海洋赤杆菌科菌株的类胡萝卜素合成基因分析

赤杆菌科(Erythrobacteraceae)菌株广泛分布于海洋环境,可合成类胡萝卜素等多种色素。类胡萝卜素具有光保护和抗氧化能力,对于赤杆菌科菌株适应海洋生态系统具有重要作用。本研究收集了107个海洋来源的赤杆菌科细菌基因组,分析了类胡萝卜素合成途径中关键酶的编码基因crtEBIGYZW在基因组中的分布特征,构建了基于氨基酸序列的不同编码基因系统发育树,阐明了深海和浅海来源的赤杆菌科菌株中类胡萝卜素合成基因的存在和分布规律,探究了不同的类胡萝卜素合成基因在近海与深海来源的赤杆菌科菌株进化过程中的遗传模式。研究结果显示,海洋来源的赤杆菌科菌株均含有crtEIGZ基因,约98.1%的菌株含有crtBY基因,约43.9%的菌株中存在crtW基因,其类胡萝卜素合成基因在菌株间存在分布差异,但在深海与浅海来源上并未显示特异性。此外,通过比较不同编码基因的系统发育树拓扑结构发现,赤杆菌科菌株的类胡萝卜素合成基因crtBYZW与系统发育密切相关,而crtEIG基因多通过水平基因转移获得,这有助于更好地评估类胡萝卜素合成基因家族在赤杆菌科中的进化,也为其他海洋细菌中的类胡萝卜素合成途径及基因研究提...     

光照和盐度对浒苔类胡萝卜素生物合成的影响

浒苔是一种在“绿潮”灾害中主要参与的绿藻。类胡萝卜素的生物合成是一种维持藻类正常生命活动非常重要的基本的萜类代谢活动。在本研究中,我们首次报告了浒苔2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇4-磷酸（MEP）途径中所有基因的完整序列,这是浒苔中唯一的类胡萝卜素合成途径。随后,我们将这些基因序列与其他物种进行了比较。此外,通过检测三种不同的光照（1 000 lx,5 000 lx和12000 lx）和盐度（12‰,24‰和40‰）培养条件下的类胡萝卜素含量和参与此代谢的关键基因的表达水平差异,我们发现浒苔类胡萝卜素的合成可能受光照和盐度的影响,低光照和高盐度可以促进类胡萝卜素的合成。本研究结果表明：浒苔MEP途径和下游途径中涉及的基因可以在分子水平影响其类胡萝卜素的生物合成。本研究有助于更好地了解这些参与浒苔类胡萝卜素生物合成基因的作用以及环境对这些基因的调控。     

栅藻全转录组测序与类胡萝卜素合成途径相关基因分析

栅藻(Desmodesmus sp.)是一种能产生重要次生代谢产物类胡萝卜素的海洋绿藻,为了深入了解栅藻类胡萝卜素代谢途径及关键酶基因,本研究通过Illumina高通量测序平台对栅藻进行转录组测序.利用Trinity软件对转录组数据进行从头组装,共获得37 634个Unigenes,经过与Nt、Nr、Swiss、Prot、KEGG、COG、GO数据库比对,共有23 235个Unigenes获得注释.GO分类中(level 2)注释最多的分别是代谢过程(metabolic process),细胞组分(cell part)和催化活性(catalytic activity),与KEGG数据库比对发现14 123个Unigenes与128条代谢途径相对应.根据组装和注释的转录组结果,鉴定了栅藻中与类胡萝卜素生物合成途径相关的基因,构建了栅藻类胡萝卜素代谢途径,获得的栅藻转录组数据有利于进一步研究类胡萝卜素代谢途径中相关基因的功能及调控.     

海产贝类体内类胡萝卜素的研究进展

类胡萝卜素是一类脂溶性的大分子量的有机化合物,在染色、医药、食品等行业中具有很高的应用价值.类胡萝卜素也广泛地存在于海产贝类体内.本文详细综述了国内外海产贝类体内类胡萝卜素的来源、种类和含量、功能及吸收代谢方面的研究状况,为今后的研究提供参考.     

海藻中类胡萝卜素的提取及含量测定

许多研究已经表明，类胡萝卜素是分布最广泛、最重要的一类光辅助合成色素。类胡萝卜素具有多种生物学功能：作为化学保护剂可抵抗由植物自身叶绿素的光敏氧化作用引起的有害作用，给人体补充β-胡萝卜素可有效降低心血管疾病和癌症的发生概率，高摄入富含类胡萝卜素的饮食和降低白内障发生的危险之间有重要联系(Bendich，1993)。海藻中含有丰富的类胡萝卜素，从结构类型说，通常可以分为三类：胡萝卜素、叶黄素和类胡萝卜素酸。海藻中还含有多种特有的类胡萝卜素，如褐藻黄素、甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素等。直到目前为止，海藻中类胡萝卜素的组成与生理学功能尚没有明确的结论，因而对我国丰富的海藻资源中的类胡萝卜素进行较为系统和全面的化学及生物活性研究已成为摆在我们面前的一个重要课题。本研究选取我国青岛海滨三类大型经济海藻——红、绿、褐藻中资源量丰富的代表性种类作为实验材料，较系统地测定了其中类胡萝卜素的含量，并运用经典的柱层析法对各类胡萝卜素组分进行了分离，通过薄层分析和可见光谱扫描对各分离组分进行了定性、定量分析。     

海藻中类胡萝卜素抗超氧自由基活性研究

在植物组织内，类胡萝卜素除具有集光功能外，还具有其他的重要生物学功能，类胡萝卜素作为光保护剂可抵抗光、氧和光敏色素的有害作用，也可作为化学反应物抵抗细胞所产生的化学物质引起的氧化损伤，保护光合系统免受光动力敏化作用的破坏。类胡萝卜素光保护作用的主要机制如下:(1)类胡萝卜素对三重线态敏化剂的淬灭；(2)类胡萝卜素对1O2的淬灭；(3)类胡萝卜素对自由基反应的抑制，它的这种生物学活性在医学领域也具有重要的应用价值。胡萝卜素在生物系统中的保护作用包括失活由电激活的单线态氧(1O2)，失活反应性的化学物质如过氧化物自由基和烷氧基，这些自由基产生于细胞内，并可能会引起有害的氧化作用。类胡萝卜素的保护功能与直接的抗氧化活性或与对细胞内抗氧化水平的调节有关(Krinsky，1990)。对于类胡萝卜素清除脂类过氧化物自由基的能力和作用机理已经进行了详细的研究(Burton et al.，1984; Burton, 1989; Terao，1989; Palozza et al.，1992b; Tsuchihashi et al.，1995)，但对于类胡萝卜素清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力尚未见有详细研究报道。本文以邻苯三酚自氧化体系作为超氧自由基的发生体系，对海藻中分离纯化制备的类胡萝卜素清除该种自由基的能力进行了初步的探讨。     

4株海洋红球菌产类胡萝卜素分析及其全基因组测序

以源于东太平洋海水的4株红球菌分离菌Rhodococcussp. EPR-134、Rhodococcus sp. EPR-147、Rhodococcus sp. EPR-157和Rhodococcus sp. EPR-279为研究对象,开展了菌株的色素提取和色素全波长扫描,并基于全基因组测序分析了4株细菌类胡萝卜素代谢通路中的相关基因。色素全波长扫描结果显示,菌株EPR-134不具备类胡萝卜素产生能力,而其它3株红球菌能够产生类胡萝卜素,且所产类胡萝卜素组分不同。基因组分析表明,4个细菌基因组中存在较为完整的促使类胡萝卜素形成的基因簇。对菌株参与番茄红素形成的3个关键基因crt E、crt B和crt I的氨基酸序列同源性两两比对分析表明,菌株EPR-134 3个基因氨基酸序列与其它3个菌株相应基因氨基酸序列同源性最低,这可能是导致该菌株不产类胡萝卜素的关键原因。该研究结果为产类胡萝卜素红球菌的遗传改造,以及为产类胡萝卜素工程菌的构建奠定了前期基础。     

利用微藻生产特种天然类胡萝卜素的研究进展

类胡萝卜素是广泛存在于自然界的一类天然色素。所有类胡萝卜素形式上都可由有11个共轭双键中间碳链的番茄红素（1ycopene）基础结构通过氧化、氢化、脱氢、环化以及碳架的重排、降解而衍生。类胡萝卜素在生物体内具有十分重要的生理功能,它是植物光合作用的辅助色素,在保护细胞免受强光、活性氧和敏化色素的有害影响中起着重要的作用。同时,类胡萝卜素具有较高的医药价值,通过摄食类胡萝卜素不仅可以预防眼病和心血管疾病的发生,还可以增强人体的免疫功能,具有抗癌、抗氧化、抗衰老等功效。因此,类胡萝卜素作为营养、保健、着色等多功能天然色素,已广泛应用于食品、医药、保健品、饲料、化妆品等工业领域。     

织锦巴非蛤斧足颜色与总类胡萝卜素含量相关分析

斧足是织锦巴非蛤重要的食用部位。本研究检测了94个织锦巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC)和3个颜色指标L*(明暗度)、a*(红绿值)、b*(黄蓝值),发现织锦巴非蛤斧足总类胡萝卜素含量和颜色指标在不同个体之间存在较大差异。相关性分析表明,织锦巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量与颜色指标L*、a*、b*之间相关极显著(P0.01),相关系数分别为:–0.546、0.569、0.449。本研究表明,斧足颜色越深,其类胡萝卜素含量也越高可能是一个普遍规律,这对我们接下来选育高类胡萝卜素含量贝类提供了一种直观的参考指标。     

雨生红球藻中IPP异构酶基因表达调控机制的初步研究

单细胞淡水绿藻-雨生红球藻能够在一定条件积累一种次生类胡萝卜素-虾青素,因而在生长后期藻体变为深红色。其中,IPP异构酶在雨生红球藻中的虾青素合成过程中发挥了重要作用。在本研究中,我们首次通过基因组上游步移克隆到了雨生红球藻中IPP异构酶基因的两个不同5’上游侧翼序列,大小分别是1．8kb和2．5kb。利用生物信息学方法分别对这两个不同5’上游侧翼序列进行了序列分析,结果发现,二者具有某些相同的顺式作用元件,如可能的脱落酸反应元件（ABRE）、干燥或低温反应元件（DRE／C-repeat）、几种光反应元件（G-box,GAG-motif,I-boxand ATC-motif）、热激反应元件（HSE）、机械伤害反应元件（WUN-motif）、水杨酸反应元件（TCA-element）、生长素反应元件（TGA-element）、茉莉酸甲酯反应元件（TGACG-element）、缺氧特异反应中的增强子类似元件（GC-motif）和反式作用因子MYB蛋白的结合位点（MBS and MRE）,但是二者并不具有典型的TATA框和CCAAT框。上述研究预示了雨生红球藻虾青素合成中IPP异构酶基因转录调控方式的多样化。     

海藻中类胡萝卜素的研究综述

海藻中的色素大致可分为三部分:叶绿素(Chlorophyll)、类胡萝ト素(Carotenoid)和藻胆蛋白(Phycobiliprotein),海藻中除含有与高等植物共有的一些色素外,还含有进化较为低级的特殊色素。类胡萝卜素是海藻中分布最广泛、最重要的一类色素。据有关专家保守估计,每年全球天然类胡萝ト素的总产量约为108t(Zechmeister,1958),而褐藻黄素是最丰富的一种类胡萝ト素,且是许多海藻的特征色素。由于类胡萝ト素功能的多样性、分布的广泛性和性质的独特性,因而使之成为化学、生物化学、生物学、药物学和物理学,以及其它分支学科交叉研究的一个重要课题。本文根据国内外有关研究结果,较全面、系统地综述了各种海藻中类胡萝卜素的结构、分类、性质和功能等,并对其在食品、医疗等方面的应用进行了展望。     

Estimates of primary production by remote sensing in the Arctic Ocean: Assessment of accuracy with passive and active sensors

The Arctic Ocean, including its regional shelf seas, is assumed to play an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, the true magnitude of annual production is unknown, as in situ data are sparse in time and space. Remote sensing technology has the potential to provide large scale estimates of phytoplankton biomass at much higher frequency and spatial coverage than shipboard observations in this remote region. Subsurface peaks in both biomass and primary production (PP), which are the characteristics of the Arctic, are shown to limit the reliability of ocean color based integrated PP (IPP) models in the Chukchi Sea. Here we report that the retrievals of IPP from remotely sensed ocean color data were accurate only when limited to 1.2 optical depths, which severely constrains the utility of ocean color remote sensing for the assessment of Arctic Ocean dynamics.Active sensors such as LIDAR, can, in combination with passive ocean color, dramatically improve our ability to estimate IPP for the Arctic. IPP retrievals were improved to within a factor of 2–3 of the measured values, when the vertical distribution of Chl a was determined to a resolution of 1 m using modeled LIDAR retrievals of the beam attenuation coefficient. This was far better than models using only passive ocean color. The instrument specifications of the current NASA spaceborne LIDAR (CALIOP) allow for the retrieval of K_d at a depth resolution of 23 m. Even with this constraint, however, the accuracy of the modeled IPP was improved over passive ocean color retrievals to approximately a factor of 3. The Arctic is a perfect location to merge ocean color and LIDAR measurements as the polar orbit of CALIOP provides complete grid coverage of the area every 8 days, crossing the horizontal gradients in Chl a already known to exist from passive ocean color observations.     

Seasonal variation of the satellite-derived phytoplankton primary production in the Kara Sea

Seasonal variation of the integrated primary production (IPP) and surface chlorophyll (Chl₀) in different regions of the Kara Sea was studied from satellite data obtained by the MODIS-Aqua colour scanner and averaged for 2003–2015. The minimum variation of Chl₀ concentration during the growing season (from April to October) was 1.5 times in southwestern region and 2 times in the northern region of the sea. It was found that the Chl₀ concentration increased slightly in all regions by the end of the growing season. The maximum IPP value recorded in June coincided with the peak level of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and maximum river discharge. The IPP value varied in a wider range compared with the Chl₀ concentration. The ratio of the maximum and minimum monthly average IPP values varied from 8.9 times in Southwestern region to 11.7 times in the Northern region of the sea. The average increase in the Chl₀ concentration was 1.7 times (from 0.78 mg/m³ in April to 1.29 mg/m³ in October). The IPP value varied by a factor of 10.7 (from 26 mg C/m2 per day in October to 279 mg C/m² per day in June). The article also discusses the influence of water column stratification, the concentration of nutrients, the PAR level, and river discharge on the seasonal IPP dynamics in the Kara Sea.     

The carotenoid characteristics of the important wild shrimp Trachysalambria curvirostris(Stimpson,1860) in China

Trachysalambria curvirostris is an economically important shrimp in the coastal waters of the Western Indo-Pacific. However, there is no information about its carotenoid composition and distribution. The carotenoid profiles including concentration, composition, molecular forms (free or esterified) and configuration (geometrical and optical isomers) of raw and dried T. curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. In the raw shrimp, astaxanthin and β-carotene were the two dominant carotenoids, which contributed 75.18%–88.86% and 2.86%–16.83% of the total carotenoid content. Traces of echinenone, canthaxanthin and astacene were also detected. The carotenoid content in the waste (80.28 mg/kg dry weight) was nearly two-fold higher than that in the meat (49.69 mg/kg dry weight). Of the total astaxanthin in these shrimp, 85.18%–90.59% was esterified. All- trans astaxanthin was the predominant geometrical isomer followed by 13- cis , 9- cis , di- cis and 15- cis isomers. A mix of three stereoisomers was found in all parts and the percentages of meso (3 S , 3’ R ) and (3 S , 3’ S ) forms were significantly higher than the (3 R , 3’ R ) isomer. Compared to the carotenoid content of the raw shrimp, only 26.17 mg/kg remained in the dried shrimp. Nearly half of the carotenoids were lost during the drying process. Substantial hydrolysis and isomerization also occurred.     

Optimal primary production model and parameterization in the eastern East China Sea

Integrated primary production (IPP) datasets from the eastern East China Sea (ECS) were used to validate the depth dependent and time integrated model (TIM), the empirical model (EM), and the vertically generalized production model (VGPM). Employing constant maximum chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) specific carbon fixation rate (P _opt ^B ), the original TIM could not explain measured IPP variance, while the low P _opt ^B estimated using P _opt ^B models originally embedded in the EM were responsible for original EM low estimations. The disparity between P _opt ^B expressions originally embedded in the VGPM and that observed in this study was responsible for the low accuracy of the original VGPM. After locally tuning on the P _opt ^B model, TIM and VGPM could predict well, whereas EM still gave low estimates. This was probably due to the fact that, unlike TIM and VGPM, EM employs a constant factor instead of a light dependent function in describing the depth of light-saturation primary production. The high accuracy of TIM was limited by the complexity of estimating many variable inputs. EM, as a simplest model, should be used with caution in the eastern ECS. Global VGPM with locally adjusted P _opt ^B seemed to be an effective model for estimating IPP in the eastern ECS.