分子遗传标记技术在双壳贝类研究中的应用

分子遗传标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展而出现的遗传学标记技术,它突破了形态和细胞水平上遗传标记的局限性,发挥着独特的优势.分子遗传标记目前已出现了几十种,本文主要介绍了同工酶、RFLP、SSR、RAPD这几种常用的分子遗传标记方法在双壳贝类的分类学、遗传多样性研究、遗传育种研究、病理学研究等方面的应用.通过本文可以看出,分子遗传标记多应用在分类学、遗传多样性、遗传育种方面,涉及的种类较广,但主要集中于珠母贝和牡蛎的研究上.     

海洋经济贝类分子遗传标记及其应用的研究进展

摘 分子遗传标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展而出现的遗传标记技术，它突破了形态和细胞水平上遗传标记的局限性，发挥着独特的优势。本文简要介绍了同工酶、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、mtDNA、SSR等几种常用的分子遗传标记技术方法，并比较了各种技术的优点和局限性；概述了这些遗传标记技术在海洋经济贝类群体遗传结构和变异、遗传分化、遗传育种、种质鉴定、基因定位和构建遗传图谱研究等方面的应用和取得的研究成果。     

用于赤潮藻分子系统学研究的遗传及分子标记

各种遗传标记及分子标记技术被广泛地用于赤潮藻的分子系统学研究,为形态鉴定方法提供了辅助依据,对揭示赤潮生物的多样性有重大的推动作用。通过综述并分析用于赤潮藻分子系统学研究的遗传和分子标记,认为交叉运用各种遗传标记及多种分子标记技术进行分析,是今后快速准确鉴定赤潮藻研究的趋势。     

DNA分子标记技术在海带遗传育种研究中的应用

本文系统地介绍了部分常用的DNA分子标记技术,并结合我国海带养殖情况阐述了遗传标记技术在海带及大型海藻遗传育种中的应用。     

长江口泥螺群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

本研究应用AFLP分子标记技术,对我国长江口泥螺的4个群体(江苏启东,崇明东滩,九段沙湿地国家自然保护区和上海南汇)进行了遗传多样性分析。4对AFLP引物扩增得到577个位点,启东、崇明、九段沙和南汇群体的多态率分别为78.2%、56.0%、58.4%和57.9%。群体总基因多样性为0.2218,显示出较高的遗传多样性水平,且96%以上的遗传变异存在于群体内,群体间的遗传分化极微小(0.0000~0.0404)。群体间Nei’s遗传距离为0.0000~0.0124,主要存在于江苏启东群体和其他3个群体之间。利用STRUCTURE分析群体隐性遗传结构,结果表明长江口泥螺群体有3种遗传来源,同时群体之间有强大的基因流。泥螺较强的扩散能力和海洋开放的环境可能是造成泥螺群体遗传同质性较高的主要原因。     

遗传标记技术在海洋桡足类生物多样性和系统发生研究中的应用

研究回顾遗传标记技术的发展及其在海洋桡足类分类学、群体遗传学、系统发育和分子进化研究等方面的应用情况。     

外来海洋生物的入侵现状及其生态危害

外来生物物种入侵已成为严重的全球性环境问题之一.分析了外来海洋生物的入侵现状、生态危害以及对我国海洋环境的影响,希望引起社会各界重视,展开对外来海洋生物入侵的深入研究,预防外来海洋生物入侵灾害的发生和减轻其对我国生态环境的危害.     

丹江口水库翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR分析

利用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术,分析了丹江口水库野生翘嘴红鲌30个个体的遗传多样性.用10个RAPD引物对其基因组DNA进行扩增,共获得66个重复性好且谱带清晰的扩增位点,片段大小在200--2000bp之间,其中多态性位点24个,多态位点比例为36.36%;个体间遗传距离在0.0338-0.1426之间,平均为0.0941;Shannon信息指数为0.1083.用10个ISSR引物共检测到73个位点,其中多态性位点28个,多态位点比例38.36%;个体间遗传距离在0.0376-O.1652之间.平均为0.1058;Shannon信息指数为0.1196.结果显示,丹江口水库野生翘嘴红鲌的多态位点比例、平均遗传距离和Shannon信息指数均较大,说明其有较丰富的遗传多样性.     

中国近海外来囊藻(Colpomenia peregrina)种群遗传多样性研究

外来囊藻(Colpomeniaperegrina)是一种在潮间带分布广泛的褐藻,它能附着在牡蛎壳上进行跨海区扩散,因而是研究生物多样性变动和生物地理格局形成的良好模型。外来囊藻在中国沿海虽有分布,但关于其种群遗传多样性和分化研究的报道尚为空白。本研究采集了中国近海13个外来囊藻种群样本。通过扩增301条线粒体cox3序列,发现了26个单倍型;通过重建单倍型网络图和基于最大似然法与贝叶斯法重建系统进化树,发现外来囊藻种内遗传多样性较高, 13个种群划分为3个遗传世系,其中浙江南麂列岛的7个种群组成遗传世系A,辽宁和山东的样本则分化为遗传世系B和C。中国近海外来囊藻的这种种群遗传结构可能源于更新世末次盛冰期黄渤海、东海边缘海的环境变化和海平面的大幅下降。遗传世系A具有的较高单倍型多样性,其原因可能是南麂列岛独特的地理位置和潮间带环境的共同作用。     

利用ISSR 分子标记技术分析浙江沿海4 株坛紫菜的遗传多样性

利用 ISSR 分子标记技术对采自浙江省南麂岛和渔山列岛的4株不同形状野生坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)进行了遗传多样性分析.从33条引物中筛选出11条可扩增出清晰条带的引物,在4株坛紫菜中共扩增出62条 DNA 带,其中多态性条带比例达88.71%.遗传距离分析表明4株坛紫菜之间的遗传距离范围是0.3226~0.6129,聚类分析结果表明渔山列岛坛紫菜遗传距离最近,而南麂岛的两株坛紫菜则距离相对较远.该研究说明浙江附近岛屿的野生坛紫菜遗传多样性丰富     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.