磨刀门河口洪季波生流及其泄洪影响

磨刀门已由"径流型"向"径流-波浪型"河口转变,波浪已是该河口主要动力之一,但波浪对河口洪季水流及泄洪的影响缺少研究。在2-D潮流数学模型中添加随潮位实时变化的波浪辐射应力,建立波浪潮流耦合数学模型;波浪求解采用缓坡方程,背景水深由潮流模型实时提供,可通过比较考虑和未考虑波浪影响的河口流场来分析波浪对泄洪的影响。在年均常浪作用下,磨刀门河口洪季涨落潮阶段均有明显的波生环流结构。由于波浪作用方向向陆,波生流减弱了浅滩区的向海余流,增大了浅滩向陆余流;受浅滩向海余流减弱影响,河口动力自调整后形成归槽水流,促使深槽内向海余流增大。波浪有顶托河口泄洪之势,可改变滩槽泄洪分配比例;年均常浪的波高较小,其对潮流及泄洪的影响区域限制在浅水区,故对泄洪的负面影响有限。     

远破波作用数值模拟的CLEAR-VOF模型

在非结构化网格基础上,采用三阶精度的三步有限元方法离散N-S方程,CLEAR-VOF方法追踪运动水体自由表面,建立了数值波浪水槽模型.模拟了远破波冲击位于倾斜底坡上直立堤的过程.对直立堤上波压力和堤前流场的数值结果与模型实验结果做了比较.结果表明,远破波波浪力和流场的数值结果同PIV实验结果吻合较好,该数值波浪水槽模型可较好地模拟远破波的破碎冲击过程.     

深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测研究

以南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定为背景,对深水浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测模型,南海沉积物物理、力学参数,以及神狐海域天然气水合物储集地层井壁稳定的研究现状进行分析和总结,探讨深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测的难点和拟解决的方法,为深水海底天然气水合物浅覆盖层钻井井壁稳定预测提供支持。     

Effect of vorticity on the generation of rogue waves due to dispersive focusing

The kinematic and dynamic of steep two-dimensional focusing wave trains on a shearing flow in deep water are investigated analytically and numerically. In the absence of waves, the vorticity due to the vertical gradient of the horizontal current velocity is assumed constant. A linear kinematic model based on the spatio-temporal evolution of the frequency is derived, predicting the focusing distance and time of a chirped wave packet in the presence of constant vorticity. Furthermore, a linear model, based on a Fourier integral, is used to describe the evolution of the free surface on shearing current. To compute the fully nonlinear evolution of the wave group in the presence of vorticity, a new numerical model, based on a BIEM approach, is developed. On the basis of these different approaches, the role of constant vorticity on rogue wave occurrence is analysed. Two main results are obtained: (1) the linear behaviour expected in the presence of constant vorticity is significantly different from what is commonly expected in the presence of constant current and (2) the nonlinear effects are found to be of significant influence in the case at hand.     

Exchange and pathways of deep and shallow groundwater in different climate and permafrost conditions using the Forsmark site, Sweden, as an example catchment

This study simulates and quantifies the exchange and the pathways of deep and shallow groundwater flow and solute transport under different climate and permafrost conditions, considering the example field case of the coastal Forsmark catchment in Sweden. A number of simulation scenarios for different climate and permafrost condition combinations have been performed with the three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport model MIKE SHE. Results show generally decreasing vertical groundwater flow with depth, and smaller vertical flow under permafrost conditions than under unfrozen conditions. Also the overall pattern of both the vertical and the horizontal groundwater flow, and the water exchange between the deep and shallow groundwater systems, change dramatically in the presence of permafrost relative to unfrozen conditions. However, although the vertical groundwater flow decreases significantly in the presence of permafrost, there is still an exchange of water between the unfrozen groundwater system below the permafrost and the shallow groundwater in the active layer, via taliks. ‘Through taliks’ tend to prevail in areas that constitute groundwater discharge zones under unfrozen conditions, which then mostly shift to net recharge zones (through taliks with net downward flow) under permafrost conditions.     

内陆河三角洲堆积体形成发展过程

通过概化水槽试验对水流泥沙从内陆河进入浅水湖泊后的三角洲堆积体形成发展过程进行研究。试验结果表明,在平面形态上,三角洲堆积体的形成发展过程可分3个阶段:第一阶段,水流泥沙在初期依次按小沙波体、带状沙波体、扇形三角洲堆积体和舌状三角洲堆积体形态形成发展,堆积体表面无明显主河槽且两侧区域无串沟;第二阶段,水流泥沙沿堆积体表面河槽在左侧区域和右侧区域之间交替推进;第三阶段,水流泥沙沿新河槽在摆动中同步推进。在纵向推进中,第一阶段初始较大,受横向展宽影响逐渐减弱;第二阶段以相对稳定的速率交替推进;第三阶段呈减弱趋势,最终保持同步推进速率。在垂向上,堆积体以稳定的速率淤积抬高发展;在横向上,水流泥沙在河槽主流摆动中不断横向输移泥沙。     

Vertical sediment fluxes and wave-induced sediment resuspension in a shallow-water coastal lagoon

The present study describes variations in the vertical fluxes measured concurrently with sediment traps at both a shallow water (4 m) and a deeper water (7.5 m) position in a coastal lagoon in April 1995. A tripod equipped with five sediment traps (trap openings at 0.35 m, 0.75 m, 1.05 m, 1.40 m, and 1.80 m above the seabed) was placed at the shallow water position. This tripod was deployed three times during the study period and deployment periods varied between 2 d and 5 d. The second sediment trap, placed at the deep water position in the central part of the lagoon, measured vertical flux for intervals of 12 h at 1.4 m above the seabed. The horizontal distance between the sediment traps was 8 km. The average maximum vertical flux at the shallow water position reached 27.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ during a period of high, westerly wind speeds, and a maximum vertical flux of 16.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was reached at the deep water position during a period of high, easterly wind speeds. Both strong resuspension events were closely related to increased wave shear stress derived from surface waves. Maximum wave-induced resuspension rate was 10 times higher at the shallow water position and 3.8 times higher at the deep water position compared with the net sedimentation rate in the lagoon. Small resuspension events occurred at the shallow water position during periods of increased current shear stress, Estimations of conditions for transport of sediment between shallow water and deep water showed that particles must be resuspended to a height between 3 m and 4 m and that current speeds must be higher than about 0.1 m s⁻¹. An average sedimentation rate of 3.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was obtained at the shallow water position during a period without wave shear stress and low current shear stress. This rate measured by sediment traps is similar to a net sedimentation rate in the lagoon of 4.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹, which was determined by radiocarbon dating of a sediment core (Kristensen et al. 1995).     

泥浆侵入致密气层双侧向电阻率变化模拟研究

井眼压力高于地层压力会导致泥浆侵入,电阻率测井响应受到泥浆侵入的影响而不能真正反映地层的电阻率特性。笔者依据双侧向电阻率测井的基本机理,气-水两相渗流方程及传导对流方程,进行仿真模拟,得到泥浆侵入高矿化度致密气层的二维轴对称模型。研究含水饱和度、地层电阻率以及深浅侧向井壁电场分布随侵入时间的变化规律。研究发现:随着侵入时间的增加,含水饱和度增大,地层电阻率减小;泥浆侵入对致密气层深浅侧向测井响应都产生一定的影响,导致致密气层深浅侧向电阻率幅度差比常规储层深浅侧向电阻率幅度差大,幅度差峰值出现较早。     

中国陆相盆地油页岩形成环境与成矿机制*

近10年来,油页岩勘探开发和成矿理论研究取得重要进展。作者在前期研究和系统调研的基础上,概要总结了中国陆相油页岩的形成环境和成矿机制。总体表明,油页岩易形成于相对较高的O₂和低CO₂浓度的大气背景下,具有4个主要成矿期次;盆地内构造和古气候协同控制油页岩的矿床规模,补偿环境易于形成深水油页岩,而过补偿环境沉积浅水油页岩;深水油页岩沉积于半深湖和深湖环境中,湖底均处于贫氧—缺氧的状态,生物生产力为控制油页岩品质的关键因素,有利条件的持续时间和低含氧区范围决定油页岩矿床的规模;浅水油页岩沉积于湖沼环境中,富营养化和浊水藻型湖泊是沉积油页岩的前提,湖泊自身恢复和古气候调节作用导致油页岩厚度小、横纵向非均质性强;部分地质事件,缺氧、火山活动和热液、海侵,有助于提高生物生产力和形成缺氧环境,促进油页岩沉积。基于油页岩形成环境归纳,总结出深水和浅水油页岩成矿机制。进一步结合中国大陆区域构造演化,认为中国油页岩时空分布主要受控于古亚洲、特提斯和环太平洋构造域的影响。     

中国陆相盆地油页岩形成环境与成矿机制

近10年来,油页岩勘探开发和成矿理论研究取得重要进展.作者在前期研究和系统调研的基础上,概要总结了中国陆相油页岩的形成环境和成矿机制.总体表明,油页岩易形成于相对较高的O2和低CO2浓度的大气背景下,具有4个主要成矿期次;盆地内构造和古气候协同控制油页岩的矿床规模,补偿环境易于形成深水油页岩,而过补偿环境沉积浅水油页岩...     

Dynamic Field Division of Hydrocarbon Migration,Accumulation and Hydrocarbon Enrichment Rules in Sedimentary Basins

Hydrocarbon distribution rules in the deep and shallow parts of sedimentary basins are considerably different, particularly in the following four aspects. First, the critical porosity for hydrocarbon migration is much lower in the deep parts of basins: at a depth of 7000 m, hydrocarbons can accumulate only in rocks with porosity less than 5%. However, in the shallow parts of basins (i.e., depths of around 1000 m), hydrocarbon can accumulate in rocks only when porosity is over 20%. Second, hydrocarbon reservoirs tend to exhibit negative pressures after hydrocarbon accumulation at depth, with a pressure coefficient less than 0.7. However, hydrocarbon reservoirs at shallow depths tend to exhibit high pressure after hydrocarbon accumulation. Third, deep reservoirs tend to exhibit characteristics of oil (–gas)–water inversion, indicating that the oil (gas) accumulated under the water. However, the oil (gas) tends to accumulate over water in shallow reservoirs. Fourth, continuous unconventional tight hydrocarbon reservoirs are distributed widely in deep reservoirs, where the buoyancy force is not the primary dynamic force and the caprock is not involved during the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. Conversely, the majority of hydrocarbons in shallow regions accumulate in traps with complex structures. The results of this study indicate that two dynamic boundary conditions are primarily responsible for the above phenomena: a lower limit to the buoyancy force and the lower limit of hydrocarbon accumulation overall, corresponding to about 10%–12% porosity and irreducible water saturation of 100%, respectively.     

On wave–current interaction by the Green–Naghdi equations in shallow water

This work is on the use of the Green–Naghdi (GN) nonlinear wave equations for simulating wave–current interaction in shallow water. The stream-function wave theory is used at the wave-maker boundary to generate nonlinear incident waves to consider the wave–current interaction. The nonlinear GN equations are solved in the time domain by use of the finite-difference method. The model is evaluated with data from three experimental studies. A strong opposing current over a submerged bar is investigated in the first test case. In the second test case, the interaction of waves with a uniform current over flat bottom is considered. In the third case, wave–current interaction over a variable bathymetry with the following and opposing currents is studied. The numerical results obtained by the GN equations are compared with the experimental data and results based on the Boussinesq equations. A good agreement is obtained for the three experimental studies considered for a wide range of wave and current conditions.     

Comparison of linear and nonlinear shallow wave water equations applied to tsunami waves over the China Sea

This paper discusses the applications of linear and nonlinear shallow water wave equations in practical tsunami simulations. We verify which hydrodynamic theory would be most appropriate for different ocean depths. The linear and nonlinear shallow water wave equations in describing tsunami wave propagation are compared for the China Sea. There is a critical zone between 400 and 500 m depth for employing linear and nonlinear models. Furthermore, the bottom frictional term exerts a noticeable influence on the propagation of the nonlinear waves in shallow water. We also apply different models based on these characteristics for forecasting potential seismogenic tsunamis along the Chinese coast. Our results indicate that tsunami waves can be modeled with linear theory with enough accuracy in South China Sea, but the nonlinear terms should not be neglected in the eastern China Sea region.     

琼东南盆地深水区泥-流体底辟发育特征与天然气成藏

琼东南盆地深水区发育泥-流体底辟构造,为油气垂向运移提供通道。文章基于琼东南区域构造与沉积演化认识,利用高精度三维地震资料,对深水区底辟构造进行了系统研究,识别出了底辟的分布范围,并分析了其发育机制以及对天然气成藏的控制作用。琼东南盆地深水区底辟主要发育在乐东—陵水凹陷结合部的陵南斜坡带及凸起之上,向凹陷中心规模逐渐减小。新近纪时期盆地快速沉降和生烃作用共同导致了深部异常高压的存在,其为底辟发育提供了原始的驱动力;陵南斜坡带古近纪发育的断裂为区域内的构造薄弱带,且在新近系发生活化为异常高压释放提供突破口,进而导致了底辟的形成,即底辟形成时间为新构造运动时期。底辟构造可沟通崖城组烃源岩及黄流组、莺歌海组储集体,是深水西区油气垂向运移的主要通道,控制了天然气藏的分布。根据底辟构造与烃源、储层的配置关系,提出了陵南斜坡带和松南低凸起区是深水区下步勘探的重点区带。     

规则波作用下刚性挺水植物波生流试验研究

通过在波浪水槽中进行一系列物理模型试验研究规则波作用下刚性挺水植物波生流特性,测试了2种水深和不同入射波况条件下的波生时均流速并对比了挺水植物有茎与无茎时波生流的情况,基于假设检验分别对挺水植物的拖曳力长度尺度、植物特征参数建立模型。研究结果表明:在茎密度为60株/m2时,波生流仍以根部作用为主要因素,对沉水植物公式进行拓展,据此提出挺水植物时均流速最大值预测公式;茎部对时均流速均方根具有衰减作用,且茎部在根部及根部上方区域产生的相对衰减强度,与厄塞尔数呈抛物线函数关系;在簇状根系分布下,茎部对垂向流速结构起稳定作用,尤其是在时均流速最大值所对应的量纲一垂直位置。     

Experimental study on the formation and development law of delta deposition in shallow and narrow water basins

This study conducted a generalized experiment of non-uniform sediment, in order to examine the formation and development laws of delta deposition in shallow and narrow water basins caused by constant water and sediment flow. A test of 425 h in duration is presented in this paper, and the results obtained from the experiment are as follows. First, the evolution process can be divided into two stages before the front of the sediment deposition reaches the outlet of the flume. In stage one, the front advancing of the deposition follows a certain cycle, and the front of the delta has an alternative development between the longitudinal advancing and lateral widening along the flume. The sediment first occurs longitudinally advancing along the water flow direction to make the front of the delta spread in the shape of a fan and lift through the constant deposition. Then, after the front deposition has been lifted, the topographical gradient along the way decelerates, which leads to the diversion water flowing toward the areas at both sides and constant lateral widening development. Next, after the lateral transport is blocked on the two side walls, the flow sediment turns back, inclines toward the central area, undergoing inclined spreading in a fan shape, and deposition lifting and development constantly occur during this process of spreading. With the increase of the test duration, the delta deposits in the area of both sides constantly undergo deposition and lifting, the water flow is centered and returned to the flume, then turns to the central area to further lift the deposition in the front of the delta through longitudinal advancing, and the above process is repeated. In stage two, the front of the delta deposition develops progressively without stagnation. Sediment constantly advances along the swinging flume, which causes the delta deposit to undergo deposition and lifting development in the swinging. Second, the paper analyzes the changes of the longitudinal advancing rate, lateral widening, and vertical deposition lifting rate shown in the two development stages of the delta. Finally, the paper analyzes the factors influencing the two development stages of the delta. The transportation of water flow and sediment is mainly controlled by three factors: the inertia of the inflow from the inlet, topography of the bed, and the side walls of the flume. In the evolution of the delta sediment deposition, the first influencing factor only acts in the initial stage, while the second and third factors are the dominating factor altering periodically in stage one, which results in the cycling of the front advancing. Meanwhile, in stage two, the evolution of the delta deposition is dominated by the other two factors.     

Application of VES and TDEM techniques to investigate sea water intrusion in Sidi Abdel Rahman area, northwestern coast of Egypt

The present study is an approach to detect the sea/freshwater interface in Sidi Abdel Rahman area, northwestern coast of Egypt using both vertical electrical sounding and time domain electromagnetic. The measured vertical electrical soundings are interpreted in 1D and 2D manner. The 1D inversion is carried out using the commercial software (RESIST), whereas 2D resistivity nonlinear iterative inversion scheme based on the finite element technique and regularization method was used. The time domain electromagnetic stations are interpreted using Temixxl-4 software by Interpex Ltd. To have the advantages of the vertical electrical sounding in shallow depths and time domain electromagnetic in deep depths, a joint inversion algorithm is applied for the electric profile and the nearby electromagnetic profile. Very low resistivity values have been observed near the coast as well as a considerable salt/fresh water interface. The tip-top portion of the interface lies approximately 1,000 m from the shore line.     

山西省热矿水形成机制分析

本文以系统理论为指导，在深入研究地质北景的基础上，通过研究热矿水的含水介质，水动力场，水化学物和温度场的特征，划分了热矿水系统，探讨了热矿水的起源及形成机制，将山西热矿水的形成归纳为异常增温型和正常增温型两种基本模式，异常增温型又根据地质结构的不同，地下水径流条件的差异，列举了三种典型模式，最后指出了寻找热矿水的方向，开发利用热矿资源应注意的问题。     

准噶尔盆地西北部地层压力演化与油气成藏有利动力条件研究

准噶尔盆地西北部发育异常高压,异常高压是油气垂向运移的重要动力条件,目前已经在超压带上发现大量高压油气藏。为了揭示现今地层压力特征,恢复成藏期古压力演化特征。利用测井方法和2D盆地模拟技术,得到超压的分布和演化特征,并讨论了超压对油气运移的影响。结果表明,研究区单井地层压力结构可以分为三类;由古至今,各地层超压逐渐变大,超压由浅部地层向深部地层逐渐变大;各时期平面上超压分布呈规律性变化,整体上是由西北部向东南部逐渐增大;超压的分布和演化成为油气垂向运移有利动力条件,对研究区高压油气藏的形成具有重要的意义。     

Advances in Oxygenation Theory and Technology in Deep Lakes

Deep lakes always maintain vertical thermal stratification due to their physical structure. The thermocline prevents the transfer of oxygen from epilimnion to hypolimnion, leading to the formation of anoxic conditions in deeper water, the enhanced release of endogenous pollutants and the deterioration of water quality. Oxygenation is an effective measure to improve the water quality of deep lakes and mitigate the release of endogenous pollutants via the increase of the oxygen level in water. This paper provided an overview of the method and theory of oxygenation in deep lakes. Advantages and limitations of different methods of oxygenation, including artificial destratification, airlift aerators, Speece cone and bubble plume diffusers, were discussed. In addition, challenges and prospects of oxygenation were assessed based on the analyzing of typical examples of oxygenation in deep lakes and the difference in oxygenation system used in deep lakes and shallow lakes.