华北平原霾污染天气大气边界层空间结构综合观测——COATS实验

华北平原霾污染问题严重,霾污染的演变与大气边界层密切相关,但华北平原边界层理化过程的实验和理论研究尚且不足,仍有许多科学问题亟待解决.为此, 2016～2020年,北京大学联合中国气象科学研究院和中国科学院大气物理研究所,在华北平原开展了霾污染天气大气边界层空间结构综合观测COATS实验(Comprehensive Observation on the Atmospheric boundary layer Three-dimensional Structure during haze pollution). COATS实验空间上构成“点-线-面”的实验布局,全面获取了冬夏季边界层气象和环境要素的时空剖面及细颗粒物湍流输送资料.研究成果包括:给出了华北平原边界层结构及细颗粒物浓度的时空分布基本特征;揭示了持续性重霾天气的典型热力结构和低空急流的清除机理;阐明了太行山对边界层空间结构的调整是华北平原霾污染非均匀分布的重要原因,指出山地诱发的垂直环流可以促进高架污染层的形成,强调了大气内边界效应对污染物水平扩散具有约束作用;对比分析并定量估算了冬夏季边界层对霾污染的贡献;解析了边界层高度与地...     

夏季青藏高原大气热机效率及热源特征

地-气系统中存在着诸多不同类型的大气热机.对大气热机效率的准确定义、计算和解释是了解地-气系统能量传输与转化的关键.夏季青藏高原大气可以被视作一种正热机,对其热机效率的研究有助于我们更好地理解高原地-气相互作用及其热力、动力过程,为进一步了解青藏高原对中国、东亚乃至全球气候的影响提供了一个新的视角.本文使用MOD08数据及ERA5再分析资料,计算了2000～2020年夏季(取5～9月)青藏高原大气热机效率、青藏高原地面热源和大气热源.结果表明:2000～2020年5～9月青藏高原平均大气热机效率在1.2%～1.5%之间,小于1.6%; 5月与9月热机效率高于夏季三个月份(6月、7月、8月);柴达木盆地是青藏高原大气热机效率较高的区域,其次是青藏高原西部地区. 2000～2020年5～9月青藏高原平均地面热源为96.0W m^-2;平均大气热源为90.7W m^-2;降水凝结潜热释放是夏季青藏高原大气热源最重要的分量. 5～9月青藏高原大气热机效率与地面热源呈强而显著的正相关;降水凝结潜热作为5～9月大气热源最重要的分量,其反映的降水过程是大气热机...     

重污染和新粒子生成过程中城市大气颗粒物数谱分布演变过程

使用双电迁移性颗粒物粒径谱分析仪和空气动力学颗粒物粒径谱分析仪对北京城市大气颗粒物（3nm~10μm）数浓度谱分布进行长期观测.选取2006年春节期间出现的一次重污染事件和一次新粒子生成过程,对期间颗粒物数谱分布特征及演变过程进行分析.在重污染事件中3~10nm颗粒物（平均数浓度46cm？3）几乎在大气中消失,而新粒子生成事件中核模态颗粒物数浓度最高达到3.5×104cm？3.这种现象可以通过颗粒物的碰并汇和低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇从颗粒物的汇和源两个角度进行解释：重污染事件中,3~10nm颗粒物的碰并汇为1.1×10？2~1.2×10？3s？1,显著高于新粒子生成过程（9.9×10？4~1.4×10？4s？1）;在新粒子生成过程中,参与成核的低挥发性气态前体物的凝结汇为0.01s？1,显著低于重污染事件（0.13s？1）.研究结果表明在分析极端大气环境中的颗粒物数谱分布时,除交通和气象因素外,碰并和凝结过程的影响也需要给予足够的重视.     

城市环境大气重污染过程周边源影响域

北京城市周边污染源影响问题是北京环境污染治理决策亟待解决的关键环节之一. 综合分析2001年1~3月份BECAPEX(Beijing City Atmospheric Pollution Experiment), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)与TOMS(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)卫星遥感资料, 提出追踪污染源“上游”风场合成矢量法. 通过统计分析北京及周边地区TOMS与MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶区域性特征, 发现北京城市重污染过程与南部周边城市群落排放源影响相关显著, 北京周边向南开口的类似“马蹄型”地形可能导致周边源远距离输送的污染物“滞留”效应, 形成北京与南部周边排放源近似南-北向带状影响域. 综合分析北京地区重污染过程轨迹特征, 并选取2001年1~3月份重污染过程与空气质量良好时段作为分析样本, 采用HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)轨迹模式进行模拟试验, 揭示了北京城区重污染过程河北、山东和天津等地城市群落污染排放源扩散轨迹. 选取北京城区异常重污染过程个例, 并用RAMS(Regional Atmosphere Model System)模式模拟试验, 亦揭示了北京城区异常污染过程周边外源贡献率, 进一步证实了北京城市重污染过程加剧的重要因素之一是南部周边城市污染物外源的输入.     

风云三号卫星微波观测的临近空间大气扰动特征

风云三号C星(FY-3C)同时装载有设置了50～60GHz和118.75GHz附近氧气吸收带内通道的微波大气垂直探测器,可以用于监测临近空间下部的大气温度.本文的首要目的是展示FY-3C微波大气垂直探测器在监测临近空间(尤其是平流层)强重力波扰动中的优势特点.在给出平流层强扰动监测结果的基础上,分析了不同波段不同通道监测平流层大气温度扰动的能力.随后,对比分析了FY-3C大气温度探测通道与国外同类仪器在观测平流层扰动中的异同点,并进一步讨论了不同平台相同大气微波探测通道联合分析平流层扰动过程的能力.本文在统计2013年冬季(2012年12月和2013年1、2月)和2014年夏季(2014年6、7、8月)的微波大气垂直探测器观测的全球平流层扰动出现频率分布的基础上,利用FY-3C微波大气温度探测器分析了格陵兰岛附近2014年1月7—11日一次平流层扰动过程.结果表明,FY-3C微波探测器50～60GHz和118.75GHz波段可用于获取平流层不同高度上的大气温度扰动特征,且前一波段的探测能力显著地优于后一波段.随后,针对2014年1月11日拉布拉多半岛附近的平流层强扰动过程,基于FY-3C的MWTS-Ⅱ与METOP-B的AMSU-A的对比观测表明,MWTS-Ⅱ能够揭示平流层波动更细致的水平结构特征.最后,针对2014年8月10日安第斯山脉附近不同平台仪器的相同通道探测结果的分析表明,多平台联合观测可以进一步提高平流层强扰动监测的时间分辨率.     

中国华北雾霾天气与超强El Ni?o事件的相关性研究

2015年11—12月,全国接连发生七次大范围、持续性雾霾天气过程,其中,11月27日—12月1日的雾霾天气过程持续时间长达五天,成为2015年最强的一次重污染天气过程;12月19-25日重度雾霾再次发展,影响面积一度达到35.2万km~2.本文利用多种数据资料通过个例对比和历史统计详细分析了超强El Ni?o背景下雾霾天气频发的天气气候条件.其结果清楚表明:2015年11—12月欧亚中高纬度以纬向环流为主,东亚冬季风偏弱,使得影响我国的冷空气活动偏少,我国中东部大部地区对流层低层盛行异常偏南风,大气相对湿度明显偏大,并且大气层结稳定,对流层底层存在明显逆温.上述大气环流条件使得污染物的水平和垂直扩散条件差,因此在有一定污染排放的情况下,造成了重度雾霾天气过程的频发.由此,超强El Ni?o事件所导致的大尺度大气环流异常是我国中东部,尤其华北地区冬季雾霾天气频发的重要原因之一.     

密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源

采用密云水库15km处WMO区域空气污染本底站——上甸子站1990~2001年降水化学资料,并结合2002~2003年现场科学试验阶段获取的大气干沉降和湿沉降资料,从大气-土-水污染过程的复合相关源角度,综合分析了大气干、湿沉降以及白河沿岸农田、矿区和城镇污染源对密云水库的水质综合影响特征.分析结果表明,该时段密云水库区域大气降水中离子以SO42?,NO3?,NH4+和Ca2+为主;密云水库湿酸沉降量夏半年(4~9月)大于冬半年(10~3月),其年际变化呈上升趋势,年平均达1038.45t,最高年份(1996)达1766.31t,最低年份(1994)为604.02t;密云水库区域大气降水pH的多年平均值为5.20,降水呈弱酸性,pH值年际变化呈下降趋势.密云水库水体不同深层的pH值均大于7.0.pH值垂直和水平空间分布呈非均一性特征,同一区域pH值随水深呈下降趋势;2002年和2003年密云水库降尘量分别为13513.08t和3577.64t,春季降尘量为全年之首,分别占其全年的61.91%和44.56%.由于大气干、湿沉降中含有多种重金属元素及有害元素,它们可能在一定程度上对库水富营养化、潜在重金属污染以及库水酸化起“加剧”作用.上述综合分析结果揭示出密云水库区域大气-土-水污染过程复合相关源特征及其多圈层相互作用效应.另外,夏季(雨季)是局地土壤污染源由于受暴雨或强降水冲刷后通过入库水系山谷坡地汇流,引起区域性大气-土-水连锁污染过程,导致水库或河流水质污染.统计分析亦发现密云水库水质污染可能与水库周边及上游局部区域降水冲刷和汇流因素相关.水库污染物浓度变化与水库上游局地区域降水量呈较显著的相关,这些相关特征揭示了水库水质污染过程大气-土-水多圈层相互作用效应.提出了水库污染复合相关源分析法观点及其追踪入库水系上游污染源空间分布技术途径.     

2017治霾战绩榜:几家惊喜 几家尴尬

正《大气污染防治行动计划》(简称"大气十条")于2013年应运而生,提出了治霾的"两个五年计划",还确立了空气污染严重的重点地区大气治理的具体目标值:经过五年努力,全国空气质量总体改善,重污染天气较大幅度减少;京津冀、长三角、珠三角等区域空气质量明显好转;力争再用五年或更长时间,逐步消除重污染天气,全国空气质量明显改善;京津冀、长三角、珠三角等区域细颗粒物浓度分别下降25%、20%、15%左右,     

2013~2017年气象条件变化对中国重点地区PM2.5质量浓度下降的影响

2013~2017年中国出台《大气污染防治行动计划》(简称"大气十条"),实施了系列污染减排措施,重点地区PM2.5质量浓度下降明显,这其中气象条件变化起到了多大作用,是政府和公众特别关心的问题.文章主要基于各类气象要素观测、诊断、结合污染-气象条件指数等对PM2.5污染影响的深入分析,发现"大气十条"实施后的2014~2015年中国重点地区气象条件相较2013年变差, 2016和2017年气象条件相较转好.但在京津冀地区2017年相较2013年PM2.5质量浓度下降的39.6%中,仅有~5%(约占总PM2.5降幅的13%)是来自气象条件转好的贡献;在长三角地区下降的34.3%中,有~7%(约占总PM2.5降幅的20%)是来自气象条件转好的贡献,由于气象条件改善程度明显低于此区域观测到的PM2.5降幅,显示出"大气十条"实施五年减排仍然发挥了PM2.5污染改善的主导作用,天气和气候变化因素虽有影响但没有起到控制性作用(文章是用PLAM指数来量化气象条件变好或变差的).在珠三角地区,气象条件对2017年相较2013年的年均PM2.5浓度下降影响较弱,下降成效也主要来自减排的贡献. 2017年冬季气象条件在京津冀和长三角区域相较2013年分别转好约20%和30%,在两区域冬季PM2.5分别约40.2%和38.2%的降幅中起到了明显的"助推"作用.京津冀区域2016年冬季气象条件好于2017年冬季约14%,但2017年冬季PM2.5降幅仍大于2016年,显示出2017年更大力度的减排措施发挥了重要作用;在北京冬季持续性重污染期间选择气象条件相同的过程对比,也发现因减排导致的PM2.5下降幅度逐年增加,特别是2016和2017年下降的PM2.5浓度幅度更为明显,表明"大气十条"实施5年后空气质量改善的根本原因还是在于各项控制措施取得了实质性进展,特别是2017年冬季污染物排放量得到了有效削减.中国大气PM2.5持续性重污染主要发生在冬季,冬季京津冀地区仅因气象条件不利就会导致PM2.5浓度较其他季节上升约40~100%,这与冬季到达地面的太阳辐射下降有关,与中国华北冬季受青藏高原大地形"背风坡"效应所导致的下沉气流和"弱风效应"有关,与气候变暖导致的区域边界层结构日趋稳定有关.重污染形成是因为区域出现停滞-静稳的形势,高空环流型主要可分为平直西风和高压脊型,污染形成后不断累积的PM2.5污染还会进一步导致边界层气象条件转差、转差气象条件的反馈作用控制了PM2.5的"爆发性增长"现象,形成显著的不利气象条件与PM2.5累积之间的双向反馈.这些表明在中国现今大气气溶胶污染程度仍然居高的情况下,不利气象条件是持续性重污染形成、累积的必要外部条件.在重污染形成初期大幅降低区域污染排放,是消除和减少持续性重污染事件的关键手段.即使在有利气象条件下,也不宜无限制地允许排放,因为当污染累积到一定程度后会显著改变边界层气象条件、会"关闭"污染扩散的"气象通道".     

2008年初江南冻雨过程的湿大气锋生

通过2008年1月10日至2月2日发生在我国江南的冻雨过程和前期降雨过程的对比分析,得到下列结论：这次江南冬季持续的冻雨天气是准静止锋活动的结果,用相当温度梯度表示的湿大气锋生可以有效地描述准静止锋的活动特征及其与降水的关系。湿大气锋对应的降水性质与锋面垂直结构有关,锋区上相当温度的逆温结构是形成冻雨的天气学原因．研究进一步揭示,相当温度梯度可提前5～10d预示降水天气过程的开始,也能提前预示过程的结束,而二者的这种关系反映了大气中能量积累和释放的过程．     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.