布特征的影响因素,并建立其与气候要素的定量关系.结果显示:(1)绝大多数湖泊表层沉积物GDGTs以b GDGTs为主,crenarchaeol和GDGT-0含量较低;(2)高原多数湖泊表层沉积物与表土GDGTs分布没有显著差异,表明i GDGTs可能同时来源于湖泊环境和陆源输入;(3)湖泊表层沉积物i GDGTs分布主要受湖水水化学要素(p H和盐度)及近地表大气年均温的影响,对于青藏高原小型湖泊,TEX86可能反映湖水p H的变化;(4)湖泊表层沉积物b GDGTs分布主要受气候要素(温度和降水)控制;(5)利用已发表的转换方程重建高原同一地区温度差异明显,因此利用GDGTs定量重建青藏高原过去气候前必须开展GDGTs的现代过程调查.本研究基于湖泊表层沉积物b GDGTs分布,分别利用代用指标(MBT,CBT)及不同b GDGTs化合物组分丰度(fabun)与湖泊所在地的年均气温(MAAT)建立了适用于青藏高原湖泊古气候研究的转换方程,为高原古气候定量重建提供研究基础.     

花粉植被化模拟的中国中全新世植被分布

花粉植被化模拟通过现代花粉与植被的类比 ,进行古植被模拟和制图 ,是国际全球变化中古植被和古气候研究的重要途径 .对表土花粉的初步测试表明它能够模拟出中国现代主要植被类型 .对 6ka花粉资料运行的结果显示了中国东部的森林植被向北推移约 30 0～ 5 0 0km .西北部荒漠植被和草原植被面积大大缩小 ,青藏高原苔原植被显著地退缩 .该研究对全球 6ka植被制图有重要输入 .     

根据加拿大中部花粉记录定量重建植被演变历史的研究

根据加拿大中部高精度湖泊钻孔的花粉数据,介绍花粉型组合生态系植被单元和现代类比法模拟古植被的研究方法,报告拟合现代植被和验证生态系区后应用在沉积花粉中、重建过去1000年以来古植被的主要结果．该研究表明,在115°～95°W和40°～60°N的北美中部,花粉模拟的现代植被中的北方林型最佳类比率81％,稀树草地型72％,草原和稀树草地型94％,与北美Ⅱ生态系植被分布基本吻合．钻孔沉积花粉的植被模拟反映了过去1000年北美中部经历了中世纪暖期,具有温暖而干旱的气候;小冰期前期寒冷而湿润,后期寒冷而干旱;20世纪具有显著的增温和转干特征．该项研究可为中国学者采用花粉记录探索过去1000年以来植被变化,尤其是在具有特征气候区域、10～100年时间精度的气候植被研究提供良好的研究途径和科学依据．     

中国北方几种主要花粉类型与植被定量关系

为了解中国北方典型植被类型表土主要花粉类型与植被间的数量关系, 通过205个表土样品分析与植物样方植被调查结果显示: 不同生态类型植被的花粉组合差别明显, 温带落叶阔叶林中乔木花粉多大于30%; 温带草原花粉组合中草本花粉一般高于90%, 其中蒿属、藜科是最主要的花粉类型, 蒿属一般高于30%; 荒漠植被孢粉组合中藜科花粉百分比一般大于蒿属, 蕨类孢子较少出现; 亚高山或高寒草甸花粉组合中莎草科花粉百分比多大于20%. 花粉百分比与植被盖度间关系研究表明: 多数乔木花粉与植被盖度间表现出较好的相关性, 灌木花粉表现出一定的相关性, 草本花粉相关性较差. 乔木花粉中以云杉属花粉与植被盖度相关性最好; 其次为栎属和鹅耳枥属; 桦属、落叶松属、胡桃属花粉与植被盖度间也具有较好的相关性, 桦属花粉为超代表性类型, 桦林中桦属花粉高于40%; 落叶松属和胡桃属花粉为低代表性类型, 花粉含量超过10%, 可肯定当地有落叶松或胡桃林; 松属花粉与植被盖度间有一定的相关性, 为超代表性类型, 只有松花粉含量高于30%以上时, 周围才有可能有松林存在; 榆或杨属花粉与植被盖度的相关系数较 低, 当这两种植物与其他乔木混生时, 花粉不易被记录到, 但只要花粉含量超过1%, 周围存在该植物的可能性很大. 灌木花粉中, 以荆条与植被盖度关系最密切; 其次为榛属、柽柳及白刺, 这些植物不出现时, 花粉百分比一般小于1%; 锦鸡儿和绣线菊花粉与植被盖度有一定的相关性; 蔷薇科、虎耳草属花粉与植被盖度关系不明显. 草本花粉中, 莎草科花粉与植被盖度关系最密切, 当莎草科占优势时(盖度高于30%), 随盖度的增大, 花粉百分比增高, 植被盖度低于30%时, 花粉百分比多低于5%; 蒿属和藜科花粉含量主要与所在区域有关; 禾本科、豆科、菊科与植被盖度关系不明显.     

长江中游网湖百年花粉序列及其沉积动力和环境特征

本文研究长江中游网湖钻孔百年来的花粉沉积序列,分析花粉沉积近、现代过程以及其与沉积粒度、过去百年湖泊由开放水系到封闭湖泊的气候、水文动力变化的关系.研究表明,花粉浓度、类型与沉积粒度的变化特征以及聚类分析反映出网湖经历了湖泊水系通江与封闭两个重大阶段变化,其花粉序列变化与沉积粒度、区域降水以及长江流量在时间序列上也具有显著的相关性.主要孢粉类型,包括陆生松属、常绿栎/落叶栎、乔灌木花粉、湿生莎草科、水生和陆生草本花粉、以及蕨类孢子,与沉积物粒度和降水具有同步相关的年份占过去130年的27%-40%,与1960年湖泊封闭以前长江流量的同步相关达到47%-57%,反映出花粉沉积量的变化受到了沉积粒径和流域降水量的影响.花粉类型对沉积和气候具有不同的响应关系,表现出具有大于降水70百分点年份以粘土沉积为主、乔灌木花粉占优的多水年模式,和小于降水30百分点的年份以粉砂沉积为主、水生、湿生、陆生草类花粉增加的少水年模式.花粉沉积与水动力这个关系为认识湖泊碎屑和利用花粉沉积记录反演过去环境变迁、生物湖泊沉积机制提供科学依据.     

中国北方典型草原区花粉产量及其定量重建古植被的作用

基于中国北方典型草原区30个样点现代孢粉分析和植被调查,研究估算了常见花粉类型的相对花粉产量,并将估算结果应用于全新世以来的古植被定量重建．典型草原区现代花粉组合以蒿属、藜科、禾本科、莎草科和菊科等草本植物花粉为主,与草原区植物群落较一致．中国北方典型草原区上述五种主要花粉类型和常见花粉类型（唐松草属、鸢尾科、委陵菜属、麻黄属、十字花科和榆属）的风力传播能力强,相对花粉源1000m左右（以表土样品取样范围为沉积盆地半径,0．5m）,且基本不受风速影响．榆属、蒿属、十字花科和藜科植物花粉产量最高,唐松草属植物花粉产量较高,而菊科和鸢尾科植物花粉产量较低,禾本科、莎草科、委陵菜属和麻黄属植物花粉产量适中．相对花粉产量检验表明：多数花粉类型相对花粉产量结果可信;但菊科和鸢尾科相对花粉产量被显著低估,禾本科、藜科、麻黄属相对花粉产量被高估或低估,利用相对花粉产量定量重建古植被时应谨慎．依据花粉产量定量重建的植被演替表明,现在的中国北方典型草原区6500—5600cal．aBP之前为以禾本科、莎草科和蒿属植物为主的草甸草原,之后逐渐演变为现在的典型草原．     

青藏高原东南部巴松措现代沉积过程及其对气候变化的响应

湖泊沉积物是记录气候演化信息的重要载体之一,在探讨过去气候变化过程研究中发挥重要作用.然而,沉积物中的许多代用指标对气候的指示意义存在多解性,不同指标所反映的环境信息相互之间有时会存在矛盾.为了能够更准确地解读湖泊沉积物中指标所记录的环境变化信息,开展现代湖泊沉积物指标与环境之间的关系研究,深入探讨各指标对环境变化的响应机制尤为关键.本文选取青藏高原东南部巴松措湖泊表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用²¹⁰Pb与¹³⁷Cs比活度检测结果建立年代序列,对沉积物中粒度、磁化率、有机质含量等指标进行分析,揭示巴松措现代沉积过程.结合沉积物粒度端元组分分析结果,并将不同指标变化与林芝气象站所记录的数据资料进行对比,得出以下主要结论：该地区沉积物来源主要包括径流搬运的冰川碎屑物质和来自青藏高原南部、西南部上空悬浮于大气中的风成物质两部分;其中,通过风力搬运的物质输入主要集中在冬半年,受季节性风向及风速变化影响明显;径流受到冰雪融水与夏季降水的补给,因此通过径流搬运的物质输入量受到温度与降水综合影响;湖泊中磁性矿物碎屑的产生和输入主要受区域降水量影响的流域侵蚀速率变化控制,该湖泊沉积物磁化率波动可以有效的指示该地区降水量变化;沉积物中总有机碳含量和总氮含量变化主要反映湖泊自身初级生产力的变化,对区域温度变化的响应显著.     

中国花粉R值特征

建立现代孢粉-植被定量关系是第四纪孢粉学研究的热点和难点. R值计算简单、表征直接,是校正现代孢粉和植被非线性关系的一种传统指标.本文基于中国1987～2021年发表的花粉R值数据,经筛选、校正和标准化等处理,建立了中国花粉R值数据集,包含了898个现代花粉采样点和2115条花粉R值数据,涵盖了152个花粉类群,分属于65科、113属.集成分析中国花粉R值特征,结果表明:(1)在宏观空间尺度上证实了基于样点尺度的传统认知,中国花粉R值整体变异性大,约2/3呈低代表性,如杉科(Taxodiaceae)、榛属(Corylus)、白刺属(Nitraria)、柽柳属(Tamarix)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae), 1/3呈超代表性,如松属(Pinus)、云杉属(Picea)、桦木属(Betula)、麻黄属(Ephedra)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia),且低代表性较强,超代表性较弱;而栗属(Castanea)、栎属(Quercus)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)花粉代表...     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.