两种土壤水分监测仪测墒精度的比较

对江苏省无线电研究所生产的TDR型土壤水分监测仪、中电集团27所和河南省气象科学研究所研制的FDR型土壤水分监测仪监测结果同烘干称重结果进行对比分析,结果表明:TDR、FDR都具有快速、方便、不扰动土壤的优点;但TDR测量的精度受限于测量时间t,投入试运行以来未经订正,误差较大;FDR能获得土壤水分的连续曲线,校正简单,订正后测量精度明显提高。     

基于FDR的土壤水分探测系统与应用

根据中国气象局对农业气象观测的要求,采用频域反射技术(Frequency Domain Reflectometry,FDR)设计开发了一套土壤水分探测系统。系统共包括传感器测量、数据采集和远程数据管理等几个部分。FDR测量原理建立在传输线理论和谐振电路的基础上。数据采集部分充分考虑了信号的抗干扰能力以及纠错措施。系统采用无线通信模式将测量数据传送到中心数据库,并使用互联网将数据发送到各个用户。运行结果表明该系统能够连续稳定地测量,经过订正之后的数据与烘干法测量结果接近,误差小于2%,满足农业气象观测的需要。     

微波高度计测高的大气订正新算式

为了获得较为精确的微波高度计测量，必须进行大气订正。本文选用雅浦、关岛、广州和上海四站的探空资料，精确地计算了分别由干空气和水汽造成的订正值。在此基础上我们使用回归方法建立了干空气和水汽订正的新算式。将我们的新算式与他人的算式比较分析表明，我们的水汽订正算式是普适的；干空气订正项需考虑地理气候因素；本工作的定量结果比已发表的其他工作结果具有更高的精度。     

贵州省土壤水分传感器校准方法浅析

基于实验与计算相结合的方法,在实验室配制标准物质去检测全新的FDR型土壤水分传感器,得出被测值;利用烘干称重法测量标准物质的容积含水量,得出标准值。使用数学方法分析检验两者之间的误差,验证贵州省气象部门FDR型土壤水分传感器校准方法的可行性。结果显示：误差在（-2.5%~2.5%）的传感器占总传感器的99.4%;误差在（-2%~2%）的传感器占总传感器的97.5%;在99.7%的置信区域内,所有校准点的标准差都小于5%。结合工作实际检验,该校准方法可应用于贵州省土壤水分传感器校准。     

FDR型监测仪与人工测定土壤水分对比分析

利用2010年7月上旬—2011年6月下旬每旬FDR型土壤水分监测仪与人工烘干称重法测定的土壤水分观测资料进行对比分析,结果表明：两种方法观测值变化趋势基本一致,年相对误差为0.10%;误差春季最大,平均为0.19%;夏季最小,平均为0.02%。浅层土壤水分变化较大,误差也较大,相对误差为0.01%～0.62%;中层变化较平稳,相对误差为0.12%;深层60～100cm土壤水分受外界影响轻微,变化最平稳,误差最小。两种方法观测值具有很高的相关性（P〈0.001）,因此,可用烘干称重法的观测值为基准,对自动站进行相关分析和回归校正。     

GStar—Ⅰ型电容式土壤水分监测仪设计与应用

介绍了河南省气象科学研究所研制的GStar-I型电容式土壤水分测量仪的测量原理、特性和设计思路,以及振荡电路、分频电路、嵌入式单片机、计算机通讯技术和软件系统设计,并对其标定方法进行了探讨.该仪器在河南、陕西等省进行了安装试用,能够实时连续自动采集土壤水分数据、记录各地土壤水分的变化规律.应用实践表明,该传感器具有使用简单安全,定点连续,易于标定,精度较高等特点.     

FDR土壤水分传感器原状土壤标定方法研究

为获得测站准确的土壤水分传感器标定参数,利用自动土壤水分站点的大型原状土壤为样本,在实验室同时进行人工称重观测和仪器自动对比观测,得到一系列的人工自动测量数据,以人工称重数据为准对自动土壤水分传感器进行订正。由于采用原状土壤,样本土壤的质地、密度、土壤颗粒和结合紧密度基本没有受到破坏,订正后的自动土壤体积含水量值能更加真实反映台站实际土壤墒情,能够修订人工对比观测期间由于样本空间不足导致的不合理的田间标定方程。     

FDR自动土壤水分数据标定问题及解决方法

针对目前FDR自动土壤水分数据可用性低的实际情况,本文从FDR自动土壤水分站传感器原理出发,结合数据处理流程与方法对湖南60个站点不同层次的标定参数及部分站点的相关观测数据进行了分析,指出目前田间标定法在自然条件下几乎无法得到覆盖土壤各个湿度区间的均匀样本数据,导致二次标定参数不合理是造成FDR自动土壤水分站数据可用性差的根本原因。二次标定方程参数不合理主要表现为方程斜率过大、过小、负值3种情况,导致观测数据增幅过大、常年不变、与实际土壤湿度变化趋势完全相反等问题。最后针对该问题提出了大样本原状取土,实验室标定的解决方法,并对方法进行了初步验证,结果表明该方法能从源头上有效改善土壤水分站观测数据质量。     

乌兰察布市人工测墒与自动土壤水分仪测墒结果分析

通过对察右中旗2011年人工观测与GStar-I C型自动土壤水分仪观测的数据进行对比,分析两种观测方法存在的差异,为自动土壤水分监测仪投入业务化运行提供一定的科学依据。     

711雷达中频衰减造成雨强误差的分析

主要讨论中频衰减引起最小可测功率变化造成雨强的测量误差，便于工作中订正，以提高雷达测量降水的精度     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;