基于小振幅波方程的起伏海面构建及其对地震波场传播特性的影响

海面起伏状态对波场传播以及模型空间成像有着非常重要的影响,在常规海洋地震数据采集和处理中,都是将海面作为水平界面处理,实际海洋地震数据采集中,由于海水受风浪、洋流等的影响,海面呈现高低起伏状态,这样来自底层反射界面的反射波经过海水起伏界面反射后会引起波场的强烈散射,从而造成地震记录反射波同相轴抖动和畸变,最终影响成像效果.为了更加深入了解起伏海面存在对波场传播以及偏移成像的影响,本文首先基于流体力学小振幅波方程,从边界条件出发,给出包含海浪谱信息的动态边界条件,并在此基础上构建起伏海面速度模型;然后在构建的起伏海面速度模型上通过冻结不同时刻海面开展波场传播特征分析,研究起伏海面在不同冻结时刻下波场传播规律以及对反射地震记录和偏移成像的影响.研究结果表明,不管是对于简单的层状介质模型还是海底较为复杂的大水深模型,海面不同形态的起伏变化直接影响着波场记录以及波场快照形态,同时会对偏移成像结果造成较大影响,随着海水深度的增加,该影响对于简单模型影响逐渐变小,但对于复杂模型,影响依然很严重.     

华夏古陆于奥陶-志留纪之交的扩展证据和机制探索

地层、古生物和群落古生态资料记录了一次发生在奥陶-志留纪之交、“江-绍断裂带”西北侧(浙西、浙西北和赣东北隅)海域生物相、沉积相和古地理格局的重大变化. 晚奥陶世凯迪晚期研究南区西缘为“怀玉山地”(新名), 东南缘为浙赣海; 在长坞组沉积早期, 从“怀玉山地”向东北方海水加深, 已知最深水域在江山-龙游-兰溪一带, 海域呈现西南浅、北东深的格局; 长坞组沉积中晚期, 海底快速抬升, 原先的深水域显著变浅甚至海水退出, 海面下跌略早于奥陶纪末全球范围的海面下降事件. 到赫南特期和志留纪初鲁丹早期, 由于“华夏古陆”从东南方进入且快速扩大, 本区变成了浅水海湾并滋生了华夏正形贝动物群. 海面的大幅度下降、生物群面貌和性质的剧烈变化以及浅水底栖壳相生物的大批迁入, 均发生在奥陶-志留纪交界期内, 这是与特殊而强烈的区域地质构造活动密不可分的. 它暗示了当时“扬子”与“华夏”两个地块的构造演化和汇聚拼合过程, 并造成了“华夏古陆”随后向西北扩展的强大态势.     

起伏海面对反射地震偏移成像结果的影响

实际海面受风浪的影响是个随机起伏的复杂曲面.一个随机起伏的自由表面对地震波形成相当复杂的散射,进而影响波场在靶区的二次照明与成像结果;此外,起伏海面具有小尺度随机起伏的特性,难以用贴体网格等处理大尺度起伏地表的常规方法和技术对其进行逼近和处理.鉴于此,利用不等距有限差分法实现小尺度起伏海面的波场自由表面边界条件,以此进行正演、波场照明分析;利用逆时偏移（Reverse Time Migration,RTM）进行起伏海面下的成像并对成像结果进行分析.不同模型的试算结果表明：起伏海面引起的复杂散射使靶区地下照明不均匀、成像界面发生弯曲和畸变,从而降低成像结果的分辨率和信噪比.     

利用全极化微波辐射计资料反演台风境内海面风场

作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,全极化微波辐射计不仅可以提供海面风速产品,还可以提供海面风向产品.以往利用全极化微波辐射计观测亮温进行海面风场反演仅在晴空条件下进行,本文通过对观测亮温结合台风区域海面风场的分布特征进行分析,验证了全极化微波辐射计具有在台风等恶劣天气条件下进行海面风场观测的能力.基于敏感性分析实验,确定使用6.8 GHz和10.7 GHz等低频通道组合可进行台风区域内海面风场反演.其中,海面风速反演使用基于统计的多元线性回归算法,同时对海面温度、大气水汽含量、云中液态水含量及降水强度等物理量进行反演计算,为海面风向反演做准备.海面风向反演使用物理统计法进行,借鉴散射计风向反演使用的最大似然估计法.通过在全极化辐射传输前向模型中加入降水对大气透过率的影响、设计第三和第四Stokes通道亮温环境影响修正函数,在实现台风区域内海面风向反演的同时减小了反演误差.通过对“云娜”台风境内海面风场进行数值计算,验证了本文反演算法的可行性,并对反演误差的空间分布特征进行了分析.将2004年各台风过程的海面风场反演结果与散射计风场产品进行对比,海面风速和海面风向反演的均方根误差分别为1.64 m·s^-1和18.02°.     

含破碎海浪海面起伏统计的理论模型

在常动量通量海面风漂流层内, 基于所导出的海浪能量和涡度变化首次积分与破碎的运动学判据和数学合理性判据, 推演出一致的破碎海面起伏表示和海浪破碎发生条件, 从而用Heaviside函数组合的方法给出破碎海浪海面起伏的函数表达式. 基于所导出的破碎海浪海面起伏函数表达式和海浪总是小波陡的事实, 提出一种包括基底海浪、弱非线性海浪和破碎海浪的海浪海面起伏三重复合函数表示. 海浪的三重复合函数表示和基底海浪的正态分布律的总合, 就是所提出的海浪海面起伏统计数学物理模型.     

三维重磁场“曲化平”的一个方法

本文从勘探地球物理的实际需要和特点出发,探讨了重磁位场解析延拓的数学提法,给出一套较为实用的数值解法。所论述的原理、方法适用于三维空间任意起伏地形条件下的重磁位场曲化平计算,可做“上延拓”计算,也可做“下延拓”计算。在一个比较复杂的理论模型上所做的方法检验表明“上延”和“下延”都取得了较好的效果。     

长源距声波测井资料分析处理

本文对长源距声波测井记录的波列特征进行分析,综述时域及频域处理信号的方法.阐明首波检测法、波形相似相关法、直接相位法的特点.讨论“软”、“硬”地层的不同特点,研究相应纵波、横波、管波的特征及其提取方法.并对“软”地层中管波速度反演横渡速度的模型进行了讨论.     

弯曲界面上折射波形图特征的模拟实验

本文引用超声波地震模拟实验的结果讨论了弯曲界面上折射法地震记录的特征。实验结果指出,当折射界面位于一定的深度时,时距曲线上总会出现由于界面弯曲所形成的“线圈”。而波在“线圈”上各点的强度根据曲面的几何形状而变化。当界面的曲率为零时,“线圈”成为绕射波时距曲线。 当折曲界面出现的落差较小时,使得上下棱的绕射波相迭加,“线圈”上的强度骤增,甚至达到折射波强度的5倍。从而可以根据“线圈”的动力学及运动学特征作出有关曲界面的解释。     

由GOCE引力场模型和CNES-CLS2010平均海面高计算的稳态海面地形

利用欧空局发布的三组GOCE引力场模型及CNES-CLS 2010平均海面高数据,计算得到了全球的稳态海面地形,进而得到了全球地转流速度图.在此基础上重点对黑潮进行了对比分析.结果表明:GOCE不同组解的稳定性较好,所计算的稳态海面地形的差异基本在厘米量级内,这间接表明了GOCE引力场模型提供的大地水准面的精度达到了厘米量级.此外,通过将GOCE与GRACE相应结果进行对比发现,GOCE可提供更多的局部信息,特别是对于流速快、水流窄的边界流,如黑潮、墨西哥湾流等,GOCE所得结果更加清晰,速度也更精确.     

亚洲中东部地区塑性流动波(“慢波”)与地震活动

根据先前相似模型实验的结果 ,在板块边界驱动下 ,沿岩石圈下层 (含下地壳和岩石圈地幔 )传播的塑性流动波包括“快波”和“慢波” ,二者均属于黏性重力波 ,并分别由主波和辅波叠加而成。“快波”以 10 0 ～ 10 2 km/a量级的速度传播 ,已为塑性流动波控制下地震迁移的研究所证实。文中根据 7级以上强震的条带状分布图像 ,证明在喜马拉雅弧驱动下还存在着波速仅为 10 0 ～ 10 1m/a量级的“慢波” ,其中对 7级以上强震起控制作用的主要是“慢波”的辅波 ,其平均波长为 4 45km ,波速为 0 81～ 2 80m/a ,周期为 0 .16～ 0 .5 5Ma。“慢波”的边界起波时间距今约 1.34～ 4 .6 6Ma ,相当于上新世中期至早更新世中期 ,与喜马拉雅构造运动的主要活跃期 (幕 )之一相吻合。以喜马拉雅弧西段和东段为波源所形成的2个“慢波”系统的波峰带相互重叠 ,为 7级以上强震的发生提供了必要的能量背景     

Building sandstone surface modification by biofilm and iron precipitation: emerging block‐scale heterogeneity and system response

Stone surfaces are sensitive to their environment. This means that they will often respond to exposure conditions by manifesting a change in surface characteristics. Such changes can be more than simply aesthetic, creating surface/subsurface heterogeneity in stone at the block scale, promoting stress gradients to be set up as surface response to, for example, temperature fluctuations, can diverge from subsurface response. This paper reports preliminary experiments investigating the potential of biofilms and iron precipitation as surface‐modifiers on stone, exploring the idea of block‐scale surface‐to‐depth heterogeneity, and investigating how physical alteration in the surface and near‐surface zone can have implications for subsurface response and potentially for long‐term decay patterns. Salt weathering simulations on fresh and surface‐modified stone suggest that even subtle surface modification can have significant implications for moisture uptake and retention, salt concentration and distribution from surface to depth, over the period of the experimental run. The accumulation of salt may increase the retention of moisture, by modifying vapour pressure differentials and the rate of evaporation. Temperature fluctuation experiments suggest that the presence of a biofilm can have an impact on energy transfer processes that occur at the stone surface (for example, buffering against temperature fluctuation), affecting surface‐to‐depth stress gradients. Ultimately, fresh and surface‐modified blocks mask different kinds of system, which respond to inputs differently because of different storage mechanisms, encouraging divergent behaviour between fresh and surface‐modified stone over time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

sPL,一个近距离确定震源深度的震相

实际地震波形观测表明,对于大陆结构相对简单的地壳中的地震而言,有一震相出现在P 波和S波之间.一般在30~50 km附近发育得较好,其能量主要集中在径向分量,而垂向分量的振幅相对径向要小,切向分量上的振幅很弱,且波形以低频为主,通常没有P波尖锐.在利用FK方法计算合成地震图的基础上,发现该震相是由S波入射到自由地表形成水平传播的P波(文献称为surface P wave,自由地表P波)或者包括S波入射到地表后形成的多次P波或其散射震相.由于该震相是由S波和P波之间耦合而形成,本文将其定义为sPL(s coupled into P) 震相.理论波形研究表明,sPL相对直达P波的到时差对震中距离不敏感,而随着震源深度的增加几乎呈线性增加,因此可以很好的约束震源深度.本文以2005年江西九江地震为例,证实了sPL确定震源深度的可行性和可靠性.在观测到sPL震相的情况下,离震源50 km以内的一个三分量地震台站的波形就可以帮助获得可靠的震源深度,而不需要精确的震中距离.由于sPL震相出现距离较近,对于较小(三级以上)的地震也可以应用,因此在稀疏台网布局情形下sPL对于确定中小地震深度应该具有很好的应用意义.     

行星际磁场脉动能谱随日心距离变化的模式

空间飞船Helios 1和Helios 2的磁场探测发现,太阳风高速流中磁场脉动在低频区的能谱的谱指数是随日心距离r而变化的,谱密度的空间梯度是随频率f而变化的,现有关于行星际磁场脉动的理论都不能解释上述现象。本文提出了一个计算行星际磁场能谱径向发展的理论模式。假设在不同频率的脉动之间有由低频向高频传输的能流存在,在这一基础上建立了谱方程,并得到了谱方程的数值解。数值解表明,由0.3AU至1AU,低频区的谱指数增加,而高频区的谱指数近似保持为常数（-1.6）;低频区平均谱密度随着日心距离的变化为r^-3.5,在高频区为r^-4.1,所有这些都与观测相符合。串级的能量很可能最后传输到质子回旋频率范围,由于回旋共振而耗散,最后加热太阳风质子。这一模式有可能用来计算太阳风的加速问题。     

P-SH Conversions in Layered Media with Hexagonally Symmetric Anisotropy: A CookBook

—Reflectivity synthetic seismograms demonstrate that the type, layering and orientation of 1-D anisotropy influences strongly the coda of teleseismic P waves at periods T > 1 sec, particularly P-SH converted waves. We assume the simplest form of anisotropy described by an elastic tensor with a symmetry axis ? of arbitrary orientation. The resulting phase velocities vary as cos 2ξ with respect to that axis. Using three families of simple crustal models, we compare the effects of an anisotropic surface layer with reverberations caused by both "thick" and "thin" layers of anisotropy at depth. If anisotropy in the surface layer is significant, the polarization of direct P can be distorted to generate a transverse component, followed by Ps and a prominent shear reverberation converted from direct P at the free surface. If the anisotropic layer is buried, the first, and often the most prominent, arrival on the transverse component is the P-to-SH conversion at its upper surface. If the anisotropic layer is sufficiently thin, P-to-SH conversions from its boundaries interfere to form a derivative pulse shape on the transverse component, which could be mistaken as the signature of shear-wave splitting. If ? is horizontal, compressional (P) and shear (S) anisotropy both produce similar waveform perturbations with four-lobed azimuthal patterns, suggesting that a weighted stack of P coda from different back-azimuths would improve signal-to-noise. For ? tilted between the horizontal and vertical, however, the effects of P- and S-anisotropy differ greatly. The influence of P-anisotropy on P-to-S conversion is greatest for a symmetry axis tilted at 45° to the vertical, where its azimuthal pattern has two lobes, rather than four. Combinations of P- and S-anisotropy typically lead to a composite azimuthal dependence in the P-coda reverberations.     

2022年青海门源6.9级地震发震构造及甘肃灾区震害特征研究

通过对2022年1月8日青海门源6.9级地震的震源机制、发震构造、房屋和重大生命线工程震害、地震地表破裂带等震害调查资料的综合分析,系统介绍了此次地震震源机制、发震构造、地震烈度分布特点、房屋破坏特征及机理、生命线工程破坏特征及地表破裂带特征。研究结果表明：门源6.9级地震震中位置位于冷龙岭断裂带的西段,性质以左旋走滑为主,其与震源机制解得到的结果相一致,均为走滑型破裂类型;地震最大烈度Ⅸ度,烈度Ⅵ度(含)以上面积约23 417 km²,等震线长轴呈NWW走向,长轴200 km,短轴153 km;整体上房屋破坏较轻,甘肃境内主要属Ⅶ和Ⅵ度区影响范围,极少部分为Ⅷ度区影响范围;此次地震中滑坡灾害和生命线工程震害较少,主要在Ⅸ和Ⅷ度区造成部分路面裂缝,最为严重的则为兰新高铁浩门至军马场区间祁连山一号隧道群线路桥梁严重受损,隧道震害主要集中在断层影响范围内,其中隧道受破坏严重段约350m,占隧道全长的5.33%,受破坏较严重段分别位于严重段大里程侧402m和小里程侧646m范围内,占隧道全长的15.96%,其余段落震害总体轻微;地震造成地表破裂带约22 km,地震造成的...     

Detection of model voids by identifying reverberation phenomena in GPR records

In order to improve the reliability of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method in identifying subsurface sinkholes and karst cavities, laboratory investigations have been performed. The main objective of this work was to examine the relationship between horizontal/vertical voids dimensions and wavelengths of various antennas, and the corresponding GPR responses. Emphasis was given to the investigation of the factors that cause the appearance of reverberation phenomena in the signal pattern.The tests were conducted in 5 m × 10 m area by 2-m-deep trench filled with homogenous, dry sand. The voids models (empty fiberglass cylinders in diameters of 0.6 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m and 2.4 m, with various heights) were buried vertically with their tops at depths of between 0.7 and 1.5 m. Investigations were performed for the various model conditions by towing 500, 300 and 100 MHz antennas along a pre-established grid, for the various model conditions.The GPR data collected using the 500 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.0-m- and the 1.5-m-diameter cylinders, and using the 300 MHz bistatic antenna above the 1.5-m-diameter cylinder, confirmed the presence of a reverberation phenomenon, i.e. a strong convex signal pattern, containing a series of high amplitude extending oscillations with reduced frequency.Based on past practical GPR experience of void detection and presently obtained experimental data, two rules of thumbs may be adopted for the prediction of the appearance of resonant radar pictures:

1. The void diameter larger than the wavelength in air of the antenna used.

2. The vertical size of the empty void not significantly smaller than its horizontal dimension.

The strong reverberations generated by the inner surface of the void targets were found to approximate standing waves generated in cylindrical waveguides and waveguide resonators. The theoretical, experimental and practical results obtained concur.     

Analysis of surface roughness in relation to soil loss and runoff at high rainfall intensities

The decay of roughness is an important factor governing surface processes such as infiltration and soil erosion. Thus the decay of surface roughness under different surface conditions was investigated and related to quantitative amounts of soil loss, runoff and sediment concentration in a laboratory experiment. Rainfall with an intensity of 128 mm/h was applied to a bare or mulched surfaces of a sandy loam soil with known surface roughness at specified time intervals. The decay of roughness as expressed by roughness ratio, in this experiment, was better predicted when related to an exponential function of the square root of cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall rather than with the cumulative rainfall. The roughness decay equations in literature did not predict breakdown under mulched surfaces accurately. Thus the exponent parameters of the roughness decay equations were adjusted to reflect the reduced decay occurring under mulched surfaces. In a bare soil, regression equations expressing the dependent variables as a function of initial roughness index were significant, but with low coefficients of determination, being 0·39 for soil loss, 0·12 for runoff and 0·36 for sediment concentration. In addition to initial roughness index, cumulative kinetic energy of rainfall was further included in the regressions. This led to an increase in coefficients of determination, which was 0·81 for soil loss, 0·74 for runoff and 0·49 for sediment concentration. The coefficients of determination (0·87 for soil loss, 0·85 for runoff and 0·51 for sediment concentration) were further increased when the final roughness index was included in addition to initial roughness index and cumulative kinetic energy in the regressions. This work shows that soil loss and runoff could be predicted from bare soil surface provided the initial roughness and the energy of rainfall is known. However, field verifications of these relationships are needed under different tillage tools and under natural rainfall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scattered Surface Wave Energy in the Seismic Coda

One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda. Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves. When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later arrival times for deeper events.     

泉州盆地地震效应特征的一维等效线性和二维非线性分析的比较

采用等效线性动粘弹性模型描述土的动力非线性特性,基于一维等效线性波传法,对泉州盆地地震效应进行了分析;同时,采用修正Martin-Seed-Davidenkov动粘弹塑性模型描述土的动力非线性特性,对泉州盆地非线性地震效应进行了大尺度二维精细化有限元分析,研究了地形地貌和土层横向不均匀性对地震效应的影响。将两种分析结果进行对比,结果表明：①随着基岩输入地震动强度增大,地表峰值加速度PGA放大效应总体呈现减小趋势,中震与小震、大震与小震的地表PGA放大系数之比依次为0.83~0.99、0.72~0.97;②该盆地Ⅲ类场地处,基岩、地表起伏不大,且土层横向分布较均匀,两种方法计算得到的地震效应特征类似;基岩或地表起伏剧烈、土层横向分布明显不均匀的Ⅱ类场地上,二维非线性分析给出的地表PGA放大系数明显大于一维等效线性结果,两种方法得到的地表加速度反应谱及PGA随土层深度的变化特征存在显著差异,二维非线性分析给出的地表加速度反应谱大多呈现双峰甚至多峰现象,且PGA在土层特定深度处存在聚集效应,使PGA随土层深度的变化呈现非单调性。     

Pulsatory characteristics of wind velocity in sand flow over typical underlying surfaces

Pulsatory characteristics of wind velocity in sand flow over Gobi and mobile sand surface have been investigated experimentally in the wind tunnel. The primary goal of this paper is to reveal the relation- ship between pulsatory characteristics of instantaneous wind speed in sand flow and the motion state of sand grains. For a given underlying surface, pulsation of wind velocities in sand flow on different heights has a good correlation. As the space distance among different heights increases, fluctuation of instantaneous wind speed presents a decreasing trend and its amplitude is closely related to the mo- tion state of sand grains and their transport. Pulsatory intensity increases with the indicated wind speed, but its relative value does not depend on it, only agrees with height.