Methods of Investigation of the Metabolism of Anaerobic Microorganisms

At present the development together with an intensification of anaerobic processes calls for methods of observation and control. It is very important to know intermediate metabolites of anaerobic microorganisms and the activity of methanogenic ones. Presented analytical methods are GLC analyses of lower fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and components of biogas. The chromatography using steam as a mobile phase is also mentioned. The method of determining the fluorescent coenzyme F₄₂₀ was tested and modified. This coenzyme is specific for methanogenic microorganisms and is closely linked with their activity. The determination of the total activity of the hydrogenase system of anaerobic microorganisms by means of the rate of the consumption and evolution of molecular hydrogen was also presented. The applicability and effectivenes of these methods were verified on natural samples. All the methods mentioned above give satisfactory results with available equipment, materials and techniques.     

Evaluation of Negative Economic-Environmental Externalities of Overextraction of Groundwater

In recent decades, increased extraction of groundwater for human and agriculture consumption has led to a substantial drop in groundwater level in large areas of across the world. Declining groundwater levels is a serious problem in itself and has multiple economic, social, cultural, political, security-related, and environmental externalities. The negative economic-environmental externalities of overextraction of groundwater in the Orzouiyeh plain in the Kerman Province, Iran, were evaluated using methods such as replacement cost, production function, market prices, shadow price, and the value of the input marginal product. After evaluating externalities, the Positive Mathematical Programming method was used to evaluate different water policies to reduce the consumption of groundwater. The total economic losses due to the externalities were calculated to equal 2.8 U.S. million dollars. The damages caused by environmental externalities were calculated to equal 436.1 U.S. million dollars. The results related to the positive planning model show that the best policy among different options, such as deficit irrigation policy or combined policies, involves implementation of pressurized irrigation systems.     

Influence of a method of evaluation of the curvature of flexible vegetation elements on vertical distributions of flow velocities

Methods of computing the deflections of flexible vegetation elements under the dynamic pressure of water were presented in the paper. Two methods, based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, were discussed, one designed for small deflections and the other, generalized one, also for larger deflections. The choice of the method for computations of deflections was discussed from the perspective of the computation of flow velocities above flexible vegetation. Computational results were compared with laboratory experiments and it was found that the simplified, computationally less expensive method may be used in many practical situations without deterioration of the results.     

Application of MPA to estimate probability of collapse of structures

This paper develops a modal pushover analysis‐ (MPA) based approximate procedure to quantify the collapse potential of structural systems. The computationally demanding incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) of the structural system is avoided by MPA of the structure in conjunction with empirical equations for the collapse strength ratio for the first‐mode single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDF) system; higher modes of vibration play essentially no role in estimating the ground motion intensity required to cause collapse of the structure. Presented are collapse fragility curves for 6‐, 9‐, and 20‐story regular special moment‐resisting teel frames computed by the exact and approximate procedures, demonstrating that the MPA‐based approximate procedure requires only a small fraction (1% in one example) of the computational effort inherent in exact IDA and still achieves highly accurate results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山西夏县中心地震台温泉水化学特征

采集夏县中心地震台温泉水及周边水点样品进行水化学组分特征分析。利用矩形图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法,初步分析温泉水的水质类型、水-岩平衡状态、热储温度以及循环深度等,并结合氢氧同位素组成特征,初步分析温泉水补给来源。研究表明,夏县中心地震台温泉水化类型属于Na-Cl·SO₄型,水-岩反应属于部分成熟水,热储温度为148.8℃,循环深度为3.91 km,补给源主要为大气降水,温泉为断裂型温泉。以上结果可为该台流体异常分析提供基础研究资料,为夏县地区水化研究奠定基础。     

淋巴结结核的影像学表现特点分析

目的:分析淋巴结结核的CT和MRI表现特点,并与病理学对照,探讨两种检查方法的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年12月间34例经手术、穿刺病理或临床证实为淋巴结结核患者的CT或MRI影像学资料,分别从生长方式（融合/非融合）、边缘（光滑/欠光滑）、境界（清晰/欠清晰）、密度及信号、增强后强化方式（均匀/不均匀/环形规则/环形不规则）这5个方面对所受累淋巴结进行分析。结果:34例患者中共累及223枚淋巴结,其中颈部淋巴结67.7%,纵隔内淋巴结27.7%,肺门淋巴1.8%,肺内淋巴结0.5%,腹腔淋巴结0.5%,腹膜后淋巴结1.8%。所有受累淋巴结中,8.5%呈融合性生长,83.9%形态规则,79.4%边缘光滑。CT上发现的171枚病变淋巴结以等密度较多（53.8%）、低密度次之（43.3%）,MRI上发现的66枚病变淋巴结中98.5%为等T1长T2信号。所有CT及MRI观察到的病变淋巴结中,除57%的病灶密度或信号均匀外,仅伴钙化的为12.6%,仅伴部分坏死的26.9%,另外有3.6%同时伴钙化及坏死;增强扫描的204个病变淋巴结中,1%钙化显著、未见明显强化,38.7%均匀强化,伴坏死者内见不强化的低密度区,11.3%呈环形规则强化（均位于颈部）,8.3%环形不规则强化（纵隔内82.4%）,5.9%可见病变淋巴结内有分隔样强化（均位于颈部）。结论:CT与MRI对于淋巴结结核具有重要诊断价值,两者均能清晰显示病变部位、形态以及边缘情况,MRI对于病变边缘及周围情况显示较CT更明确,尤其是增强后,对于包膜及邻近组织受累情况的显示也更加敏感。      

前兆场变化在地震空间位置判断上的应用

运用福建前兆观测台网资料,分析了形变应力场和水位震后效应场等前兆场的空间变化规律与福建区域地震的相关性.结果显示,福建多次ML＞4.5地震的孕育过程均伴随着形变应力及水位震后效应的成场.研究认为,当形变应力场与水位震后效应场的时空演化规律趋于一致时,这一区域就具备发生中强以上地震的背景条件,跟踪分析形变应力场及水位震后效应场的空间迁移规律,可对未来发生的地震的空间位置做出较为准确的判断.     

萧山-球川断裂富阳—建德段第四纪活动性研究

萧山-球川断裂是浙江地区1条大规模的北东向断裂,在该断裂附近曾发生过多次破坏性地震。本文通过地质调查、电法勘探和探槽开挖等方法,对萧山-球川断裂富阳—建德段第四纪活动性进行了研究。萧山-球川断裂富阳—建德段的遥感影像线性特征清楚,对地貌的控制作用较为明显,对山前的第四系发育有明显影响。通过对断裂露头剖面的分析,认为萧山-球川断裂富阳—建德段活动性质以走滑兼具逆冲为主。通过本次开挖的富阳峙山村探槽,结合ESR年龄测定,判定该断裂在第四纪早、中期有过活动,但未断错上覆中更新统上部地层,其最新活动时代为早、中更新世。     

Hydrodynamics of the Lake of Geneva

Air-flow works on the lake's water body which results in winddriven water circulation and wind waves This is a summary of work done by LHYDREP on the physical limnological aspect of the Leman. General information on the basin of the Leman is given in chapter 1. Subsequently in chapter 2 the measuring programme is presented, discussing the measuring positions, the measuring installations and the instruments used of the three campaigns. The data obtained during these campaigns are subsequently interpreted. In chapter 3 the atmospheric dynamics over the lake is discussed. It deals mainly with the mechanical energy transfer process which is represented here (as usually) by the drog coefficient, C_y. It is shown that the airflow velocity, the fetch Reynolds number and the air stability play important roles. In chapter 4 the hydrodynamics of the lake is presented. Predictions of numerical hydrodynamical models of steady-state circulation (chapter 4.2), of storm surges and of seiches (chapter 4.3) and of inertial currents (chapter 4.4) are compared with available data of the Leman during the homogeneous season. In addition a preliminary study of wind waves (chapter 4.5) is given.     

倾斜仪时号·光源灯控器的改进

为解决地震台光记录倾斜仪灯光系统故障率高的问题 ,研制了一种时号·光源灯控器。采用了数字钟报时及定闹信号对直接延时时号灯进行控制的措施 ,使仪器的无故障运行期及蓄电池的使用寿命得以延长 ,明显提高了观测质量。     

Contribution of the functional formulation of the problem of turbulence to the process of its algebraization

Summary The progressive development of the theory of turbulence is based on the formalism of characteristic functionals. Drawing on an incomplete analogy between the Hopf equation for these functionals and the equation for the quantized boson field, a system of fundamental principles of the theory of turbulence is proposed. This represents a set of statements which can be used in an attempt to classify the theory in the sense of its algebraization and, therefore, also its axiomatization.     

Present-day ecological state of water objects of the Republic of Armenia

An ecological and hydrochemical classification elaborated by the authors is used to assess the present quality of water in the most important water objects of the Republic of Armenia. This classification allowed us to determine the degree of environmental safety of each water body by ranking the water quality, ecosystem ecological stability, and the reliability of conservation of water quality during transportation. Based on the results of the ecological and hydrochemical assessment of water quality, the water bodies that require special protection and rational exploitation are distinguished, and the priority of water protection measures is established.     

江西省地震局虚拟专用网(VPN)建设

叙述了在FreeBSD环境下构建基于PPTP的VPN网关的过程和技术，分析了基本概念、实现方式以及在江西省地震信息网的实际应用等。     

裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的指示克里格估值

本文较详细介绍了指示克立格估值的基本方法和原理，以指示变异函数为基本工具分析了向家坝坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的结构特征，表明该址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的各向异性特征；在此基础上用指示克立格法对未采样点处进行估值，估值结果显示坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的壳状渗透结构特征.通过这一实际应用，表明指示克立格法可以较好地描述裂隙岩体渗透性的空间分布规律.     

Optimization of the Shape of Gaussian Beams of a Fixed Length

The procedure of choosing the shape of Gaussian beams in order to minimize a given object function of a certain kind is proposed. The general form of the object function enables both the average square of the quadratic variation of the phase and the average square of the beamwidth to be minimized along the central ray. The error of the transformation of the Gaussian beams at the structural interfaces may also be taken into account. Most of the hitherto published suggestions of how to chose the shape of Gaussian beams are special cases of the described procedure. The aim of this paper is not to propose the object function to be minimized, but only to describe the minimization of a given object function. The minimization assumes the a priori known lengths of the central rays of the Gaussian beams (i.e. the lengths of the beams are not free parameters in the minimization procedure).     

Some aspects of volcanic rocks of the valley of Mexico

Three periods of volcanic activity connected with tectonic events form the geological history of the Valley of Mexico (Mooser 1963, 1969). An igneous rock suite from rhyodacites to andesites (but lacking rhyolites and basalts) can be observed in each period. During the Tertiary epochs — in the Oligo-Miocene and Upper Miocene-Pliocene — we have a more dacitic volcanism, in the Quaternary epoch a more andesitic volcanism. This result was verified by calculating the average of all available and stratigraphically datable chemical analyses byGunn &Mooser (1971) andNegendank (1972). Using the average chemical composition of the Oligo-Miocene, Upper Miocene-Pliocene and Quaternary products the equivalent igneous rocks were computed using theRittmann-norms in theStreckeisen-Q-A-P-F double triangle with the following result (names in parenthesis are those using the classification ofMiddlemost (1973): Quaternary : quartz-latite-andesite (andesite) Upper Miocene-Pliocene : leuco-quartz-latite-andesite (high lime dacite) Oligo-Miocene : leuco-quartz-latite-andesite (high lime dacite) The equal average composition of the two groups of Tertiary volcanic rocks seems to support the theory of a uniform primary andesite magma apart from which of the two possible theories of petrogenesis one favors. The calculated average trace element abundances show high Cr- and Ni-values which suggests that mantle material was involved if we consider the Tertiary products as partial melting products of the lower crust. A more elegant hypothesis seems to be the model ofGunn &Mooser (1971), who consider these volcanic rocks as partial melting products of oceanic tholeiites or their high pressure derivatives in the sense ofRaleigh &Lee (1969).     

A method of evaluation of measured light intensities and degrees of polarization of a unit volume of turbid air

Summary In order to interpret scattered light measurements a comparison with theoretical values is necessary. It is demonstrated by means of an example the possibility to obtain a first view on the measurement results. From calculated values of various aerosol size distribution models as well as from measurements were computed: 1) the angular quotients of scattered light intensity (i.e., quotients of intensity at two scattering angles and the same wavelength) and 2) the wavelength quotients (i.e., quotients of intensity at two wavelengths and the same scattering angle). The comparison between measured and theoretical values informs us of the exponent of the aerosol size distribution and its boundary radius.Finally, it is shown that maesurements of polarization may be explained by a similar method.     

桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段活动特征

北西走向的桥头集-东关断裂与郯庐断裂带南段相交切，横跨合肥盆地及其东缘的隆起区，在合肥盆地内呈隐伏状态。本研究跨桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段布设3条浅层地震勘探测线，揭示断裂浅部构造特征。解译出的F_P1、F_P2和F_P3断层性质相同，倾向一致，上断点深度相近，反映出桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段是一条走向NW、倾向SW、具有逆断分量的断裂。3条浅层地震反射剖面中第四系的底界面反射波组T_Q呈连续近水平展布，表明桥头集-东关断裂两侧的第四系厚度无明显变化。在浅震剖面解译的基础上，布设了1条跨断层钻孔联合剖面，剖面揭露出的第四系没有被错动。结合本区第四系地层发育情况及钻孔地层年龄分析，认为桥头集-东关断裂中更新世以来不活动。根据本文探测结果，尚不能排除桥头集-东关断裂早更新世有一定的弱活动。     

Study on vulnerability matrices of masonry buildings of mainland of China

The degree and distribution of damage to buildings subjected to earthquakes is a concern of the Chinese Government and the public.Seismic damage data indicates that seismic capacities of different types of building structures in various regions throughout mainland of China are different.Furthermore,the seismic capacities of the same type of structure in different regions may vary.The contributions of this research are summarized as follows:1)Vulnerability matrices and earthquake damage matrices of masonry structures in mainland of China were chosen as research samples.The aim was to analyze the differences in seismic capacities of sample matrices and to present general rules for categorizing seismic resistance.2)Curves relating the percentage of damaged masonry structures with different seismic resistances subjected to seismic demand in different regions of seismic intensity(VI to X)have been developed.3)A method has been proposed to build vulnerability matrices of masonry structures.The damage ratio for masonry structures under high-intensity events such as the Ms 6.1 Panzhihua earthquake in Sichuan province on 30 August2008,was calculated to verify the applicability of this method.This research offers a significant theoretical basis for predicting seismic damage and direct loss assessment of groups of buildings,as well as for earthquake disaster insurance.     

云南高黎贡山典型板岩地震波各向异性研究

板岩作为一种浅变质岩在我国有着广泛的分布,对其地震波速度的研究将有助于对这类过渡性岩石的有效区分,对于浅层地壳的各向异性研究也具有重要意义.本文对采自云南丙中洛地区的板岩样品进行了地震波速度的室内实验研究,其中部分实验是在加拿大Dalhousie High Pressure Laboratory完成.实验获得了板岩在围压10~600 MPa条件下、不同构造主方向（X,Y和Z）上的地震波速度,在围压600 MPa时,X、Y、Z三个方向的P波速度分别为6.58、6.46、5.91 km/s,平均速度为6.30 km/s,S波平均速度约为3.62 km/s,V_P/V_S=1.74;并初步分析了板岩地震波速度、横波分裂及其波速各向异性随着围压的变化规律,发现所测量的板岩在较低围压（<150 MPa）时波速的各向异性随围压升高而迅速减小,主要是由于其内部微裂隙的定向排列引起的,而随着围压的继续增加（>150 MPa时）微裂隙基本闭合,黑云母、阳起石等片状矿物的定向排列成为其地震波各向异性的主导诱因,此时（围压为600 MPa）V_P、V_S的各向异性分别稳定在13%、16%左右.本研究所获取的基础实验数据及所探讨的板岩地震波性质将为确定地壳上部显微裂隙的优选定向、浅层地壳的各向异性分析、地球物理模型条件约束等提供基础.