黑河流域植被水分利用效率时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）产品总初级生产力（GPP）、蒸散发（ET）及气象数据估算了黑河流域植被水分利用效率（WUE）,分析了WUE的时空变化及与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：2005-2014年黑河流域单位面积上多年平均GPP为314.44 gC·m^-2,ET为363.35 mm,多年平均植被WUE为1.15 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2;黑河流域WUE总体呈由南向北递增的空间分布格局,年内呈现单峰型结构,WUE高值区分布在酒泉-临泽东西线上及额济纳斯荒漠河岸林地带,托勒的东南部地区为WUE低值区;黑河流域生态系统WUE具有明显的季节变化规律,表现为夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季的特征,夏季为1.32 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2,冬季为0.75 gC·mm^-1H₂O·m^-2;水分利用效率年均分布与倾向率的增加具有一定的对应关系,莺落峡、民乐一带是WUE的高值区也是整个流域倾向率快速增长区,在WUE稳定性方面,中下游绿洲区变化最为显著,上游高海拔区、中下游戈壁区变化不显著;WUE与年降水量、年平均气温以负相关为主,其中降水是影响植被WUE的主要因素,正相关的区域分布在山丹县、民乐县东部、肃南裕固族自治县南部湖泊区域,而气温只在下游绿洲区呈正相关。     

内蒙古植被覆盖度的时空动态变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data.The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality,increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10°N.During 2001-2010,the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57,0.4 and 0.16 in forest,grassland and desert biome,respectively,exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities.Totally,vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period.Across Inner Mongolia,the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region,respectively,while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%,respectively.On inter-annual time scale,precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region.On inter-monthly scale,the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation,implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor.The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales,while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales.In grassland biome,the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation,while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation.In grassland biome,the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.     

江河源区NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系(英文)

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are important water conservation areas of China. In recent years, ecological deterioration trend of the source regions caused by global climate change and unreasonable resource development increased gradually. In this paper, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of vegetation cover in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are analyzed in recent 10 years based on 1-km resolution multitemporal SPOTVGT-DN data from 1998 to 2007. Meanwhile, the correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation, shallow ground temperature and NDVI, which is 3×3 pixel at the center of Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe, Qumalai, Maduo, and Dari meteorological stations were analyzed. The results show that the NDVI values in these two source regions are increasing in recent 10 years. Spatial distribution of NDVI which was consistent with hydrothermal condition decreased from southeast to northwest of the source regions. NDVI with a value over 0.54 was mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River, and most NDVI values in the northwestern source region of the Yangtze River were less than 0.22. Spatial changing trend of NDVI has great difference and most parts in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers witnessed indistinct change. The regions with marked increasing trend were mainly distributed on the south side of the Tongtian River, some part of Keqianqu, Tongtian, Chumaer, and Tuotuo rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River and Xingsuhai, and southern Dari county in the source region of the Yellow River. The regions with very marked increasing tendency were mainly distributed on the south side of Tongtian Rriver and sporadically distributed in hinterland of the source region of the Yangtze River. The north side of Tangula Range in the source region of the Yangtze River and Dari and Maduo counties in the source region of the Yellow River were areas in which NDVI changed with marked decreasing tendency. The NDVI change was980 Journal of Geographical Sciences positively correlated with average temperature, precipitation and shallow ground temperature. Shallow ground temperature had the greatest effect on NDVI change, and the second greatest factor influencing NDVI was average temperature. The correlation between NDVI and shallow ground temperature in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers increased significantly with the depth of soil layer.     

红河流域NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

纵向岭谷区的＂通道-阻隔＂作用及其生态效应多年来一直是山地生态学研究的热点。位于纵向岭谷区东侧的红河流域,其地表关键生态水文要素的时空格局及变化也受到＂通道-阻隔＂作用的极大影响。利用红河流域1981～2006年GIMMS数据和2006年SPOTVEGETATION数据以及42个气象站点1981～2001年逐日降水、温度数据,使用GIS方法和地统计学方法,探讨河谷和山脉地形的＂通道-阻隔＂作用下红河流域NDVI时空变化及与气候因子的关系。研究表明：（1）红河流域植被指数在不同方向的空间自相关程度分异明显,植被指数分布总体上受地形、水热分布格局等因素的结构性影响,但在各个方向存在差异：在哀牢山的阻隔作用下,西南-东北向和东西向的植被指数分维数较低,随机部分引起的植被指数空间分异较小,而结构性变异较大;在河谷的通道作用下,西北-东南向和南-北向的植被指数分维数较高,均匀性程度较好。（2）红河流域NDVI对温度和降水变化的响应具有＂时滞效应＂,滞后时间属于30～165 d,NDVI对降水变化的响应在时间上先于对温度变化的响应;在河谷和山脉的＂通道-阻隔＂作用下,NDVI对温度和降水变化的滞后时间和敏感程度有明显的空间差异。（3）红河流域NDVI总体上没有明显的增加趋势,但存在区域差异性和空间异质性;占流域面积66.77%地区的NDVI有增加的趋势,33.23%的地区有减少的趋势,年NDVI变化率在-15.23%～23.16%间。     

基于MODIS数据的博斯腾湖流域地表蒸散时空变化

基于2002～2009年期间的MODIS遥感数据和气象观测数据,运用能量平衡法计算博斯腾湖流域的地表蒸散量,蒸散平均绝对误差为12.39 mm,相对误差为14.15%。根据遥感反演结果分析了研究区地表蒸散的时空变化特征及其与降水、气温等气候因子的关系。博斯腾湖流域年地表蒸散表现出西北高东南低的空间分布格局,明显受到土地覆盖类型的影响。蒸散季节变化主要表现为单峰形式,夏季蒸散量占全年总蒸散量的48.10%。降水、气温对于博斯腾湖流域的地表蒸散变化有重要影响,并且在不同季节中两者的贡献度存在很大差异。     

基于MODIS数据的山西省六大煤田区植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其驱动力分析

为了分析山西省六大煤田区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其驱动力因素,基于2001-2013年MODIS NDVI数据和像元二分方法对山西省六大煤田植被覆盖进行反演和动态监测,并利用以一元线性回归为基础的趋势分析法对研究区植被覆盖趋势变化进行研究分析。结果表明:(1)研究区在13 a里植被覆盖整体呈先减后增,波动中上升趋势。(2)空间上看,植被覆盖河东煤田和大同煤田增长最明显,整体表现南部好于北部,东部好于西部。(3)从季节变化看,春季植被有明显退化趋势,夏季植被改善明显,秋季植被增长趋势逐渐减弱。气候变化和人类活动造成的煤田区生态环境退化是煤田区植被覆盖度时空变化的主要驱动因素。     

基于MODIS数据的青海湖流域地表温度反演研究

地表温度是检测地球环境变化的重要指标,将地表温度与气象观测资料相结合可以更准确地检测地表履被、土壤湿度及水分含量变化。利用MODIS数据对青海湖流域地表温度进行反演,将反演结果与实测0 cm地面温度对比分析,显示反演的地表温度值与实测0 cm地面温度值平均差-1.05℃,在当前遥感反演地表温度的误差之内。结果表明地表温度和气象观测资料相结合,可以用于监测地表温度的变化,进而建立偏远地区气候资源数据库。     

基于NDVI的黄河源区生长季植被时空变化及其与气候因子的关系

为掌握黄河源区植被变化趋势及其与气候因子的关系,本研究利用2000—2013年Terra/MODIS NDVI数据和同期气温、降水资料,通过一元线性回归分析、相关分析等方法,对黄河源区生长季植被时空变化及其与气候因子进行关联分析。结果表明:黄河源区多年平均生长季NDVI整体表现为由东南向西北递减。2000—2013年,黄河源区生长季NDVI呈波动上升趋势(P0.01);生长季各期NDVI均在增加,其中生长季初期NDVI增加较显著。近十几年NDVI无显著变化区域占黄河源植被覆盖区面积的69.58%,分布广泛;极显著和显著增加区域占28.88%,集中在黄河源东北部、扎陵湖和鄂陵湖周围;极显著和显著减少区域仅占1.54%,主要以小斑块状分布在扎陵湖、鄂陵湖以上源头区。生长季NDVI与气候因子显著正相关区域和NDVI增加区域高度一致,意味着黄河源区暖湿化促进了植被生长,而降水是影响黄河源区植被生长的主导因子。气温和降水对黄河源区植被生长影响的最大时间滞后效应约为16天或32天,且气温对黄河源区植被生长的影响还具有显著的同期效应。     

新疆气候时空变化特征及其趋势(英文)

Temperature and precipitation time series datasets from 1961 to 2005 at 65 meteorological stations were used to reveal the spatial and temporal trends of climate change in Xinjiang, China. Annual and seasonal mean air temperature and total precipitation were analyzed using Mann-Kendall (MK) test, inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, and R/S methods. The results indicate that: (1) both temperature and precipitation increased in the past 45 years, but the increase in temperature is more obvious than that of precipitation; (2) for temperature increase, the higher the latitude and the higher the elevation the faster the increase, though the latitude has greater influence on the increase. Northern Xinjiang shows a faster warming than southern Xinjiang, especially in summer; (3) increase of precipitation occurs mainly in winter in northern Xinjiang and in summer in southern Xinjiang. Ili, which has the most precipitation in Xinjiang, shows a weak increase of precipitation; (4) although both temperature and precipitation increased in general, the increase is different inside Xinjiang; (5) Hurst index (H) analysis indicates that climate change will continue the current trends.     

2000–2011年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征(英文)

The Three-River Headwaters Region(TRHR), which is the source area of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River, is of key importance to the ecological security of China. Because of climate changes and human activities, ecological degradation occurred in this region. Therefore, "The nature reserve of Three-River Source Regions" was established, and "The project of ecological protection and construction for the Three-River Headwaters Nature Reserve" was implemented by the Chinese government. This study, based on MODIS-NDVI and climate data, aims to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the TRHR between 2000 and 2011, from three dimensions. Linear regression, Hurst index analysis, and partial correlation analysis were employed. The results showed the following:(1) In the past 12 years(2000–2011), the NDVI of the study area increased, with a linear tendency being 1.2%/10a, of which the Yangtze and Yellow River source regions presented an increasing trend, while the Lancang River source region showed a decreasing trend.(2) Vegetation coverage presented an obvious spatial difference in the TRHR, and the NDVI frequency was featured by a bimodal structure.(3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area, being 64.06% and 35.94%, respectively during the study period, and presented an increasing trend in the north and a decreasing trend in the south.(4) The reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change are significant. In the future, degradation trends will be mainly found in the Yangtze River Basin and to the north of the Yellow River, while areas with improving trends are mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin.(5) The response of vegetation coverage to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration has a time lag, while there is no such lag in the case of temperature.(6) The increased vegetation coverage is mainly attributed to the warm-wet climate change and the implementation of the ecological protection project.     

基于MODIS数据的蒙古高原积雪时空变化研究

利用Terra卫星和Aqua卫星提供的2002年9月1日~2017年5月31日每日积雪覆盖产品MOD10C1和MYD10C1,提取蒙古高原积雪日数、积雪面积、积雪初日及积雪终日信息,得到蒙古高原积雪特征分布和变化趋势,同时,结合蒙古高原108个地面气象观测站的气温资料,分析研究区积雪变化特征和气温的关系。结果表明：（1）蒙古高原平均积雪日数在60～90 d之间,积雪初日主要分布在315～335 d之间,积雪终日大多集中在31～61 d之间,蒙古高原东部地区积雪初日有明显的提前趋势,西南地区积雪终日有明显的提前趋势。（2）积雪面积在积雪季内呈 “单峰型”,1月份为积雪面积最大月,年均积雪面积呈微弱的下降趋势。（3）最大积雪覆盖面积与温度具有明显的相关性,稳定积雪覆盖区的临界温度大概介于-11~-8 ℃之间。（4）温度是影响积雪特征变化的重要因素。     

长白山区植被生长季NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子敏感性

本文利用长白山区SPOT/VGT NDVI 数据和气象数据,分析该区不同植被类型NDVI时空变化特征以及与气候因子的相关关系,并探讨了植被对气候变化响应的滞后性。结果表明：①2000-2009 年,长白山区植被NDVI 逐年变化总体呈增长趋势,增长区域的面积占全区面积的83.91%,在空间上主要集中在北坡和西坡,NDVI减少区域集中在南坡;②NDVI变化率随季节和植被类型变化而不同,NDVI增长主要集中在5 月和9 月,而7 月NDVI变化较小,甚至出现下降趋势;③植被NDVI与温度和降水存在着显著的正相关性（p<0.01）,且NDVI与温度的相关性高于与降水的相关性,且随海拔升高,NDVI与温度相关性增强;④NDVI对气温和降水变化的响应存在滞后期, 不同植被类型,滞后期存在差异。苔原NDVI对温度和降水响应的滞后期大约10 天,而针阔混交林和针叶林NDVI 对温度和降水响应的滞后期约为20 天。     

澜沧江流域农业灌溉需水的时空变化(英文)

Based on the data of eight meteorological stations from the 1950s to 2007, current cropping patterns, field water moisture management, we use the Mann-Kendall and the Re-scaled Range Analysis methods to research the changes of humidity and crop irrigation water requirements in the Lancang River Basin. The results show that the annual and dry season average temperatures significantly increased, and the dry season rainfall increased while wet season rainfall decreased. Evaportranspiration (ET0) increased during both dry and wet seasons at all stations except Dali, Jianchuan and Gengma, and the aridity-humidity index decreased at most of the stations. The turning points of weather factors, ET0, the arid-ity-humidity index, paddy irrigation requirements and total agricultural water requirements occurred from the 1960s to the 1990s. The spatial changing tendency of paddy irrigation quota increased with the increase of altitude and latitude, and the correlation coefficients are 0.513 and 0.610, respectively. The maximum value is observed in Weixi, while the minimum in Mengla.     

京津风沙源区植被的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

利用2000—2008年的MODIS-NDVI遥感数据和34个站的气象数据,分析了京津风沙源区植被变化的空间分布范围及其与气候因子的关系。即利用坡度分析定量地估算了京津风沙源区植被覆盖的时空变化;分别计算降雨、温度及相对湿度与植被变化的相关系数,并进行显著性检验。结果表明:2000—2008年京津风沙源区植被覆盖整体呈上升趋势,其中上升区域占74%,显著上升区域占9.83%;气候整体上变化规律不强,降雨和气温都存在一定的增加趋势,但各年波动性较大;气候因子中降雨与生长季NDVI最大值相关性最强,两者整体变化趋势一致,80.11%的区域为正相关,3.17%的区域为显著正相关;降雨和NDVI相关的显著性不强及不完全同步性,可能是源于工程和非工程等人为因素的干扰。     

青海湖地区植被覆盖及其与气温降水变化的关系

使用1981年到2003年月NDVI(归一化植被指数）资料,计算了青海湖地区植被覆盖度,分析了该地区植被覆盖度的历史演变,发现其值在增大,尤其是从1996到2003年,青海湖地区的植被覆盖度都为正距平,NDVI年平均增长率为1.07×10-3。四季的植被覆盖度均为增加趋势,夏季增加最多。月平均温度与月植被覆盖度、春夏季降水与夏秋季植被覆盖度显著正相关。因此,热量条件和春夏季降水是影响青海湖地区植被生长的关键性因素。     

青藏高原青海湖流域环境与经济协调性评价(英文)

Qinghai Lake Watershed (QLW) is a hot place of a series of ecological restoration and environmental remediation programs nowadays.However,little information is available on change of ecosystem service and economic practice in this area.As ecosystem service and natural capital are closely related with social and economic development,an index of concordance between environment and economy (ICEE) has been proposed to compare the annual variation rate of ecosystem service value (RESV) with that of gross domestic product (RGDP).Using this Index,we have assessed concordance between environment and economy (CEE) for the QLW in the period 1977-2004.The result showed that from 1977 to 2004,the ecosystem service value in the QLW descended from 128.81×10 8 yuan to 127.32×10 8 yuan;In contrast,the GDP increased from 0.931×10 8 yuan to 8.856×10 8 yuan.The values of the I CEE were -1.14,-0.22,and -0.14 in the stages of 1977-1987,1987-2000 and 2000-2004,respectively.The result indicated that during the first stage 1977-1987,the relationship between environment and economy in the QLW was not concordant but at a high conflict;from 1987 to 2004,there was a low conflict between environment and economy,and the CEE appeared to increase slowly.Analysis of the assessment results showed that the national policies and industrial adjustment practice play an important role in the CEE changes.     

2000—2010年藏北申扎县植被NDVI时空变化与气候因子的关系

为揭示气候变化对申扎植被生态系统的影响,利用2000—2010年间的MODIS NDVI数据和对应的气候资料,研究了申扎县植被NDVI时空变化及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,近10年来研究区生长季NDVI是减少趋势(p=0.069),其年均减少量和减少率分别为-0.0013和-0.55%/a。NDVI增加区域占申扎县总面积的32.78%,NDVI减少区域占总面积的67.22%。NDVI增加是高海拔的高山植被增加引起的,NDVI减少是高寒草原和高寒草甸的下降共同引起的。高寒草原比高寒草甸变化更敏感;温度升高导致的气候变暖变干可能是申扎县植被生长季NDVI减少的主要原因。     

雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI变化与主要气候因子的关系

对流域NDVI进行计算的前提下,分析了雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI时空变化特征。时间上,流域NDVI具有很强的季节性。空间上,流域NDVI高值区主要分布于下游与中游的部分地区,而流域中上游与源头NDVI值相对较小。在流域DEM的支持下,把流域站点主要气候因子降水量与平均气温等数据采用Kriging方法插值成与流域NDVI相一致的空间Grid数据。流域NDVI与降水量、平均气温的关系进行F检验与双样本方差分析结果P＝0,表明其相关分析的可信度较高。在0.05的置信水平上对其进行了线性与对数相关分析。结果表明,流域NDVI与降水量的平均线性相关系数达0.8,对数相关系数为0.71;流域NDVI与流域平均气温线性相关系数为0.77,对数相关系数为0.7。     

青藏高原蒸发皿蒸发量时空变化特征及其成因的定量分析(英文)

Despite the observed increase in global temperature, observed pan evaporation in many regions has been decreasing over the past 50 years, which is known as the "pan evaporation paradox". The "pan evaporation paradox" also exists in the Tibetan Plateau, where pan evaporation has decreased by 3.06 mm a-2 (millimeter per annum). It is necessary to explain the mechanisms behind the observed decline in pan evaporation because the Tibetan Plateau strongly influences climatic and environmental changes in China, Asia and even in the Northern Hemisphere. In this paper, a derivation based approach has been used to quantitatively assess the contribution rate of climate factors to the observed pan evaporation trend across the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that, provided the other factors remain constant, the increasing temperature should have led to a 2.73 mm a-2 increase in pan evaporation annually, while change in wind speed, vapor pressure and solar radiation should have led to a decrease in pan evaporation by 2.81 mm a-2, 1.96 mm a-2 and 1.11 mm a-2 respectively from 1970 to 2005. The combined effects of the four climate variables have resulted in a 3.15 mm a-2 decrease in pan evaporation, which is close to the observed pan evaporation trend with a relative error of 2.94%. A decrease in wind speed was the dominant factor for the decreasing pan evaporation, followed by an increasing vapor pressure and decreasing solar radiation, all of which offset the effect of increasing temperature across the Tibetan Plateau.