Mediterranean deep-sea amphipods: composition, structure and affinities of the fauna

The recent revision of the Mediterranean amphipod fauna includes 415 species (i.e. 8% of the worldwide fauna). The number of endemic species is estimated to be about 190 (i.e. 46% of the total fauna).The deep-sea fauna, which includes all those species inhabiting depths >150m, comprises 154 species (37.1% of the total fauna), belonging to 89 genera and 25 families. 84 of these species inhabited depths down to 400m, 47 down to 1000m, and 31 to depths >2000m. Considering the upper limits to their bathymetric ranges, 49 species are restricted to depths >150m, 15 to >400m, 9 to >1000m and just 5 to depths >2000m. 62.9% of the gammaridean fauna is restricted to the continental shelf at depths shallower than 150m. Only 11.3% of this fauna inhabits depths >1000m. and only 2.2% is restricted to these deeper depths.The composition of this deep-living fauna has complex zoogeographical relationships. There are four main categories of species: eurybathic, Atlantico-Mediterranean bathyal, endemic bathyal and endemic abyssal species.The deep-living species include 71 (46%) which are endemic. There are also 71 species which zoogeographically are Atlantico-Mediterranean, 4 which are cosmopolitan, 5 Atlantico-Pacifico-Mediterranean, one Indo-Atlantico-Mediterranean and one Pacifico-Mediterranean. The 71 endemic species belonging to 52 genera. Three of these genera are endemic and five others were previously known only as Indo-Pacific.The presence of bathyal endemic species belonging to bathyal genera, and the affinity of some other species otherwise occurring only in the Indo-Pacific, confirms that a Tethyan component persists in the amphipod fauna, and indicates that during the Messinian Crisis the Mediterranean did not completely dry up. Thus a relict amphipod fauna was able to survive in some of the residual basins.     

中国近海的蔓足类 Ⅲ.小藤壶科

小藤壶类除少数种为深海产外，大部栖息于潮间带，附着于岩石、码头、树木、管道、浮标或船底，是沿岸附着生物的主要种类，在潮间带岩岸生物群落中常占一定的优势。种类的准确鉴定对分析潮间带生态和附着生物的生态研究及防除工作都具有一定的意义。 早在1854年，Darwin就在藤壶科Balanidae下建立了小藤壶亚科Chthamalinae. Pilsbry (1916)将其提升为小藤壶科Chthamalidae，与Balanidae并列；1976年Newman& Ross对藤壶亚目Suborder Balanomorpha进行了全面的修订，分为3个总科(Chthamaloidea,Coronuloidea和Balanoide)，他们将小藤壶科中壳壁带轮生副板的4属分出，建立鳞藤壶科Catophragmidae，与Chthamalidae一起置于小藤壶总科Chthamaloidea之下。 关于小藤壶类，国内仅有零星记载，缺少系统研究，特别是一些深水种尚无报道。本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所过去在全国沿海潮间带采集的标本写成，共报告小藤壶科9种，分隶于2亚科4属，其中有1新种，1种为我国首次录。新种的模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。 本文报告的小藤壶，分布于我国长江口以北海域的只有东方小藤壶Chthamalus challengeri Hoek，它大量出现在高潮带岩石上，对温、湿度变化的适应力很强，能忍受较长时间的周期性干燥和较大的温度变化幅度。其余种类则出现在长江口以南亚热带和热带海区，其中白条地藤壶Euraphia withersi和楯形矮藤壶Chamaesipho scutelliformis分布广，数量大；中国四板小藤壶Tetrachthamalus sinensis Ren在海南岛和北部湾沿岸占优势。     

中国近海捻螺科(后鳃类)的研究

捻螺科(Acteonidae = Pupidae)是一群有壳后鳃类软体动物。它们的侧脏神经索在发育过程中没有象其它后鳃类那样再经过逆转，仍然保持着不对称而互相交叉呈“8”形；它们具有螺旋形的外壳，身体能完全缩入壳内，具有角质厣。这些都表明它们在演化上仍保留着前鳃类的特征，所以是一群原始类型的后鳃类。 这科动物在潮间带与潮下带浅水区，直至水深数百米的泥砂质海底营底栖生活。由于它们具有较坚固的贝壳，所以在海底沉积物及地层化石中也常见到。它们广泛分布于世界各海域，尤其在印度－太平洋区种类较多。它们大多是暖水性种，有些既是化石种又是现生种。 在我国已报道5属，共14种, 在报道过的14种中有2种——Acteon secale, A. mariae 我们尚未找到标本。 本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所历年来在我国沿海潮间带调查采集、潮下带底栖生物调查及东海地质取样中所获得的标本，选行整理鉴定，共有20种，分隶于5属；其中有2新种，6个新记录。在这些种类中，有5种分布于印度－太平洋区：坚固蛹螺 Pupa solidula，纵沟蛹螺 P. sulcata，红斑蛹螺 P. coccinata，火焰斑捻螺 Punctacteon flammeus，线红纹螺 Bullina lineata；其余的种均为西太平洋种。同日本共有的种为14种，其中5种是日本－中国特有种：卵圆捻螺 Acteon teramachii，吉良斑捻螺 A. kirai，希氏捻螺 A siebaldii ，宽带斑捻螺 Punctacteon kajiyamai，华贵红纹螺 Bullina nabilis。在这些种类中，仅黑纹斑捻螺可向北分布到黄海、渤海。可见我国的这科动物为暖水性种，在区系上与日本南部关系极为密切。     

中国近海的蔓足类 Ⅶ.塔藤壶科

塔藤壶科 Family Pyrgomatidae 埋栖于石珊瑚内,主要分布于热帯和亚热带海域,通常称为珊瑚藤壶(coral barnacles)。珊瑚藤壶的分类对研究珊瑚礁生态及蔓足类的进化都具有一定的意义,但这类动物由于深理于珊瑚体内或珊瑚石中而常被忽略,过去研究不多,国内迄今尚无报道。 中国科学院海洋研究所历年来采集收藏了许多珊瑚标本。其中共栖有不少珊瑚藤壶标本,主要采自广东省西沙群岛及海南岛等地的潮间带造礁石珊瑚,部分采自南海和东海的深水非造礁珊瑚。 本文共报告塔藤壶科17种,分隶于2亚科,6属,其中有4新种,9种为我国的首次记录,新种的模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。     

Effects of Listriolobus pelodes (Echiura) on coastal shelf benthic communities and sediments modified by a major California wastewater discharge

The Palos Verdes coastal zone off Los Angeles receives over 1·4×10⁹ l of primary treated wastewaters daily. Benthic effects from this discharge include elevated organic matter and trace contaminants in sediments, generation of H₂S among sediment porewaters and altered biological community structure. In 1973 large numbers of the echiuran Listriolobus pelodes settled in shelf sediments several kilometers from the outfalls. By 1975 the centre of Listriolobus distribution had shifted towards the outfall region, where peak numbers (1500 m⁻²) and biomass (2 kg m⁻²) developed. Populations declined in 1977 and the echiuran had virtually disappeared from the shelf by 1978. The echiurans' burrowing, respiratory, and feeding activities aerated and reworked sediments, and thus reduced wastewater impacts on the ocean bottom, enabling a diverse fauna to develop in the outfall region. With the disappearance of the echiuran, sediment quality and benthic communities reverted towards former conditions. However, because of improvements made in effluent quality during the echiuran period, wastewater impacts were of lower magnitude than before the Listriolobus invasion.     

西沙群岛的棘皮动物 Ⅰ.海参纲

中国科学院海洋研究所曾多次到我国西沙群岛进行海洋生物的采集工作；作者参加过一次考察，并对该岛的棘皮动物进行过专门的采集与观察。 富饶的西沙群岛，盛产海参，有的地方，可谓俯拾皆是。全世界约40种海参可供食用，而西沙群岛即产有20种。世界上一些名贵的种类，例如梅花参、黑乳海参、蛇目白尼参和辐肛参等，该岛均有出产。 本文报道了经济意义较大的海参纲动物的研究结果，共检查了标本425个，鉴定为41种，分隶于3目，5科，16属，内有一新种，有14种在我国系首次记录。     

浙江近海裸鳃类的研究

关于浙江近海的裸鳃类,过去仅有张玺、齐钟彦(1961)、林光宇(1965,1975,1981,1985)洪君超、尤仲杰(1965,1983)等先后零星报道12种,但尚未进行较系统的分类研究。我们整理了中国科学院海洋硏究所历年来在浙江近海进行调查所采集的标本和浙江水产学院1961-1985年在浙江沿海潮间带采集的标本,共鉴定出90种后鰓类。本文报道其中的裸鳃类共32种,分别隶属于14科,17属,其中有1新种,6种在我国为首次记录。 在这些种中,1种是环赤道分布种:海神鳃 Gulaucus (Gulaucus) marinus ；2种分布于大西洋、地中海；太平洋:雪白心海牛 Noumea nivalis,围鳃海牛 Joriana tomentosa;有9种是印度-西太平洋的热带种:双色裸海牛 Gymnodoris bicolor,多枝鬈发海牛Caloplocamus ramosus,草莓叉棘海牛 Rostanga arbutus，网纹舌尾海牛 Glossodoris tinctoria,黑枝鳃海牛 Dendrodoris nigra，溅斑舌尾海牛 Glossodoris aspersa,芽枝鳃海牛Dendrodoris denisoni,红枝鳃海牛 Dendrodoris rubra,白斑马蹄鳃 Sakuraeolis enosimensis；其余是西、南太平洋的热带、亚热带种和少数温带种。浙江沿海和日本南部沿海的共有种有20种之多,可见两地区系之相似。这些种能向北越过长江分布至黄海、渤海的有9种,向南分布到南海的有13种,其区系性质应为热带、亚热带。     

Additions to the echinoid fauna of New Zealand

Seven species of echinoids are added to the New Zealand fauna, two being described as new species of the genera Caenopedina and Spatangus Described species, new to the fauna, are Gracilechinus multidentatus (H. L. Clark), Pourtalesia laguncula A. Agassiz, Hemiaster expergitus gibbosus A. Agassiz, and Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark. Fragments of Spatangus, possibly hybrid S. thor Fell, and fragments of Echinocardium, almost certainly not E. cordatum (Pennant), are also described.     

西太平洋羊鱼科(Mullidae)鱼类多样性及其分布的研究

文中整理记述了西太平洋羊鱼科鱼类31种,分属于Upeneus、Parupeneus、Mulloidichthys属,列写了种属检索表;并报告其各个种的地理分布区。在此基础上,讨论了西太平洋羊鱼科鱼类生物多样性特征、动物地理学特点及部分名称订正,资源与渔业上的意义。     

Monsoon-driven succession of the larval fish assemblage in the East China Sea shelf waters off northern Taiwan

The seasonal variation in the larval fish community related to the hydrography in the East China Sea (ECS) off northern Taiwan was studied from February to November 2004. Hydrographic conditions in the southern ECS are strongly influenced by the different water masses due to the seasonal monsoon system. A total of 173 taxa of larval fish belonging to 68 families and 105 genera were identified during the study period. The highest abundance of larval fish was recorded in winter, a moderate abundance was seen in late spring and summer, and the lowest abundance in autumn. Significantly higher abundances were usually found in the mixing zone than in ECS and the Kuroshio Current, and the number of species of larval fish was greater during the warm period than during the cold period. The larval fish fauna in the southern ECS is a mixture of endemic and exotic species; the latter come from the coastal waters of mainland China when the northeasterly monsoon prevails, from the South China Sea during the southwesterly monsoon, and from the Kuroshio waters year-round. The succession of water masses induced by the monsoon systems and the high nutrient levels caused by frontal turbulence and topographic upwelling may determine the distributions of larval fish in terms of abundance and composition.     

A new echiuran species Thalassema malakhovi (echiura) from New Zealand

A new echiuran Thalassema malakhovi, collected at 20 m depth off the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, is described. The possibility of using the structure of the nephrostome for subgrouping Thalassema species is discussed. The generic diagnosis of Thalassema Pallas is given.     

中国近海猿头蛤科的研究

猿头蛤科(Chamidae)的种类生活在热带和亚热带海洋中，利用左壳或右壳固着在潮间带下部的岩石或珊瑚的表面和缝隙中生活，分布深度可达250米。在有强击岸浪的开阔性岩石海岸或珊瑚礁区，猿头蛤的固着基很坚实，贝壳的固着面也大，壳面的棘和鳞片发达，但较钝，其表面常附着海藻和其它生物。在平静的内湾，猿头蛤固着或不固着，壳面披着一层极厚的海藻、苔藓虫或其它生物，原来壳面上的棘或鳞片变得很不规则，甚至被外来物完全披覆。 Lamarck(1818)根据猿头蛤壳顶部的旋转方向，把利用左壳固着、壳顶右旋的称为正规型，而把右壳固着、壳顶左旋的称为反转型。在有些种，同一种中的个体既有用左壳也有用右壳固着者，所以这一分类法没有受到重视。Odhner(1919)研究了猿头蛤的形态和分类的关系，对正规型和反转型的标本进行了比较解剖，他把反转型的种类归并为一个属——拟猿头蛤属(Pseudochama)。Reeve(1847)在猿头蛤的专论中记载55种，其中有75%的种类是左壳固着、壳顶右旋的。Lischke(1870) 发表4个日本海的猿头蛤新种。Clessin(1889)在猿头蛤的系统研究中发表78种。Lamy(1927)在“巴黎自然史博物馆猿头蛤的订正”一文中发表40种和8个变种。Habe(1964)报道日本产的猿头蛤3属16种。 我国沿海猿头蛤的记载较少，Reeve(1847)认为Chama lobata应分布于中国外海；Angas记载过产于香港的Chama fragum; Kuroda报道Chama lazarus，Chama lobata，Chama ostoma, Chama brassica, Chama divaricata, Chama reflexa, Chama jukesi和Chama (Pseuidochama) retroversa等8种分布于我国台湾省；张玺等发表了Chama lobata, Chama lazaru和Chama dunkeri等3种。 中国科学院海洋研究所于1954-1963年在浙江、福建、广东和广西沿海采到不少猿头蛤标本，1958年全国近海综合调查又补充了许多南海的拖网标本，共150号。经鉴定共10种，分隶于二个属。     

Effect of the East Siberian barrier on the echinoderm dispersal in the Arctic Ocean

The distributional patterns were analyzed for 43 species and 33 genera of echinoderms in the Laptev and East Siberian seas and for 59 species and 35 genera of the asteroid species in the Arctic Ocean. The probable colonization route through the Arctic was suggested for each species based on (1) the distributional patterns of the Arctic species, (2) the distributional patterns of the closely related species, and (3) the location of the center of the diversity of the species belonging to a certain genus. The species of the Pacific origin prevailed in the asteroid fauna of the Arctic seas. The asteroid species diversity and the ratio of the species of Pacific origin decreased from the Barents towards the Laptev Sea and increased, respectively, in the East Siberian and the Chukchee seas. The species range limits were found for 19 species in the East Siberian Sea compared to only 3 species in the Laptev Sea. The East Siberian Sea was a limiting area for the dispersal of four species groups: (1) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the Asian coast of the Arctic (shallow-water stenobathic species), (2) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the American coast of the Arctic and further on back into the Arctic along the Eurasian coast (secondarily Atlantic species); (3) originally invaders from the Northern Atlantic; (4) representatives of the Arctic autochthonous fauna. A great width of the biotic boundaries (i.e., the zones of the species range boundaries crowding) was typical for the Arctic Basin, which was a sign of their young geological age.     

中国近海枝鳃亚目、蓑海牛亚目(软体动物)区系的研究

中国近海共有枝鳃亚目、蓑海牛亚目软体动物40种，隶属于16科30属，主要分布在浙江以南的热带、亚热带海区，有些种类向北可以分布到达黄、渤海，部分种类仅分布于黄、渤海。区系性质属于印度，西太平洋区的中国，日本亚区。     

New genera and species of benthic calanoid copepods from the New Zealand slope

Thirteen new species of benthic calanoid copepods are described from depths of 1,184–1,697 m off New Zealand. Seven species belong to previously described aetideid genera (Bradyidius—four spp., Comantenna—one sp., Pseudeuchaeta—two spp.) and the remainder represent new genera in three families: Aetideidae—three genera, four spp.; Arietellidae—one genus and sp.; Bathypontiidae—one genus and sp.     

中国寄居蟹类区系研究

本文对产于中国的100种寄居蟹作了区系研究,并与其他国家和海区所产的寄居蟹类进行比较,作出了地理分布表。     

Preliminary data on the composition and distribution of polychaetes in the deep-water areas of the north-western part of the Sea of Japan

During the SoJaBio expedition, the deep sea fauna of the north-western Sea of Japan was sampled in August–September 2010. From this study, 11 epibenthic sledge stations are analyzed, with a focus on species composition, diversity and distribution patterns of polychaetes. A total of 92 polychaete taxa belonging to 70 genera and 28 families and 3 indeterminate species were found. Twelve species and eight genera have not been reported from the Sea of Japan before, but were registered from other deep-sea basins. Calculation of diversity (Shannon–Wiener Index, Pielou's Evenness) showed that the upper bathyal of the Sea of Japan is an area of higher polychaete diversity than the abyssal plain. The increased richness and diversity here could possibly be explained by a zoogeographic overlapping with the shallower species' assemblages of the shelf. At a higher taxonomic level the polychaete fauna of the deep Sea of Japan does not seem to differ from that of other deep-sea regions world-wide. In depths below 2000 m about 30% polychaete species have wide distributional ranges.     

山东蓬莱沿海的贝类

本文报导了蓬莱沿海的贝类１１１种,隶属４９科８６属 ,并对它们的生态类型,区和纱分布特点作了初步分析。