蒸发测定方法*

土壤一植物一大气系统,实际上可以看成为地球表层中的一个界而。它是一个多种物理、化学和生物过程变化和能量物质迁移运动最为剧烈的活动层。在这一系统中水的运动和循环过程又尤为活跃。在水循环的几个环节中,蒸发占着特别重要的地位。热量的释放和吸收是什随着蒸发过程同时进行的。于是蒸发A把物质守恒方程和热量平衡方程两者联系起来。同时,蒸发又是植物生命节奏中的重耍环节,它与植物生理活动和生物产量有密切关系。因此,自然蒸发的研究始终是地理学、气象学、植物牛理生态学、水文学、土壤学和农学等许多学科共同关心的课题。     

新水热平衡联系方程的建立及其在水文学应用的可能途径

一、问题的提出对于多年平均情况,地表面水分平衡可表示为:r=f+E (1)式中 r 为平均年降水量(毫米);f 为平均年径流量(毫米);E 为平均年蒸发量(毫米)。对全年平均情况来说,地表面热量平衡可用简化方程表示:R=P+LE (2)式中 R 为年辐射平衡(千卡/厘米~2);P 为年乱流热通量(千卡/厘米~2);L 为蒸发潜热,约等于0.59千卡/克。上述两个方程,除常数 L 外,尚有5个分量,通常需要有其中三个因子方能求解。М.И.布德科(Будыко)在前人工作的基础上,得到公式:E=(R/Lth(Lr)/Rr(1-e~((-R)/(Lr)))) (3)式中 th 是双曲线正切函数。这个公式使水分平衡各分量和热量平衡各分量建立了内在联系,因此,称之谓水热平衡联系方程。这个方程曾得到较为普遍的应用。     

用自然地理观点探讨蒸发力

蒸发在地理环境研究中具有关键性作用。蒸发力的概念起初是随研究蒸发而提出来的,凡提到蒸发时,往往要提到蒸发力。但研究蒸发力的意义,远不只这一点。现在从事蒸发力研究的,不但有气象学家,水文学家,土壤和植被方面的专家,还有从事农业及生态系统研究的专家。我们则主要从自然地理的角度来探讨。早在二十多年前,黄秉维先生     

试论地理环境的地域分异规律

一、地理环境的地域分异的形成所谓地理环境,通常是指环绕于人类社会的整个自然界,又称自然环境或者自然地理环境。它是由地球表面的地形、气候、水文、生物、土壤等要素,通过密切的相互(?)用而组成的。研究地理环境,既要探讨其整体性,又要探讨其差异性。地理环境的整体性,是指地理环境各组成要素和各组成部分之间的内在联系性。它们之间互相联系、互相制约和互相渗透,从而形成一个整体。一个要素影响另一个要素,这个要素的变化影响另外要素的变化。     

苏联水平衡研究

一、水平衡研究的意义与作用水平衡能够定量的揭示和反映自然界水分循环的规律和气候因素与下垫面相互作用的结果。它同热量平衡一起,是研究流域水文气象规律的物理基础。也是科学地评价水资源的理论依据和基本的计算方法。     

冬小玫能量平衡及蒸散分配的季节变化分析

本文分析了华北平原冬小麦生态系统辐射收支，热量平衡以及蒸散在冠层蒸腾和土壤蒸发之间的分配特征。     

东亚地区地球—大气系统和大气的辐射平衡

地球-大气系统和大气的辐射平衡是它们的热量平衡的重要粗成部分,这两个问题的研究对于了解地球上太阳辐射能的转换过程、地球和大气的热状况、大气的动态、气候形成的规律性以及与上述问题有关的实际的或理论性问题的综合探讨都具有重要的意义。     

东亚地区地球—大气系统和大气的辐射平衡

地球-大气系统和大气的辐射平衡是它们的热量平衡的重要粗成部分,这两个问题的研究对于了解地球上太阳辐射能的转换过程、地球和大气的热状况、大气的动态、气候形成的规律性以及与上述问题有关的实际的或理论性问题的综合探讨都具有重要的意义。     

蒸发皿蒸发过程中水稳定同位素分馏的实验与模拟

为了有效评估平衡分馏模式和动力分馏模式模拟水稳定同位素分馏的合理性,开展了不同大气条件下的蒸发皿蒸发实验和2种模式的模拟试验,实验与模拟结果表明:随着蒸发的进行,蒸发皿剩余水体中稳定同位素不断富集,同位素的分馏速率与蒸发速率成正比,并表现出夏季高、冬季低的特点;但在降水发生时段,蒸发水体稳定同位素容易受到相对湿度和大气水汽稳定同位素的影响,出现贫化现象。受到温度和相对湿度等蒸发条件的影响,实测蒸发线斜率呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。4次实验剩余水体中的过量氘随着剩余水比率(f)的变化总体上呈下降趋势,降水时段的过量氘出现上升现象。在模拟试验中,与平衡模拟结果相比,动力模拟再现水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素变化的能力更强,能体现出实际蒸发过程中水稳定同位素比率随f变化的细节;动力模拟的蒸发线更能反映实际蒸发过程;过量氘的动力模拟值更接近实测值的大小及其变化趋势。     

荒漠下垫面陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

建立了一个研究荒漠下垫面陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式. 模拟了荒漠下垫面的土壤环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征.并对主要的环境物理参数进行了敏感性实验.结果表明,本模式能合理地模拟荒漠下垫面地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、地表植被蒸发散阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等.该模式还可进一步应用于研究区域陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制,及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域环境生态和气候的研究.     

互补相关蒸散发理论与应用研究

本文提出和建立了一个计算蒸散发能力和饱和湿润表面蒸散发量的经验公式,并把互补相关模型应用到湖北省十六个流域,江汉平原水网区和东湖的蒸散发估计。模型的计算值同水量估计值以及蒸发的研究和计算提供了另一条简便易行的途径。     

干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算方法

本文从试验资料出发,分析了干旱缺水条件下的麦田蒸散规律,以水量平衡方程为基础,且综合考虑影响麦田蒸散的天气条件、土壤水分状况和小麦本身的生物学特性,选用蒸发力、相对土壤有效含水量和作物的叶面积指数三因素建立了干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算模型以及农田土壤水分变化的预测方法。     

水文循环模拟中蒸散发估算方法综述

为选取基于水文循环估算蒸散发方法提供依据, 首先对常用水文模型中蒸散发估算方法进行回顾, 根据其物理机理的强弱性, 将水文模型中蒸散估算方法分为整体折算法和分类汇总法。当前水文模型中整体折算法占较大比重, 它们之间的差异有两点:一是潜在蒸散发估算方法不同;二是土壤干燥度折算函数不同;研究表明:由于水文模型存在不确定性及Penman-Monteith 方法具有较高资料要求, 致使模拟中使用该方法与使用其它简化经验公式相似或更差的水文循环模拟效果。所以对于不同水文模型, 如何选取与之复杂程度相兼容的潜在蒸散发估算方程和土壤干燥度折算函数来降低模型的不确定性需进一步讨论。在此基础上, 预估基于水文循环估算蒸散发方法朝着复杂机理化和简单实用化两个方向发展。     

西沙赵述岛地表蒸散发实验

蒸散是岛礁水循环过程中的重要组成部分,对保护珊瑚岛礁生态有重要意义。2018年6月27日—2018年8月8日利用自制的微型蒸渗仪及蒸发皿,在中国西沙群岛赵述岛开展了野外蒸散观测实验,获得了岛礁砂壤土裸地雨后实际蒸发速率,以及不同下垫面及钙质砂质地情形下潜在蒸散特征。其中,砂壤土裸地实际蒸发观测表明,雨后第2日至第4日平均蒸发速率为（1.6±0.2） mm/d,第5日至第7日迅速下降,7日后蒸发速率逐渐稳定在（0.5±0.2）mm/d,实际蒸发过程受土壤含水量调节,裸地实际蒸发（E）与蒸发皿潜在蒸发（E_o）的比值E/E_o与土壤表层含水量关系表明两者呈明显的线性相关。蒸散控制实验表明,蒸渗仪潜在蒸散呈现空旷地草地>空旷地砂壤土>林间带草地>林间带砂壤土的规律,林间带遮挡减少草地蒸散比减少裸地蒸发影响更加明显。裸地蒸发速率受岛礁钙质砂质影响,岛礁钙质砂颗粒越大,快速蒸发阶段持续时间越短,蒸发速率越小。微型蒸渗仪日蒸发量和午间蒸发速率呈一定线性相关,其中细粒钙质砂、中粒钙质砂及砂壤土三种土壤类型两者相关性更加明显。     

Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

1 IntroductionSalinization is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions in relation to land use and in particular to agricultural production[1]. Excessive salinity leads to toxicity in crops and reduction of the availability of water to crops, by reducing the osmotic potential of the soil solution[2]. Movement of soil water induces solute transport, and solutes are transferred towards the ground surface by the upward soil-water movement caused by evaporation, resulting in an accu…     

水文循环模拟中蒸散发估算方法综述(英文)

Actual evapotranspiration is a key process of hydrological cycle and a sole term that links land surface water balance and land surface energy balance.Evapotranspiration plays a key role in simulating hydrological effect of climate change,and a review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models is of vital importance.This paper firstly summarizes the evapotranspiration estimation methods applied in hydrological models and then classifies them into the integrated converting methods and the classification gathering methods by their mechanism.Integrated converting methods are usually used in hydrological models and two differences exist among them:one is in the potential evaporation estimation methods,while the other in the function for defining relationship between potential evaporation and actual evapotranspiration.Due to the higher information requirements of the Penman-Monteith method and the existing data uncertainty,simplified empirical methods for calculating potential and actual evapotranspiration are widely used in hydrological models.Different evapotranspiration calculation methods are used depending on the complexity of the hydrological model,and importance and difficulty in the selection of the most suitable evapotranspiration methods is discussed.Finally,this paper points out the prospective development trends of the evapotranspiration estimating methods in hydrological modeling.     

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, "relative evaporation" and "relative drying power", a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.     

“蒸发悖论”在黄河流域的探讨

利用黄河流域72个气象站点1960-2010年的气象资料,系统分析了过去51年间气温、降水量以及潜在蒸散量的变化趋势,研究了气温、降水量与潜在蒸散量之间的长期变化趋势关系,对影响潜在蒸散量下降的主要因子进行了探讨,重点对黄河流域是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.研究结果表明:(1)过去51年间,黄河流域内气温增加显著、潜在蒸散量呈下降趋势,总体上存在“蒸发悖论”;(2)“蒸发悖论”具有空间上和时间上的不一致性,随着气温增加,春、夏、冬三季潜在蒸散量呈减少趋势,减少区域主要集中于山西、河南大部分区域以及甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西等少部分区域;时间上主要表现在1960-1979年潜在蒸散量变化趋势不明显,1980-2010年气温与潜在蒸散量变化趋势在空间分布上的逆向关系更加明显;(3)过去51年间,降水量无论是年际还是夏、秋季变化趋势都不明显,降水量与潜在蒸散量时空变化分布上大体呈现逆向变化关系;(4)从气象要素变化对潜在蒸散量变化的贡献率来看,近51年来风速的明显减小是导致黄河流域潜在蒸散量减少的主导因素.     

Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

Properties of the soil surface layer, the temporal pattern of the microclimate variables as well as crop condition were combined to analyze the characteristics of the evapotranspiration from winter wheat fields in a saline soil area. In order to accomplish this analysis, evapotranspiration was divided into evaporation from the soil and transpiration from wheat. Moreover, the effect of soil salinity on evapotranspiration was evaluated through the relationship between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration (Ea/Eo) and the total soil water potential (y) was divided into two components: matric potential (yM) and osmotic potential (yo). Two sites with different salinity levels were chosen for this study, located in Hebei Province, China. Measurements were conducted in April-May 1997 and May 1998. The Bowen ratio method was used to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (Ea), whereas potential evapotranspiration (Eo) was estimated using Penman’s equation. Measurements of soil evaporation (Es) were obtained with micro-lysimeters, and transpiration was calculated from the difference between Ea and Es. The results show that transpiration comprised on average almost 80 % of total evapotranspiration. Evaporation from the soil differed slightly between years, but this variation was dominated by the leaf area index (LAI), which ranged from 4 to 5 during the study period of 1997 and 1998. Soil electric conductivity (EC), which is directly related to osmotic potential, ranged from 1.9 to 3.5 mS cm-1 in 1997 and was negligible in 1998. Our results indicate that lower osmotic potential decreases the total soil water potential, thus affecting plant transpiration. Hence, it is possible to say that soil salinity actually decreases evapotranspiration from winter wheat fields.     

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.