Seismotectonic re-evaluation of the 1976 Friuli, Italy, seismic sequence

The 1976 Friuli seismic sequence is known for itscomplexity, with several unusually large aftershocksoccurring in the epicentral area. The source region, where the northeastern part of the Alpine chain meetsthe northern Dinaric chain, is characterized by a complexcompressional tectonic regime. Previous studies have not clearly identified which of the two main tectonic systems was activated, in part due to the limited precision of derived earthquake parameters, such as hypocentral coordinates and focal mechanisms. We review the locations for the 10 largest events of the sequence, including theSeptember 16, 1977 and April 18, 1979 earthquakes andwe compute their centroid moment tensors. Source parameters are calculated using intermediate period surfacewaves and the modification of the Harvard centroid-moment tensoralgorithm proposed by Arvidsson and Ekström (1998). A summary of all available geological, geodetic and seismological data show that most of the earthquakes may be associated with the Periadriatic overthrust and other related thrust faults. Based on their locations and focal mechanisms only two ofthe early aftershocks (May 7, 1976 and May 9, 1976) appear instead to have occurred on Dinaric structures.     

Map of isoseismals of the main Friuli earthquake of 6 May 1976

Summary The isoseismal map of the North-Italian earthquake of 6 May 1976 was compiled using the contributions of the European countries lying within the shaken area. The characteristic feature of the macroseismic field is discussed.     

On the interpretation of slow ground deformation precursory to the 1976 Friuli earthquake

During three years preceding the 1976 Friuli earthquake, a continuous southward ground tilt was recorded by a tiltmeter placed near Tolmezzo, 15 km north-west of the epicentre of the impending earthquake. The cumulative ground tilt amounted to as much as 3 minutes of arc. Since the tiltmeter was placed in the proximity of an active fault, such a tilt can be explained if the fault slipped aseismically on its shallower section during the same three year period. Aseismic slip on the fault might have been caused by the same mechanism which concentrated stress in the region and eventually produced the 1976 earthquake.     

Magnitudes and travel-time residuals of the Friuli earthquakes between May and August 1976

Summary The records of the first series of the North-Italian aftershock series from the period May–August 1976 at the stations Prhonice and Kaperské Hory were analyzed from the point of view of the verification of the travel-time tables used for the interpretation of near earthquake seismograms and of the determination of the short-period body wave magnitudes for near shocks. Also the time-energy distribution was investigated for a 90 days period.     

Remarks about magnitudes and maximum intensities of the earthquakes in Friuli, 1976

Summary The magnitudesM and maximum intensitiesI ₀ of 66 earthquakes which occurred in the period from 1901 to 1973 in the eastern alpine area are compared with those of 62 earthquakes occurred in Friuli, northern Italy between 6 May and 15 September 1976. The average focal depth of the Friuli events is about 10 km. The existing empirical relation betweenM andI ₀ for this area is improved by many new data.     

Investigations of intensities,aftershock statistics and the focal mechanism of Friuli earthquakes in 1975 and 1976

Isoseismal maps, derived from macroseismic observations in the epicentral region and in Switzerland for the Friuli earthquake of 6 May 1976, are presented. From these maps a focal depth ofh=8 km and a related attenuation factor of =0.001 can be estimated. An analysis of aftershocks reveals a slope ofp=0.85 for the logarithmic relationship between number of events and time. A firstmotion study for a preceding earthquake in Friuli on 24 March 1975, gives two possible fault plane solutions, both indicating a North-South direction of the axis of maximum shortening of the earth's crust.Contribution No. 146, Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.     

Modelling of ground acceleration in the near source range: the case of 1976, Friuli earthquake (M = 6.5), northern Italy

A mixed statistical-deterministic model of earthquake rupture is developed for evaluating the strong ground motion in the near source range (receiver distance comparable to the fault length). The source parametrization is based on the k-square model and the propagation is computed by asymptotic Green's functions. The method is applied to the case of 1976, Friuli earthquake (M = 6.5) in northern Italy which occurred on a low-dip thrusting fault. Acceleration records at 29 stations are computed for 100 simulations of rupture histories. The mean value map of peak ground accelerations shows clearly a maximum to the south due to the inner geometry and directivity of the source. The variation of the estimated PGA versus the epicentral distance is strongly dependent on azimuth and is not decreasing monotonically. The comparison of these curves with those predicted by empirical acceleration–distance relationships shows discrepancies in the near source distance range. This study shows the importance of considering the complexity of the source rupture process for strong motion estimate in the near source range.     

Body-wave dispersion in the Friuli focal area

The differential dispersion of P- and S- body waves is studied in the Friuli area. We estimate theoretically the respective contributions of the source, from dislocation models, and of the propagation, from the Futterman model. We demonstrate the possible existence of differential dispersion, which is interpreted as being due to attenuation. The quality factor Q_P deduced from this hypothesis shows a regional variation from 15 to 210. Results also indicate a possible dependence of Q_P on frequency in the range 5–40 Hz.     

测定震源深度的意义的初步讨论

收集整理《江西测震台网地震观测报告》中2007年10月—2018年7月记录的31次M_L≥3.0地震事件,根据近震深度震相sPL的基本特征,对上述地震震源深度进行sPL震相分析,得到了其中15次地震较为可靠的震源深度值。通过与单纯型、LocSAT、Hyposat等方法测定的结果进行对比,结果表明,sPL震相测定的近震震源深度比较精确。     

Shape Analysis of Isoseismals Based on Empirical and Synthetic Data

—?We present an attempt to compare modeled ground-motion acceleration fields with macroseismic observations. Two techniques for the representation of the observed intensities by isoseismals, a smoothing technique and one which visualizes the local uncertainty of an isoseismal, are tested with synthetic and observed data. We show how noise in the data and irregularities in the distribution of observation sites affect the resolution of the isoseismal's shape. In addition to “standard” elongated shapes, we identify cross-like patterns in the macroseismic observations for two Italian earthquakes of strike-slip type; similar patterns are displayed by the theoretical peak acceleration fields calculated assuming the point source models given in the literature.     

A landslip/debris flow in bilsdale,North York Moors,September 1976

The conditions prior to and the site and results of a debris flow are described. Baseline data collected after this extreme event are outlined. Similarities between antecedent conditions of this flow and others reported in the literature are noted. From the field evidence comment is made on the mobile nature of the flow which may be analogous to spontaneous liquefaction in sands.     

Pyroclastic block flow from the September, 1976, eruption of La Soufrière volcano,Guadeloupe

A phreatic eruption occurred at 19:22 H from a new set of fissures on the southeast side of the summit dome. The steam jet from the narrow fissure incorporated accessory fragments of the existing dome that ranged in size from 3 m blocks down to particles of a few microns in diameter. No juvenile material was erupted. The branching 550 m pyroclastic block flow is surrounded by a zone of total destruction extending out to 900 m from the vent. An outer zone of directed blast projects to at least 1500 m. Profiles of the destructive cloud and the pyroclastic flow allow energy decay curves to be constructed for this eruption. From these curves the potential surface for flows associated with this type of phreatic eruption can be constructed as an initial step in developing a volcanic hazard map.     

Surface fault traces,fault plane solution and spatial distribution of the aftershocks of the September 13, 1986 earthquake of Kalamata (Southern Greece)

A shallow earthquake ofM _S=6.2 occurred in the southern part of the Peloponnesus, 12 km north of the port of the city of Kalamata, which caused considerable damage. The fault plane solution of the main shock, geological data and field observations, as well as the distribution of foci of aftershocks, indicate that the seismic fault is a listric normal one trending NNE-SSW and dipping to WNW. The surface ruptures caused by the earthquake coincide with the trace of a neotectonic fault, which is located 2–3 km east of the city of Kalamata and which is related to the formation of Messiniakos gulf during the Pliocene-Quaternary tectonics. Field observations indicate that the earthquake is due to the reactivation of the same fault.A three-days aftershock study in the area, with portable seismographs, recorded many aftershocks of which 39 withM _S1.7 were very well located. The distribution of aftershocks forms two clusters, one near the epicenter of the main shock in the northern part of the seismogenic volume, and the other near the epicenter of the largest aftershock (M _S=5.4) in the southern part of this volume. The central part of the area lacks aftershocks, which probably indicates that this is the part of the fault which slipped smoothly during the earthquake.     

Travel times of Friuli earthquakes propagating to the Bohemian Massif

17 mmu u uma uu 1976. anua 5 ¶rt;numu mauumu u¶rt;a mu u m na Pn, Pg, Sn u Sg. u¶rt; numm muam u mum ma¶rt;am¶rt;a ¶rt; uu mmu n¶rt;naam nu m m uamm aumm. ¶rt;am nu m mmu maua.     

汶川地震的时空点格局分析

为了探索汶川余震发生的时空规律,采用时空点格局的分析方法,分别对汶川Msge;4.0,Msge;4.5,Msge;5.0的余震数据进行了分析,发现在一定距离尺度和一定时间尺度上余震数据存在时空聚集．在前两组余震序列中这种时空互动在余震相距60km、260小时的范围内明显增强,而后一组余震序列中这种时空互动在余震相距80km、150小时的范围内明显增强．若不考虑余震发生的时间因素,采用完全空间随机化分析方法,得到余震在相距60km范围内聚集性明显增强．上述结果为研究汶川地震发生规律和强余震预测提供了参考．      

Response spectrum to strong aftershocks of the Lancang-Gengma earthquake

Near-field records of two strong aftershocks with magnitudeM _S=6.7 andM _S=6.3 in the Lancang-Gengma earthquakes sequence, Yunnan Province, November 1988, are used to calculate the response spectrum. The instruments, site conditions and the methods for computing are also illustrated in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 338–343, 1991. This project is supported by The Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation, SSB and the West Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Test Field, Yunnan Seismological Bureau.     

近断层地震动最强速度脉冲方向分量特性研究

为了研究速度脉冲型地震动的最强速度脉冲方向分量与垂直或平行断层方向分量之间的特性差异,本文采用多分量速度脉冲识别方法从NGA-West2强震动数据库的236组近断层地震动速度脉冲记录中提取出最强速度脉冲方向分量,对其脉冲参数随震级M_W和断层距R变化的统计关系式进行了回归分析,并对比了最强速度脉冲方向分量与垂直或平行断层方向分量之间的特性差异。研究结果表明:当R＜30 km时,最强速度脉冲方向分量的脉冲幅值预测值较垂直或平行断层方向分量的预测值大,而当R＞30 km时,两种分量的脉冲幅值预测值相差不大,可以忽略;当M_W≤7.5时,最强速度脉冲方向分量的脉冲周期预测值比垂直或平行断层方向分量的预测值大,而当M_W＞7.5时,两种分量的脉冲周期预测值差异不大,可以忽略。      

Inversion of source parameters and attenuation of the Tangshan aftershocks

Source parameters and characteristics of regional attenuation of Tangshan aftershocks are studied by using digital records of Tangshan aftershocks. An inversion method of P wave spectra to reduce influence on the ambiguity in the estimates of parameters by the usual spectrum analysis method is developed. By testing with digital simulation data and applying to actual data, it is confirmed that the method is usable. Source parameters of the Tangshan Luanxian area are obtained by using records of 35 earthquakes at 5 stations.Q values of P wave and high frequency decay rate γ of source spectrum at 5 stations are obtained. TheQ values range from 408 to 847, and the mean value is 520; whiley ranges from 1.54 to 3.22, and the mean value is 2.41. In the studies of spectra of the micro-earthquakes in the Luanxian area, that stress drop increases with increasing earthquake moment is found. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 430–441, 1991.     

前震和余震的实时识别

一次大地震发生后,公众和决策者首先便会提出一个重要的问题:这是一个主震还是一个即将来临的更大地震的前震。到目前为止,科学家们只能通过对过去历史地震序列的统计给出经验性的结论,通常认为,余震序列会随着时间的推移而逐渐减小,未来发生更大地震的可能性只有百分之几。本文中,我们分析了意大利阿马特里奇-诺尔恰（Amatrice–Norcia）地震和日本熊本（Kumamoto）地震的序列余震平均大小分布,认为在一些情况下,区分一个序列是衰减的余震序列还是正在发展的即将发生更大地震的序列,是有可能的。我们同时提出了一个简单的“交通灯”分级准则来实时评估其对序列后续更大地震的敏感程度,并对58次地震进行了测试,结果显示准确率可达95%。      

New calibrating functions for short-period body waves of Friuli earthquakes

n¶rt; auau uu ¶rt; mnu¶rt; n, n, g, Sg, m anmam anauu ¶rt; numa amu 2.6° ¶rt; 4.7° m aa amu uu (mau). aa, m m auum _Sg(D) mam mua ¶rt; m n¶rt;u aum¶rt; uma a uu mu.