河流沉积单元分析与储层宏观非均质性

沉积单元分析方法是详细解剖陆相盆地沉积过程和研究储集体空间变化的有效途径。本文以胜利油田沾化凹陷的孤东和孤岛油田馆陶组上段为例分析了河流砂体储层非均质性的变化规律。该段河流沉积分别由11种沉积单元组成了3种类型的河流沉积,其中河道的加积沉积单元和河道边缘砂体是主要的储层类型,河床滞留沉积和决口扇砂体以较低的渗透率为特征,储层性能较差。馆陶组上段自下而上,由于可容纳空间和沉积物比值的增大,致使槽状交错层组和层系厚度向上增大,孔隙度、渗透率、保存下来的河道宽度、连续性和连通程度降低,而底形多样性、相的分异性、相的保存程度和非均质性增加。由于可容纳空间/沉积物补给(A/S)比值变小,致使馆陶组上段中部的河流砂体储层最为发育。综合研究表明,馆陶组上段河流沉积的储层宏观、微观非均质性较强,主要受控于沉积单元的分布和可容纳空间的变化等因素。     

莫索湾地区清水河组储层特征及优质储层控制因素分析

莫索湾地区清水河组油气资源丰富,但埋深较大,储层非均质性较强,优质储层分布规律较复杂。本次研究以岩心、镜下薄片、压汞、物性及地层测试资料为基础,结合储集砂体沉积条件,深入分析储层特征及优质储层发育的控制因素,结果表明,储层整体储集条件较为优越,孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主,且孔隙结构多为中孔粗喉型;储层平均孔隙度为15.26%,平均渗透率为35.99×10~(-3)μm~2,属中孔中渗型。其中优质储层发育主要受控于沉积微相、成岩作用和异常高压3方面。沉积微相控制砂体的宏观分布、成分成熟度和结构成熟度,决定储层原始物性的好坏。沟槽带的水下分流河道砂体和低凸带的滩坝砂体物性最优越。成岩作用决定着对储层物性的后期改造及次生孔隙的发育程度。普遍存在的地层超压对于深部储层物性的保存具关键作用。     

水下分流河道砂体的叠置样式及其储层非均质性变化特征

在研究区目的层进行高分辨率层序地层研究的基础上,对分流河道微相的储层质量非均质性进行分析,应用不同级次基准面旋回成因的沉积学分析和表征储层质量非均质性的各项岩芯化验、统计学数据定量分析,指出基准面旋回因素对不同级次水下分流河道主体储层质量非均质性影响存在差异:单一水下分流河道和单期复合水下分流河道的储层质量非均质性呈正韵律变化,多期复合水下分流河道储层质量非均质性分布呈不规则趋势,多级次的基准面旋回及其伴随的可容纳空间变化所引起的沉积环境的变化影响水下分流河道储层非均质性.     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统长8砂岩储层物性的主要控制因素

研究认为富县地区上三叠统长8期三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩储层物性主要受沉积微相、砂岩成分和粒度以及成岩作用的控制。特别指出沉积微相对储层的控制,实际上是沉积(微)相带对砂体类型和物性特征的控制,不同沉积微相的砂岩在储集性能上存在明显的差异。表现为三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体的孔隙度及渗透率均高于其它沉积微相内砂体的孔隙度和渗透率,而分流间湾的沉积物粒度相对较细,杂基含量高,压实作用强,不利于后期溶蚀流体的流动,储层物性较差。强烈的机械压实、压溶作用、碳酸盐自生矿物的胶结作用使孔隙结构变差,进一步降低砂岩的储集性能;由淡水淋滤及有机物质产生的溶蚀作用,对储层改善具有重要意义。     

西湖凹陷平湖斜坡有利相带内储层非均质性成因新认识

河流-潮汐双向水流沉积环境中,水体方向、动力、化学属性变化频繁,储层矿物基础、成岩过程复杂多变、物性非均质性强,一直是制约其勘探开发的难点.以中国东海西湖凹陷平湖组为例,针对河流-潮汐背景中潮道和水下分流河道两种高能沉积微相,通过岩心观察、孔渗测试、光镜等方法,从物质基础、物性规律、主控因素3个方面开展研究.结果表明：(1)潮道中上部物性好,孔隙度平均18%、渗透率平均120 m D(1 m D≈10^-3μm²),而潮道底部致密,孔隙度平均4%、渗透率平均0.05 m D;呈现非均质性的主要原因是碳酸盐胶结导致底部致密;(2)水下分流河道上部物性好,孔隙度平均5%、渗透率平均70 m D,而水下分流河道底部致密,孔隙度平均1%、渗透率平均0.01 m D;呈现非均质性的主要原因是高岭石充填导致底部致密.上述研究明确了西湖凹陷平湖组2种优势微相的非均质性成因,对深化河流-潮汐背景下储层非均质性规律及成因机制具有重要的理论指导意义;技术方法、研究成果可应用于东海盆地低渗砂岩储层油气勘探,对于中国近海、国外区块的深层碎屑岩储层油气勘探亦具有重要推广...     

鄂尔多斯盆地油坊庄油田长2油层组储层宏观非均质性研究

油坊庄油田长2油层组发育水上分流河道、天然堤、决口扇、沼泽等沉积微相类型,储集砂体以水上分流河道砂体为主,天然堤等次之。顺着物源方向,砂体连通性较好,物性较好,非均质性弱;垂直于物源方向砂体连通性、物性较差,非均质性强。储层层内非均质性较强,储集砂体垂向韵律以正韵律为主,不利于水驱油。长2油层组单砂层数越多,层间非均质性越强。综合研究表明,储层非均质性受沉积环境控制。     

东营凹陷古近系沙河街组碎屑岩储集层非均质性与油气意义

从宏观和微观两方面分析了东营凹陷古近系沙河街组碎屑岩储集层的非均质性特征。沙河街组碎屑岩储集砂体类型多样,通过统计分析宏观物性参数,不同成因类型储集砂体的渗透率和孔隙度分布差别较大,其中河流相、（扇）三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝砂体储集质量最好;不同沉积微相的孔隙度基本上均呈正态分布,其中三角洲河口坝砂体及水下分流河道砂体孔隙度峰值较高。非均质参数表明,（扇）三角洲前缘水下分流河道非均质程度最强。通过对各种微观非均质性参数的综合研究,将储集层孔隙结构分为5种类型,其中大孔较粗喉及大孔中细喉为好的储集层,常见于（扇）三角洲水下分流河道砂体下部和河口砂坝主体的中细砂岩中。非均质性研究的结果与油田试油结果对比吻合较好,表明该项研究对下一步油气勘探与后期注水开发具有重要的指导意义。     

惠民凹陷商河砂体储层特征与高分辨率层序地层控制

为查明惠民凹陷商河砂体的分布规律、物性特征及其控制因素,本文以高分辨率层序地层学和储层地质学理论和技术为基础,综合采用了岩心观察、薄片鉴定、岩心物性分析、测井解释和压汞分析等多种方法,对商河地区沙二下亚段的层序地层、储层特征及其控制因素进行了综合研究。结果发现,沙二下亚段可划分为3个中期基准面旋回,物性较好的储集砂体主要发育在中期基准面上升早期和下降晚期,且下降半旋回砂岩的孔渗特征一般优于上升半旋回砂岩。研究认为,储层物性与沉积微相密切相关,水下分流河道砂体和河口坝砂体物性最好,储层非均质性较弱;远砂坝和前缘席状砂物性一般略差,湖滩砂和分流间湾砂体物性最差,非均质性最强。储集砂体的平面分布和平面非均质性主要受控于沉积微相的类型和分布,而沉积相带的迁移、相的演化及储层垂向非均质性均受控于基准面的升降变化,故基准面旋回的升降变化对储层的空间展布和非均质性均具有明显的控制作用。     

沉积物体积分配原理——高分辨率层序地层学的理论基础

基准面旋回期间沉积物以不同体积被分配到不同相域的过程及其伴随的可容纳空间的变化称为“沉积物体积分配” ,它反映了沉积过程响应系统遵循物质保存定律。沉积物体积分配在地层记录中的沉积学和地层学的响应表现为 :( 1)地层旋回的对称性随时间和空间的变化 ;( 2 )反映原始地貌要素保存程度的相分异作用 ;( 3)进积 /加积地层单元的叠加样式。这些沉积学与地层学属性无一不是高分辨率层序地层划分与对比的基础。根据沉积物体积分配原理 ,正确的年代地层对比应该是有时岩石与岩石、有时岩石与界面或界面与界面的对比 ,而不是等厚度对比和岩性地层对比。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界海陆过渡相和渤海湾裂谷盆地东营组湖相沉积的地层对比说明了沉积物体积分配的过程及其在高分辨率地层划分和对比中的应用。     

靖边气田北部中奥陶统马家沟组五_4~1储层沉积微相组合与储层非均质性控制因素

中奥陶统马家沟组上部马五41储层是鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田主力产气段,根据该层段的岩石学特征和沉积构造等,可划分为3个亚相以及9个微相组合。该储层的储集性能具有强烈的非均质性,微观上表现为低孔低渗,以微细喉、细喉为主;纵向上表现为反韵律、随机韵律、均质韵律3种韵律模式,平面上表现为平均岩心孔隙度、渗透率分布的非均一性。沉积微相及微相组合差异性是控制岩石孔隙发育的基础,成岩作用决定了孔隙发育的程度,古岩溶地貌类型对储层分布有着明显制约作用,最终导致该区储集性能在纵横向上的非均质性。     

Origin,evolution and anatomy of silt‐prone submarine external levées

Submarine external levées are constructional features that develop outside slope channel systems, and are a volumetrically significant component of continental margins. However, detailed observations of their process sedimentology and depositional architecture are rare. Extensive exposures of external levées at multiple stratigraphic intervals and well‐constrained palaeogeographic positions in the Fort Brown Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa, have been calibrated with research boreholes. This integrated data set permits their origin, evolution and anatomy to be considered, including high‐resolution analysis of sedimentary facies distribution and characterization of depositional sub‐environments. An idealized model of the stratigraphic evolution and depositional architecture of external levées is presented, and variations can be attributed to allogenic (for example, sediment supply) and autogenic (for example, channel migration) factors. Initiation of external levée construction is commonly marked by deposition of a basal sand‐rich facies with sedimentary structures indicating rapid deposition from unconfined flows. These deposits are interpreted as frontal lobes. Propagation of the parent channel, and resultant flow confinement, lead to partial erosion of the frontal lobe and development of constructional relief (levées) by flow overspill and flow stripping. Overall fining‐upwards and thinning‐upwards profiles reflect increased flow confinement and/or waning flow magnitude through time. Identification of a hierarchy of levée elements is not possible due to the absence of internal bounding surfaces or sharp facies changes. The down‐slope taper in levée height and increasing channel sinuosity results in increasing numbers of crevasse lobe deposits, and is reflected by the increased occurrences of channel avulsion events down‐dip. External levées from the Fort Brown Formation are silt‐rich; however their stratigraphic evolution and the distribution of many components (such as sediment waves and crevasse lobe) share commonalities with mud‐rich external levées. This unique integrated data set has permitted the first high‐resolution characterization of external submarine levée systems.     

波斯湾盆地中白垩统Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层特征及其发育模式

Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层是波斯湾盆地最主要的储集层之一,储层岩石类型主要为礁滩相生物礁灰岩、生屑灰岩和含生屑泥灰岩,储集空间主要为粒间(溶)孔、晶间(溶)孔、铸模孔、表生期组构选择性溶蚀孔洞和基质微孔。储层多呈层状展布,横向上连续,边界受沉积相带约束; 纵向上发育多套致密隔夹层,呈强非均质性。储层发育与保存主要受沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用影响。碳酸盐岩缓坡背景下发育的生物礁和生屑滩空间分布受盆地基底古构造格局控制,是优质储层分布相带。相对海平面升降旋回控制相带迁移和成岩作用差异,导致优质孔渗层与致密隔夹层交互发育。构造圈闭发育与油气充注时间的耦合有效抑制压实作用和胶结作用对储层的破坏,是储层得以保存的有利因素。     

大庆油田葡一油层组高精度层序格架内储集砂体的沉积构成及其对油田开发的意义

大庆油田北三区上白垩统葡一油层组以高频湖进面可划分为3个四级和8个五级的高精度层序地层单元。以密集开发井资料为基础追踪这些层序单元可为储层砂体研究提供精细的等时对比框架。该油层组的主要储集砂体多为复合型砂体,由各种单一砂体相互叠置和切割所形成,包括下切河道（谷）分流河道复合砂体、水下分流河道上叠水上分流河道复合砂体、分流河道上叠河口坝砂体、决口水道上叠决口三角洲砂体等复合类型。这些砂体的内部沉积构成复杂,控制着厚油层储层物性的非均质性变化。在高精度层序框架内可划分出3个砂体复合带,其沉积构成的差异对剩余油的分布具有重要影响。主河道复合砂体带的孔渗性和连通性好,易形成上部层内和隔层非均质性剩余油;河道边部-河口坝复合砂岩带结构复杂,隔层发育,易形成平面未波及或物性变化导致的剩余油,应是区内剩余油挖潜的重要相带;边缘砂坝-决口扇-越岸泛滥砂泥岩互层带砂体分布局限,孔渗性和连通性差,由于井网控制不够或连通性差形成剩余油。     

Reservoir potential of carbonate rocks in the Kutai Basin region,East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Fifteen percent of the exploration wells drilled in the Kutai Basin region were targeted for stratigraphic play-types. Carbonate reservoirs comprise almost 70% of the objectives in these stratigraphic plays. There was need for a better understanding of the carbonate reservoir potential in the region. Accordingly, this study was carried out. The distribution, depositional environment as well as factors controlling the quality of carbonate reservoirs are reviewed and analyzed. Carbonate reservoirs in the study area can be found sparsely throughout the Kutai Basin. Carbonates range in age from Oligocene (Bebulu limestone) to Late Miocene (Dian limestone). The main constituents of these carbonate build-ups are platy-corals, encrusting red algae and larger benthonic foraminifera. Most of the carbonates were deposited in a shallow marine environment (inner to middle shelf) during rises in relative sea level. Highstand system tracts are characterized by well-developed carbonate facies-belts. The carbonate build-ups generally occur as isolated bedded mounds, from a few feet up to 1000 ft in thickness. The preservation of primary porosity is generally poor due to diagenetic processes during burial history, particularly the infilling of pores by non-ferroan calcite cement. The development of secondary porosity is limited, due to the retardation of subsurface fluid flow by non-permeable layers, and the absence of solution effects due to sub-aerial exposure and karstification. Preserved porosities are mainly present as vugs, best developed in coarse-grained shelf-margin facies, which may not have subsequently been completely filled by calcite cement. Early hydrocarbon migration may retard the diagenetic processes and preserve the primary carbonate porosity.     

四川资阳地区灯影组滩相沉积及储集性研究

一般认为,高能沉积体是储层形成的有利相带之一,但对于碳酸盐岩来说,高能沉积相带仅是储层发育的基本条件之一,后期的成岩改造可能更为明显,它可将原生孔隙发育的高能沉积体转变为致密岩体。因此,碳酸盐岩储层的预测研究应将沉积相与成岩作用研究相结合。本文根据区内灯影组钻井岩芯的宏观、微观特征,结合物性资料,研究了滩相类型、特征、所经历的主要成岩类型及对储集性的影响,认为浅色的内碎屑滩、绵层状藻砂屑滩和鲕粒滩是有利于储层形成与演化的沉积相带,它们多分布于以资3、7井、资4井和资5井为中心的区块内,向其周边井区,这些有利滩相沉积体变薄、储集性变差。     

滨里海盆地Д南石炭系碳酸盐岩储层类型及分布特征

在滨里海盆地东缘Д南石炭系碳酸盐岩KT-II含油层系Д层岩心和录井资料稀缺的情况下,针对该区油气发现多年但储量一直未有效动用,导致碳酸盐岩储层钻井结果见效差、单井初始产能差异大的生产矛盾。通过井筒资料精细对比分析,确定Д南难动用储量区Д层复杂储层的有利层段为Д₁底部鲕粒白云质灰岩所在的白云岩化带,该储层主要为孔洞缝复合型和孔隙-裂缝型。结合古构造和沉积相特征,确定储层有利分布相带为开阔台地相浅滩亚相滩微相,原始沉积环境和白云岩化作用控制着储层的发育。在有利相带约束下,优选地震属性并进行叠前叠后储层反演,根据储层厚度、孔隙度、裂缝发育程度及含烃指示等因素综合评价,预测Д₁层复杂碳酸盐岩储层发育区为近NE-SW向带状分布,为该区提高储量动用程度和钻井见效提供地质参考依据。     

Analysis of sedimentary facies and depositional environments of Paleogene sequence of Cambay basin,India

A study on the sedimentary facies characterization and depositional environment interpretations for the K#Field (K-Oil Field) in Cambay petroleum basin of western onshore, India was conducted based on the sub-surface data from drilled wells, including well logs, borehole images, cores and the regional knowledge of the basin. In this work, an effort is made to integrate the current data from seismics and well logging, to study and analyze its depositional environments and establish the petroleum systems. The study regions for the present work are K45 and K48 blocks. The target strata includes 2 oil-bearing formations of Paleogene, which is about 3600 ft; they are M#Fm (M-Formation) of the Eocene and N#Fm (N-Formation) of Oligocene, subdivided into 11 zones. The sediment fill is mostly of Tertiary. The research attempts to decipher the oil - depositional source correlation problems of the basin. Sedimentary models were established referring to the core analysis, core photographs and well logs. Reservoir and heterogeneity study included reservoir lithology features, physical properties and pore structure features.Well facies analysis of oil well WELL-0297 and WELL-0129 was done and the results were analyzed for further drilling of new wells for oil and gas exploration. The study found that the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Paleogene are fluviatile facies sand and mud interbed sediment with the thickness 2000-4000 ft, which are main oil-bearing formations in these areas. Studies concluded that the fluvial reservoirs of the K#Field are characterized by large variations from laterally extensive bodies with good interconnectedness and high net-to-gross ratios, multi-storey ribbon bodies with poor interconnections and low net-to-gross ratios.     

Sedimentary Micro-facies and Macro Heterogeneity of Reservoir Beds in the Third Member of the Qingshankou Formation,Qian'an Area,Songliao Basin

An analysis of drill cores and well logs shows that the main micro-facies of the third member sand bodies of the Qingshankou Formation in Qian'an are subaqueous distributary channel facies, sheet sand facies and subaqueous fan facies(olistostrome).Maps showing the distribution of these micro-facies together with inter-channel bay and prodelta mocro-facies are presented for different time-slices(lower,middle and upper parts of the Qingshankou Formation).These maps reveal the instability and change of sediment transport in the Baokang sedimentary system during the depositional period.Sediment transport was from the west in the early stage,from the south in the middle stage and from the northwest in the late stage.Values of thickness,porosity and permeability of the sand bodies in the third member of the Qingshankou Formation show that they have low to medium porosity and low permeability,and are characterized by serious reservoir heterogeneity.The joints between micro-facies and subaqueous fan micro-facies are characterized by the highest heterogeneity, the sheet sand and distal sand bar subfacies come next,and the heterogeneity of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies is relatively weak.     

大芦家地区渐新统东二1亚段三角洲前缘砂体微相及储集性研究

通过岩芯、录井、测井资料的综合分析,发现大芦家地区渐新统东二段主要由三角洲前缘亚相组成,砂体的成因类型主要包括三角洲前缘亚相的河口坝、水下分流河道、水下天然堤和决口扇、席状砂、远砂坝。它们不仅具有各自独特的沉积特征和测井相特征,而且其空间储集物性的分布也各不相同。此外,它们还具有较强的层内非均质性,层间非均质性和平面非均质性却较弱。