树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列与降水变化

以长白山红松年轮为气候环境变化的生物记录体，通过分析树轮纤维素的稳定碳同位素组成，从树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列中提取生长环境的降水变化信息。研究结果揭示：树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列与东北地区平均年降水量具有基本平行的变化趋势；在长白山乃至东北地区，降水量沿着自身变化趋势是明显的准22年周期性波动。     

沉积有机质中稳定碳同位素逆转现象初探

本文研究了沉积有机质的可溶部分（抽提物）和不溶部分（干酪根）及抽提物的族组分（饱和烃、芳烃、非烃、沥青质）的碳同位素组成特征。通过其δ13C的分布为:干酪根>抽提物;沥青质 >非烃 >芳烃 >饱和烃。研究表明由于生源物质的不同,沉积环境的差异可构沉积有机质碳同位素组成异常。如非烃 >沥青质 >芳烃 >非烃、本文称为沉积有机质碳同位素局部逆转。当沉积有机质可溶部分>干酪根时,称之为总体逆转。湖沼相或河间湖相高等植物来源常为正常组或型;经细菌强烈改造生源以高等植物为主有低等生物为类脂组分加入常形成局部逆转的碳同位素组成。总体逆转则常现于有机质演化程度很高的海相沉积岩中。     

树轮纤维素中氧同位素温度意义

树轮作为自然档案中的一种, 其同位素研究是较为新颖的领域文章比较系统地从树轮纤维素的提取、氧的来源、植物体内氧的分馏、与温度变化的关系等４ 个方面评述了树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的气候学意义已有的研究结果表明, 树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的变化是温度变化的良好载体, 但在定量恢复古温度变化时遇到了不少限制, 有待于进一步完善分馏模型     

树川纤维素中氧同位素温度意义

树轮作为自然档案内的一种,其同位素研究是较为新颖的领域。文章比较系统地从树轮纤维素的提取,氧的来源,植物体内氧的分馏、与温度变化的关系等４个方面评述了树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的气候学意义。已有的研究结果表明,树轮纤维素氧同位素组成的变化是温度变化的良好载体,但在定量恢复古温度变化时遇到了不少限制。有待于进一步完善分馏模型。     

树轮稳定碳同位素与全球变化研究

本文介绍了与全球变化有关的树轮稳定碳同位素的研究现状,分析了树轮δ~(13)与大气CO_2浓度之间的关系,阐明了开展此项研究的目的和意义。通过10~3年尺度的树轮δ~(13)时间序列的研究,可据此分析过去小尺度气候变化的周期性规律,评估人为作用对它的干扰强度,预测未来几十至几百年的气候和环境变迁。     

贺兰山地区树轮碳氧同位素与夏季风降水的相关性讨论

分析了贺兰山地区油松树轮的稳定碳氧同位素组成对环境因素的响应关系 , 发现树轮碳氧同位素组成均与当年 5～ 9月总降水量具有较好的响应关系 , 碳同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈负相关关系 ,而氧同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈正相关关系 ,二者都可较好地反映该地区夏季风降水量的变化.同时 ,碳氧同位素的相关性分析表明二者具有一定程度的负相关性.树轮碳氧同位素的分馏机理十分复杂,其同位素组成不仅与降水量有关,同时还受其他环境因素的影响,单纯利用一种同位素指标来提取相应的气候信息,存在很大的不确定性.在本研究中 ,同时采用两种同位素指标来研究其气候意义 ,使得出的结论更加可靠.因此 ,夏季风降水量是控制该地区树轮稳定碳氧同位素组成的主要因素.     

广东现代樟树树轮纤维素的碳同位素与厄尔尼诺事件的关系

本文对广东阳春河的樟树树轮纤维素△δ13C序列研究发现,厄尔尼诺对树轮C同位素的高频变化的影响有一定的滞后性,一般是厄尔尼诺强度高峰期所对应年的下一年树轮△δ13C值较低.通过谱分析发现,树轮记录的△δ13C序列变化中2～3 a周期与热带气候的"准两年振荡"(QBO)十分一致,这从另一个侧面说明了广东樟树树轮记录了大范围的ENSO信息.其中准4.57 a周期可能与影响全球气候异常的厄尔尼诺事件的周期有关,很可能就是厄尔尼诺事件引起的气候变化对树木生长影响的反映.研究表明,广东厄尔尼诺所引起的气候变化,在树轮同位素中有较好的记录.说明在热湿地区,冬季树木仍有同位素分馏,树轮δ13C依然能记录冬季气温和东亚冬季风强弱的变化.     

树木年轮稳定同位素分析样品前处理方法探讨

树木年轮稳定碳氧氢同位素(δ13C、δ18O和δD)作为树轮气候学、树轮生态学研究的一种重要信息,随同位素分析技术的发展得到广泛应用.在利用树轮同位素指标进行古气候、古环境研究中,对原木样品进行纯化得到α-纤维素及硝化纤维是一项耗时、耗力且又必须进行的前处理步骤.总结了目前国内外多种纤维素和硝化纤维提取的实验流程,综述了树轮同位素样品分析制备的提取流程,并提出了本研究组的纤维提取试验流程,讨论了该方法的可行性及存在的问题.建议实验室在利用树轮同位素指标进行古气候和全球变化生态学研究时,应关注树木年轮同位素样品制备流程差异对最终获取的同位素比率的影响,以消除不同实验流程造成的实验结果上的差异,为树轮同位素指标大范围空间指标比较提供基础.     

埋藏古木的树轮碳同位素作为古气候变化代用指标的可能性

本文对广东不同时代、不同树种的埋藏古木树轮纤维素碳同位素序列研究发现:樟树和山桐子分别在相对炎热潮湿的气候环境中,其树轮δ13C值相对越偏正。结论如下:(1)古山桐子反映冰后期的冷凉气候;(2)古樟代表中全新世的潮湿热带气候;(3)古水松的大批死亡代表了晚全新世和历史时期几次寒冷事件。上述结论说明了古树树轮同位素可以作为古气候变化代用指标的可能性。通过古今对比,丰富了树轮气候学的研究内容。     

中国西部树木年轮δ18O的气候信号

树轮稳定氧同位素比率(δ18O)记录在区域气候重建方面具有一定优势。树轮 δ18O记录受树木生长趋势的影响较小, 保留了丰富的低频信号, 对区域气候变化有较一致的响应。通过对比我国西部1901~2004年树轮 δ18O平均值和降水 δ18O空间分布特征发现, 两者空间分布存在一定的相似性。在青藏高原南部树轮 δ18O为低值, 而青藏高原北部树轮 δ18O为高值。树轮 δ18O平均值随树轮样点纬度的向北偏移而增大。树轮 δ18O与相邻气象站记录响应分析表明, 树轮 δ18O和生长季的温度呈显著正相关, 与生长季降水和相对湿度呈现显著负相关关系。旋转经验正交函数分析和空间响应分析表明, 树轮 δ18O在我国西风影响区的新疆北部主要反映与区域干湿变化相关的气候信号; 树轮 δ18O在西南季风影响的藏东南区主要反映区域水文气候变化信息; 然而, 在季风和西风影响的交汇区域, 树轮 δ18O的区域气候信号相对较弱。     

Hydrogen and carbon isotopic ratios of the cellulose nitrate and saponifiable lipid fractions prepared from annual growth rings of a California redwood

The $\text{D}\text{H}$ and ${}^{13}\text{C}{}^{12}$C ratios of the cellulose nitrate and saponifiable lipid fractions prepared from eleven annual growth rings of a California redwood were determined. The $\text{D}\text{H}$ ratios of the two fractions are related to one another for the annual rings in the sapwood portion of the tree, but not for those in the heartwood or in the wood undergoing the transition from sapwood to heartwood. No relationship was observed between the ${}^{13}\text{C}{}^{12}$ ratios of the two fractions. These results suggest that analysis of the hydrogen isotopic composition of the saponifiable lipid fractions in plants will provide information useful for climatic reconstruction provided the initial isotopic record has not been changed by subsequent physiological or diagenetic processes.     

Comparison of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in Picea glauca tree rings and Sphagnum fuscum moss remains from subarctic Canada

Stable isotope ratios from tree rings and peatland mosses have become important proxies of past climate variations. We here compare recent stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in cellulose of tree rings from white spruce (Picea glauca), growing near the arctic tree line; and cellulose of Sphagnum fuscum stems, growing in a hummock of a subarctic peatland, in west-central Canada. Results show that carbon isotopes in S. fuscum correlate significantly with July temperatures over the past ~20 yr. The oxygen isotopes correlate with both summer temperature and precipitation. Analyses of the tree-ring isotopes revealed summer temperatures to be the main controlling factor for carbon isotope variations, whereas tree-ring oxygen isotope ratios are controlled by a combination of spring temperatures and precipitation totals. We also explore the potential of combining high-frequency (annual) climate signals derived from long tree-ring series with low-frequency (decadal to centennial) climate signals derived from the moss remains in peat deposits. This cross-archive comparison revealed no association between the oxygen isotopes, which likely results from the varying sensitivity of the archives to different seasons. For the carbon isotopes, common variance could be achieved through adjustments of the Sphagnum age model within dating error.     

四川盆地海、陆相烃源岩有机质稳定碳同位素组成变化及其地球化学意义

采用质谱和色谱-同位素质谱技术,测定了500余个干酪根及饱和烃、芳烃组份、正构烷烃的δ13C值,以此揭示了四川盆地海、陆相烃源岩有机碳同位素组成随地质时代的变化特点及其在高成熟阶段的演化特征,并结合其他相关分析资料,应用碳同位素剖析了不同类型海、陆相烃源岩的有机质生源及沉积环境。研究结果表明,该盆地从震旦系灯影组到中三叠统雷口坡组的海相地层中,干酪根的碳同位素组成随层位变新呈逐渐变重的趋势,可能的原因之一是浮游植物的进化作用;而上三叠统须家河组至中侏罗统千佛崖组的陆相有机质碳同位素组成则有反向的年代变化,主要与生源构成和沉积环境性质有关。这些海、陆相烃源岩的有机源难以用干酪根δ13C值进行区分,而可用饱和烃与芳烃组份的δ13C及其CV值来区别。海洋和湖泊不同沉积相带烃源岩的干酪根具有明显不同的δ13C值,结合其他相关资料可识别其有机质来源。煤系地层中煤与泥岩在干酪根碳同位素组成上没有可区分性,而两者有不同的正构烷烃碳同位素分布曲线。从成熟晚期到高-过成熟阶段,海、陆相干酪根的碳同位素均变重1~2‰,煤系泥岩的正构烷烃碳同位素分布曲线由负向线型分布向平直型演变。这些碳同位素的变化特征为油气源对比和烃源识别提供了依据。     

Biogeochemistry of the stable hydrogen isotopes

The fractionation of H isotopes between the water in the growth medium and the organically bonded H from microalgae cultured under conditions, where light intensity and wavelength, temperature, nutrient availability, and the H isotope ratio of the water were controlled, is reproducible and light dependant. All studies were based either on the H isotope ratios of the total organic H or on the lipids, where most of the H is firmly bonded to C. H bonded into other macromolecules, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, does not exchange with water, when algae are incubated in water enriched with deuterium. Only after the destruction of quaternary H bonds are labile hydrogens in macromolecules free to exchange with water. By growing algae (18 strains), including blue-green algae, green algae and diatoms, in continuous light, the isotope fractionations in photosynthesis were reproducibly ?93 to ?178 %. depending on the organism tested. This fractionation was not temperature dependent. Microalgae grown in total darkness with an organic substrate did not show the isotope fractionation seen in cells grown in light. In both light- and dark-grown algae, however, additional depletion of deuterium (?30 to ?60%.) in cellular organic matter occurs during the metabolism of carbohydrates to form lipids. Plants from several natural populations also fractionated isotopes during photosynthesis by an average of ?90 to ?110%. In addition, the organically bonded H in nonsaponifiable lipids was further fractionated by ?80%. from that in saponifiable lipids, isolated from two geographically distinct populations of marsh plants. This difference between H isotope ratios of these two groups of lipids provides an endogenous isotopic marker.     

Effect of sample pretreatment and size fraction on the δ18O and δ13C values of foraminifera in Arabian Sea sediments

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C, respectively) of a planktonic foraminiferal species (Globigerinoides sacculifer) and marble carbonate were measured with and without a variety of pretreatments like ultrasonication, soaking in H₂O₂, methanol and roasting under vacuum. Additionally, organic matter - carbonate mixtures were also analysed with and without the above pretreatments. No significant difference was found in the isotope ratios of treated and untreated samples. It appears that most of the pretreatments may not be necessary when dealing with planktonic foraminifera, especially G. sacculifer. Analysis of two different size fractions (> 400 μm and 250–400 μm) of this species reveals that the smaller size fraction is enriched in ¹⁸O and depleted in ¹³C relative to the bigger size fraction. It is therefore necessary to choose a proper size fraction for isotopic analyses.     

The geochemical significance in early sedimentation of geolipids obtained by saponification of lacustrine sediments

Significant quantities of solvent-inextractable geolipids, obtained by saponification of solvent extracted sediments, were found in various sedimentary samples including soils, river inlet sediment and lake sediments from Lake Suwa.The carbon isotopic composition ($\text{δ}{}^{13}\text{C}$) of extractable and inextractable geolipids from the same sediment sample were similar. Moreover, the carbon number distributions of sterols in the two geolipid fractions from the same sediment were also similar.Whereas the ratios of both lipids and sterols to total organic carbon for the extractable geolipids in the lake sediments decreased with depth, the former ratio for inextractable giolipids tends to increase with depth and the latter remains fairly constant. On the other hand, the stanol to stenol ratio of the extractable fraction increased with depth but that of the inextractable fraction was lower than that of the extractable fraction and was fairly constant irrespective of sediment depth.The transformation of extractable sterols into inextractable ones was not observed during incubation for 1200 days of sterols with Suwa sediments.Thus, the following conclusions were made: (1) the extractable and inextractable geolipids have similar origins, (2) some constituents of the latter may be protected from chemical or microbiological degradation and transformation in the sediments, and (3) the transformation of some constituents of the former into the inextractable ones virtually does not occur after incorporation into Suwa sediments.These results suggest that some constituents of the inextractable geolipid fraction may provide fundamental information on early diagenetic alteration of geolipids in lake sediments and on the relatively recent paleoenvironment.     

Fractionation of hydrogen,oxygen and carbon isotopes in n-alkanes and cellulose of three Sphagnum species

Compound-specific isotope measurements of organic compounds are increasingly important in palaeoclimate reconstruction. Searching for more accurate peat-based palaeoenvironmental proxies, compound-specific fractionation of stable C, H and O isotopes of organic compounds synthesized by Sphagnum were determined in a greenhouse study. Three Sphagnum species were grown under controlled climate conditions. Stable isotope ratios of cellulose, bulk organic matter (OM) and C₂₁–C₂₅ n-alkanes were measured to explore whether fractionation in Sphagnum is species-specific, as a result of either environmental conditions or genetic variation. The oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) of cellulose was equal for all species and all treatments. The hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of the n-alkanes displayed an unexpected variation among the species, with values between −154‰ for Sphagnum rubellum and −184‰ for Sphagnum fallax for the C₂₃ n-alkane, irrespective of groundwater level. The stable carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of the latter also showed a species-specific pattern. The pattern was similar for the carbon isotope fractionation of bulk OM, although the C₂₃ n-alkane was >10‰ more depleted than the bulk OM. The variation in H fractionation may originate in the lipid biosynthesis, whereas C fractionation is also related to humidity conditions. Our findings clearly emphasize the importance of species identification in palaeoclimate studies based on stable isotopes from peat cores.     

Oxygen isotope ratios of cellulose-derived phenylglucosazone: An improved paleoclimate indicator of environmental water and relative humidity

Oxygen atoms within fossil wood provide high-resolution records of climate change, particularly for the Quaternary. However, current analysis methods of fossil cellulose do not differentiate between different positions of the oxygen atoms. Here, we propose a refinement to tree-cellulose paleoclimatology modeling, using the cellulose-derived compound phenylglucosazone as the isotopic substrate. Stem samples from trees were collected at northern latitudes as low as 24°37′N and as high as 69°00′N. We extracted stem water and cellulose from each stem sample and analyzed them for their ¹⁸O content. In addition, we derived the cellulose to phenylglucosazone, a compound which lacks the oxygen attached to the second carbon of the cellulose-glucose moieties. Oxygen isotope analysis of phenylglucosazone allowed us to calculate the ¹⁸O content of the oxygen attached to the second carbon of the cellulose-glucose moieties. By way of these analyses, we tested two hypotheses: first, that the ¹⁸O content of the oxygen attached to second carbon will more closely reflect the ¹⁸O content of the stem water, and will not resemble the ¹⁸O content of either cellulose or its derivative phenylglucosazone. Second, tree-ring models that incorporate the variable oxygen isotope fractionation shown here and elsewhere are more accurate than those that do not. Our first hypothesis was rejected on the basis that the oxygen isotope ratios of the oxygen attached to the second carbon of the glucose moieties had a noisy isotopic signal with a large standard deviation and gave the poorest correlation with the oxygen isotope ratios of stem water. Related to this isotopic noise, we observed that the correlation between oxygen isotope ratios of phenylglucosazone with both stem water and relative humidity were higher than those observed for cellulose. Our hypothesis about tree-ring models which account for changes in the oxygen isotopic fractionation during cellulose synthesis was consistent only for the ¹⁸O content of phenylglucosazone. We showed that the tree-ring model based on the ¹⁸O content of phenylglucosazone was an improvement over existing models that are based on whole cellulose. Additionally, this approach may be used in other cellulose based archives such as peat deposits and lacustrine sediments.     

Stable isotope coherence in the earlywood and latewood of tree-line conifers

Annually resolved and replicated tree-ring stable isotope series have the potential to reconstruct growing season environmental parameters over multi-millennial timescales. As this archive may require only minimal statistical detrending, it has the potential to preserve a large portion of low frequency climate signals. To date, many studies have utilised only the latewood portion of the tree ring, in an attempt to minimize carry-over effects from previous year reserves and maximise the annual nature of the climate signal preserved. However, the old trees from tree-line locations, necessary to build long chronologies, often display narrow ring-widths (< 0.5 mm), making accurate earlywood–latewood separation difficult and particular time consuming. The resulting samples may also be too small for efficient cellulose purification or multiple isotopic determinations. As photosynthates from the current year are predominantly used in conifer ring formation at marginal sites with short growing seasons, latewood separation may not be especially advantageous in determining a useful climate signal and therefore unnecessary where resources are limited. To test this hypothesis, Scots pine from Northern Norway and European larch from the Swiss Alps are used. Both sites are tree-line locations where growth is predominantly temperature limited. Tree rings were cut and extracted to cellulose for both the earlywood and latewood of each annual growth ring and stable carbon isotope ratios were measured. Our results demonstrate a very high common carbon isotope signal between earlywood and latewood in both species (r_larch = 0.68 and r_pine = 0.79), which also show high correlations with summer temperature over the investigated period (AD 1980–2004 for larch and AD 1929–1978 for pine). High turnover rates and small reserve pools at these tree-line locations may account for these high common signals. These results suggest that for European tree-line conifers, the separation of earlywood from latewood is unnecessary to resolve an annual isotopic signal and make a reliable climate calibration. Using the whole ring may provide additional analytical advantages and consequently even improve climate calibrations.