岩浆熔/流体中金的溶解度:高温高压实验研究进展

岩浆熔/流体中金的溶解度制约着岩浆-热液型金矿床成矿过程中金的富集和迁移.大型金矿床需要巨量的金从上地幔-下地壳源区向浅部地壳迁移,岩浆与热液中高的金溶解度有助于源区形成富金的岩浆并有效运移.本文系统梳理了金在岩浆和热液流体中的络合形式以及金在岩浆熔体与流体间的分配行为及影响因素,结合最新高温高压实验研究,阐述了温度、压力、氧逸度、硫逸度、熔体组成与挥发分(水、二氧化碳、氯、硫)对岩浆中金溶解度的影响.本文强调岩浆中金的溶解度主要受控于岩浆中的挥发分:岩浆中还原性硫(S~(2-)和HS~-)的含量越高,金溶解度越高.在高温、高压、富水及中等氧逸度条件下,岩浆可以溶解更多还原性的硫,因而提高了岩浆运移金的能力.如果华北金矿床成矿元素来源于幔源熔/流体,那么从巨量金运移的角度,可以限定深部富金岩浆产生于中等氧逸度(S~(2-)与S~(6+)共存)的富水条件.早白垩世古太平洋滞留板片脱水交代上覆大地幔楔,不仅造成了华北克拉通减薄,也创造了有利于巨量金迁移的物理化学条件.     

关于震源附近流体、热和能量分配问题的研究进展

作为地震学的基本问题,地震发生过程中震源附近流体、热与能量的分配问题一直是地震学家关注的前沿课题.目前,越来越多的研究表明震源附近存在流体,且流体在地震的孕育、发生过程中起重要作用,但对深部流体的来源尚存较大争议.对于震源区的热问题,自应力热流佯谬提出以来,不同的模型被用于解释热流佯谬相关问题,其中动态弱化被认为可能是解决热流佯谬的关键.摩擦产生的热能与能量分配问题直接相关,大地震发生后,立即进行深钻现场测量对认识地震发生过程中震源附近的流体、摩擦热能及能量分配问题具有时效性和重要现实意义.本文回顾了国际上有关震源附近流体、热及能量分配问题的最新研究进展,这些问题的研究将对认识地震的孕育和发生过程带来重要启示.     

安徽铜陵狮子山铜-金矿床流体多次沸腾及其与成矿的关系

安徽铜陵狮子山铜-金矿床有两种与岩浆热液有关的矿化类型: 隐爆角砾岩型和矽卡岩型. 矿床中的成矿流体至少发生过四次沸腾. 第一次发生于隐爆角砾岩阶段, 熔体-流体包裹体温度高于600℃, 盐度超过42%(质量百分比, 下同)NaCl equiv, 代表了一种富水残浆; 第二次发生于矽卡岩化过程中, 流体温度为422℃~472℃, 平均458℃, 盐度为10.2%~45.1% NaCl equiv; 第三次发生于主成矿阶段, 即石英-硫化物阶段, 其流体温度337℃~439℃, 平均390℃, 盐度3%~30% NaCl equiv; 第四次发生于成矿晚阶段, 流体温度低于350℃, 平均265℃, 盐度2.1%~40.4% NaCl equiv. 氢、氧同位素测定表明, 成矿流体主要来自岩浆.     

水与地幔的部分熔融

水对于地幔的部分熔融发挥了关键作用.地幔岩浆作用主要发生在板块边界(俯冲带和洋中脊)和若干板内热异常区域.在大洋俯冲带,俯冲板片释出的水可以诱发上覆地幔楔甚至板片自身发生熔融,导致弧岩浆作用,也有可能形成超临界流体.板片熔融和产生超临界流体的物理化学条件仍存在争议.在洋中脊和板内热异常区域,水和CO_2使上涌地幔发生熔融的起始深度增加,熔融比例增大.在地球深部层圈边界可能发生低程度的地幔熔融,如岩石圈和软流圈边界、上地幔和过渡带边界、过渡带和下地幔边界等,其成因一般认为与边界两侧矿物储水能力的差异有关.水可以促进地幔岩石熔融的根本原因在于水是一种不相容组分,强烈倾向于富集在硅酸盐熔体相(矿物-熔体的水分配系数远小于1),从而令其吉布斯自由能降低.前人对水在橄榄石、辉石和石榴石等地幔矿物与熔体之间的分配行为已经研究得比较充分,但水对硅酸盐熔体密度和迁移性质的影响还需要更进一步的高温高压实验和计算制约.     

我国地幔流体研究现状与展望

扼要介绍了流体和熔体的含义，流体在地幔中的成分、状态和活动情况，及其对地壳中资源、能源以及环境、灾害等的作用，提出了今后地幔流体研究的发展方向．     

含水硅酸盐熔体和富水流体电导率实验研究及其意义

大地电磁测深与电导率测量相结合已经成为探索地球内部状态的有效手段.含水硅酸盐熔体和富水流体的电导率显著高于硅酸盐矿物,而且对成分和温压条件十分敏感,可以用于认识深部的部分熔融和流体活动.本文系统总结了含水硅酸盐熔体和富水流体电导率的实验研究现状,并介绍了相关研究结果的若干重要应用.硅酸盐熔体电导率随温度上升而增大,随压强升高而减小.在Na~+含量相当的前提下,钙碱性系列熔体电导率从玄武质到流纹质呈上升趋势,其活化焓呈下降趋势.水的加入令熔体电导率显著增大,其主要原因在于增强了阳离子的活动性.流体电导率研究主要集中在稀电解质溶液.溶液电导率随温度上升先增大后减小,随压强升高一般先增大,超过一定压强后基本保持不变.从电导率数据可以得到电解质的电离常数.为建立广泛适用的熔/流体电导率随温度、压强和成分变化的定量模型,还需要在实验方法创新的基础上,对更多具有代表性的体系开展大范围温压条件下的电导率实验研究.     

内蒙古大井铜-锡-银-铅-锌矿床的流体混合作用——流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

内蒙古大井铜-锡-银-铅-锌矿床的石英包裹体水的δ D值集中于-100‰～-130‰, 表明为大气降水来源. 硫化物的δ ³⁴S值(-0.3‰～2.6‰)指示深部岩浆硫来源. 根据碳酸盐矿物的δ ¹³C值(-2.9‰～-7.0‰), 计算了成矿流体的CO₂气体和全碳的δ ¹³C值, 分别介于-0.3‰～-9.4‰和-2.6‰～-11.7‰, 表明主要来源于岩浆. 定量模拟表明, 岩浆去气不是造成流体包裹体气体组分变异的原因; 流体包裹体的显微温度计也不指示相分离. 在包裹体气体组分H₂O-CO₂, 以及CO, N₂, CH₄和C₂H₆的二元协变图上, 样点表现正相关关系, 代表了富CO₂岩浆流体与大气水来源的地下水的混合作用. 地下水从古生界沉积岩的有机质中吸收了CO, N₂, CH₄, C₂H₆和放射性成因Ar. 混合引起的冷却效应导致了矿石矿物的沉淀.     

上地幔高导物质的连通性和电导率的实验研究进展

矿物/岩石的电学性质是认识地球内部物质与结构的重要依据.高导物质(熔体、流体、石墨、磁铁矿等)能否显著影响上地幔的电性结构,取决于这些物质在上地幔中的连通性、电学性质和体积分数.近年来的研究表明,挥发分(水、二氧化碳)能够有效的降低橄榄岩的固相线,并提高玄武岩熔体的电导率.因此我们可以尝试用少量的熔体去解释上地幔某些区域的高导异常.但目前在高温高压下对这些熔体连通性的研究仍不足,我们并不清楚少量熔体在三维条件下是以何种形式连通的?俯冲带中的水主要储存在孔隙和含水矿物中.地慢矿物的蚀变,含水矿物脱水的过程中将产生含高浓度电解质的流体.二面角的观测证明了在高温高压下流体能在橄榄石间保持连通,因此我们可以认为这些高导流体对俯冲带的电性结构有很大程度的影响.石墨在橄榄岩体系中具有很高的二面角,不大可能以连通薄膜的形式在上地慢广泛存在,但石墨能否以网状形式连通?与机械的将蛇纹石和磁铁矿混合实验相比,绿泥石脱水产生的磁铁矿展示了更好的连通性.这意味着今后研究固相高导物质的连通性时不能忽略矿物在自然条件下的结构特征.     

地幔流体及其在地震孕育中的作用

依据地球物理宏观资料、行星化学和地球化学微观分析以及高温高压实验结果,阐明了地幔中存在丰富的流体,扼要介绍了若干流体引发地震的假说,简述了隐爆产生地震的机制。地幔矿物流体包裹体、高温高压相含水硅酸盐矿物与地球物理探测资料表明,整个地幔内普遍存在高能密流体,地幔过渡带和D″层是流体富集的地带,地幔中存在的总水量比海水量高出几个数量级。地幔高能密流体流动产生热对流,造成了固体地球内温度、电导率、地震波速度以及地球化学组成的不均一性。高能地幔流体向外逃逸,不仅改变了壳幔岩石的物理和化学性质,且为岩浆形成和地震孕育提供了能量。流体在地震孕育中的作用包括两个方面:降低断层带摩擦力以及岩石强度触发地震和流体爆炸或相变产生地震。流体爆炸产生地震是地核与下地幔流体以“运移—局部聚集—爆炸的幕式循环”反复进行,产生不同震源深度、不同震级的各类地震。然而,地幔流体的组成、行为及其在孕震过程中的作用机制还需深入研究。     

二云母花岗岩与含硼流体反应的实验研究:对电气石花岗岩成因的启示

了解不同类型花岗岩的成因联系是认识花岗质岩浆形成和演化过程的关键.文章报道了在600～700℃、200MPa条件下,含硼(B)流体与二云母花岗岩的交代反应实验,重点研究了温度和流体B含量对交代反应产物的影响.实验结果表明,富B流体与二云母花岗岩反应可以形成电气石花岗岩.在700℃条件下,富B流体的加入会使二云母花岗岩发生部分熔融(包括黑云母和白云母含水部分熔融),电气石从部分熔融熔体中结晶.对比实验显示,增加流体的B含量能够明显促进二云母花岗岩的部分熔融以及电石气的生长. 600℃实验中未产生熔体,富B流体使黑云母发生分解,形成磁铁矿,其余Fe、Mg和Al与流体中的B结合形成电气石,黑云母分解产生的K与斜长石中Na发生Na/K离子交换,为电气石结晶提供了Na.实验产生的电气石普遍具有核-边结构,显示矿物结晶过程伴随熔体或者流体成分的改变.由实验结果可以推断,含B花岗质岩浆房结晶晚期脱挥发分作用产生的富B流体在上升运移过程中,可能与岩浆房边缘相的二云母花岗岩发生反应,形成电气石花岗岩岩株或岩脉.本研究表明,岩浆演化晚期富B流体参与的自交代反应可能是电气石花岗岩的重要成因之一.     

针对深层流体识别的两项弹性阻抗反演与Russell流体因子直接估算方法研究

Russell流体因子是判识深层储层含流体特征的敏感指示参数.针对深层地震资料缺失大角度入射信息以及信噪比普遍较低的特点,开展了基于贝叶斯理论框架的两项弹性阻抗反演与Russell流体因子直接估算方法研究.首先,在饱和孔隙弹性介质理论的指导下,推导了包含Russell流体因子和纵波阻抗参数的两项反射系数近似公式,并且进一步得到了新的两项弹性阻抗方程.其次通过模型的近似精度分析,验证了新弹性阻抗方程满足小角度近似精度要求.最后提出了贝叶斯弹性阻抗反演和Russell流体因子的直接估算方法,通过模型试算表明直接估算方法不仅充分利用了弹性阻抗反演的高抗噪性与实用性,并且有效的避免了间接累计误差对流体因子计算精度的影响,实际应用则进一步验证了直接估算的Russell流体因子可以提高深层储层流体识别的可靠性.     

Solitary waves in a compressible fluid

Evolution equations for long nonlinear internal waves in a compressible fluid are derived, with the aim of comparing these equations with their counterparts in an incompressible fluid. Both the Korteweg-de Vries equation, and the deep fluid equation are discussed, for both dry and moist atmospheres. It is shown that the effects of compressibility, or non-Boussinesq terms, are generally small, but measurable, and are manifested mainly in the nonlinear term of the evolution equation. For the case of a moist atmosphere the effect of a gain in energy by latent heat release is compared with the energy lost by radiation damping.     

Eclogitization of glaucophanites by fluid infiltration

The characteristic textures of eclogitic veins infilling the interstitial spaces among zoisite-glaucophanite pillows, the fractures crosscutting massive zoisite-glaucophanites and the relic conduits within the eclogite boudins demonstrate that the eclogitization of glaucophanites was accompanied by the presence of a free fluid phase in the Western Tianshan high-pressure metamorphic belt. Non-planar populations of fluid inclusions, parallel toC-axis, have been preserved within the omphacites in eclogitic veins. The microthermometric results indicate that fluids are low-salinity (1–4 wt%NaCl) aqueous fluids. The chemical compositions of major, trace and rare earth elements of eclogitic veins and related host rocks indicate that the eclogitization of glaucophanites required the addition of external Si and Na elements, and was accompanied by the loss of large-ion lithophile elements, rare earth elements and water. The record of eclogitization of glaucophanites along fractures and zones of high permeability by fluid infiltration has been preserved in the Wetsern Tianshan high-pressure metamorphic belt.     

Numerical investigation of fluid mud motion using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and two-dimensional fluid mud coupling model

A water-fluid mud coupling model is developed based on the unstructured grid finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) to investigate the fluid mud motion. The hydrodynamics and sediment transport of the overlying water column are solved using the original three-dimensional ocean model. A horizontal two-dimensional fluid mud model is integrated into the FVCOM model to simulate the underlying fluid mud flow. The fluid mud interacts with the water column through the sediment flux, current, and shear stress. The friction factor between the fluid mud and the bed, which is traditionally determined empirically, is derived with the assumption that the vertical distribution of shear stress below the yield surface of fluid mud is identical to that of uniform laminar flow of Newtonian fluid in the open channel. The model is validated by experimental data and reasonable agreement is found. Compared with numerical cases with fixed friction factors, the results simulated with the derived friction factor exhibit the best agreement with the experiment, which demonstrates the necessity of the derivation of the friction factor.     

Relativistic expansion of a magnetized fluid

We study semi-analytical time-dependent solutions of the relativistic MHD equations for the fields and the fluid emerging from a spherical source. We assume uniform expansion of the field and the fluid and a polytropic relation between the density and the pressure of the fluid. The expansion velocity is small near the base but approaches the speed of light at the light sphere where the flux terminates. We find self-consistent solutions for the density and the magnetic flux. The details of the solution depend on the ratio of the toroidal and the poloidal magnetic field, the ratio of the energy carried by the fluid and the electromagnetic field and the maximum velocity it reaches.     

Dispersion of marked fluid in reservoirs

The paper gives relationships for predicting reservoir circulation generated by radial and tangential jets. These relationships show the importance of the reservoir's aspect-ratio, and the Reynolds number of the jet.Details are also given of concentration-experiments using the conductivity and fluorimetric methods, and incorporating various inlet and outlet arrangements. Peripheral and radial dispersion-coefficients were obtained, and found to be of the same order of magnitude. These coefficients were dependent on the size of the model and on the local Reynolds numbers. The values of dispersion coefficients for reservoirs are similar to those for one-dimensional open channel flow.     

孕震过程中深部流体对浅层流体影响的研究进展概述

深部流体, 尤其是深部热流体已成为目前研究地震孕育及前兆成因的重要内容, 特别是由于深部流体活动引起浅层流体的变化, 是探索地震预报方法的重要途径。由于人们在现有的能力范围内只能通过观察研究浅层流体来了解深部流体的变化, 所以通过研究深部流体与浅层流体的相互关系, 进而了解深部流体的变化, 对于研究孕震过程、前兆成因机理以及地震预报的理论和方法, 都具有十分重要的意义。     

Wave propagation in a uniformly rotating fluid

Summary An unsteady flow generated by a harmonically oscillating pressure distribution of frequency acting on the paraboloidal free surface of an inviscid, incompressible fluid rotating with uniform angular velocity has been investigated. It is shown that case (i), >2 , corresponds to the usual surface waves, and case (ii), <2 , in contrast to the surface waves, corresponds to the inertial waves which are originated entirely due to rotation and have no counterpart in a non-rotating fluid motion. An explicit solution of the problem related to the above cases are obtained by the joint Laplace and Hankel transforms treatment in conjunction with asymptotic methods. The significant effects of the Coriolis force and the curvature of the free surface on the wave motions have been investigated. A comparison is made between the solutions of the problems with the horizontal and the paraboloidal free surface curvature. The analysis is concluded by exihibiting the characteristic features of the wave motions.     

On the current-voltage relationship in fluid theory

The kinetic theory of precipitating electrons with Maxwellian source plasma yields the well-known current-voltage relationship (CV-relationship; Knight formula), which can in most cases be accurately approximated by a reduced linear formula. Our question is whether it is possible to obtain this CV-relationship from fluid theory, and if so, to what extent it is physically equivalent with the more accurate kinetic counterpart. An answer to this question is necessary before trying to understand how one could combine time-dependent and transient phenomena such as Alfvnic waves with a slowly evolving background described by the CV-relationship. We first compute the fluid quantity profiles (density, pressure etc.) along a flux tube based on kinetic theory solution. A parallel potential drop accumulates plasma (and pressure) below it, which explains why the current is linearly proportional to the potential drop in the kinetic theory even though the velocity of the accelerated particles is only proportional to the square root of the accelerating voltage. Electron fluid theory reveals that the kinetic theory results can be reproduced, except for different numerical constants, if and only if the polytropic index γ is equal to three, corresponding to one-dimensional motion. The convective derivative term v∇v provides the equivalent of the “mirror force” and is therefore important to include in a fluid theory trying to describe a CV-relationship. In one-fluid equations the parallel electric field, at least in its functional form, emerges self-consistently. We find that the electron density enhancement below the potential drop disappears because the magnetospheric ions would be unable to neutralize it, and a square root CV-relationship results, in disagreement with kinetic theory and observations. Also, the potential drop concentrates just above the ionosphere, which is at odds with observations as well. To resolve this puzzle, we show that considering outflowing ionospheric ions restores the possibility of having the acceleration region well above the ionosphere, and thus the electron kinetic (and fluid, if γ=3) theory results are reproduced in a self-consistent manner. Thus the inclusion of ionospheric ions is crucial for a feasible CV-relationship in fluid theory. Constructing a quantitative fluid model (possibly one-fluid) which reproduces this property would be an interesting task for a future study.     

Internal waves in a randomly stratified fluid

Abstract

We discuss the propagation of internal waves in a rotating stratified unbounded fluid with randomly varying stability frequency, N. The first order smoothing approximation is used to derive the dispersion relation for the mean wave field when N is of the form N ² = N _o ²(1 + ?μ), where μ is a centered stationary random function of either depth (z) or time (t), N _o = constant and O < ?² ≦ 1. Expressions are then derived for the change in phase speed and growth rate due to the random fluctuations μ; in particular, attention is focused on the behaviour of these expressions for short and long correlation lengths (case μ = μ(z)) and times (case μ = μ(t)). For the case μ = μ(z), which represents a model for the temperature and salinity fine-structure in the ocean, the appropriate statistics of the fluctuations observed at station P (50°N, 145°W) have been incorporated into the theory to estimate the actual importance of the effects due to these random fluctuations. It is found that the phase speed of the mean wave decreases significantly if (i) the wavelength is short compared to g/N_o ² or (ii) the wave number vector is essentially horizontal and the wave frequency is very close to N _o. Also, the random fluctuations cause a significant growth (decay) in the amplitude of a wave propagating upwards (downwards) through a depth of a few kilometers. However, in the direction of energy propagation, the kinetic energy is conserved. Finally, it is shown that the average effect of the depth dependent fluctuations at station P is to slightly decrease the stability frequency and the magnitude of the group velocity.