微波地对空测温核函数的稳定性

近十年来,被动微波遥感技术在气象上得到了广泛的应用,它已经成为探测大气温、湿、云、雨等气象要素的一种新的重要手段。美国已经在第三代气象业务卫星上安装了微波探测装置(MSU),与红外遥感技术相配合,以期提高测温精度。与此同时,地面大气微波遥感的研究工作也有了相应的发展,已经成功地测得对流层大气温度分布和低层     

The remote sensing of wind velocity in the lower troposphere using an acoustic sounder

Acoustic sounding is a remote sensing technique which may be employed not only for the study of the structure of the lower troposphere, but also for the measurement of wind velocity using turbulent scattering regions as tracers or natural targets. Principles involved in the use of both angle of arrival and Doppler techniques for such wind measurements are summarized. Experimental results, which are presented for thermal plumes, structure associated with airflow over hills and a turbulent region of the radiation inversion, illustrate the potential of the acoustic sounding technique for research into boundary-layer meteorology.     

卫星遥感数据库系统

介绍了系统的总体设计构思、原理与功能特点,开发了系统技术说明,建立了一套适合黑龙江省的卫星遥感数据库系统,可对遥感资料进行现代化管理。     

城市遥感研究进展

城市遥感是当前遥感技术应用的一个重要领域.随着我国新型城镇化过程的推进,遥感技术将在城市生态建设、国土空间开发、资源环境承载能力监测等方面发挥重要作用,成为城市规划管理重要的信息源.本文在总结国内外城市遥感研究内容的基础上,重点对城市遥感若干重要方向的发展进行了分析,在此基础上构建出一个地理学视角的城市遥感研究框架,结合典型实例从结构与格局、要素与作用、变化与过程、功能与响应4个方面进一步探讨了城市遥感研究的发展.最后,结合国家需求和技术发展,对城市遥感今后的发展从数据源、研究对象、应用主题、研究目标、技术方法等方面进行了展望.     

A “large‐eddy” approach to acoustic remote sensing of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ϵ

Abstract

This paper suggests that a “large‐eddy” technique may be used to determine ?, the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass, from measurements of the largest energy‐containing scales of the turbulent velocity field. The suggestion has been examined using vertical velocity data from a narrow‐beam acoustic Doppler profiler and also direct measurements of ? (using airfoil probes) from a microscale profiler. Initial results are encouraging, rasing the possibility of simultaneously measuring space/time continuous fields of “mean” velocity, turbulent velocity and ? with near‐standard acoustic Doppler techniques.     

Land remote sensing technology and methodology

Remote sensing is a tool for gathering information about the Earth's surface and monitoring how it changes. A large number of remote sensing systems have been developed that exploit different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and that produce data in different formats at varying scales and costs. These data may be acquired for virtually any place on Earth. A body of manual and automated techniques have evolved for processing and interpreting remote sensing data. The selections of a remote sensing system and of the techniques by which data are processed are driven by information requirements of varying detail and constrained by cost.     

Discrimination of ice from water in clouds by optical remote sensing

Water and ice, although nearly transparent in the visible, absorb weakly in the near infrared, and spectral absorption differs for the two phases, especially in the wavelength region between 1.55 and 1.75 μm. Multiple scattering in clouds amplifies absorption, so that cloud reflectance or transmittance measurements would enable the interfence of thermodynamic phase. A ground-based near-infrared radiometer, which measures the relative spectral reflectance from sides of clouds in the wavelength range 0.63 to 1.9 μm, was built and used to obtain spectra from cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus clouds. Results from measurements in summer 1985 seem to indicate that such a ground-based technique can accurately determine the phase of clouds.     

GNSS remote sensing of the Australian tropopause

Radio occultation (RO) techniques that use signals transmitted by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have emerged over the past decade as an important tool for measuring global changes in tropopause temperature and height, a valuable capacity given the tropopause??s sensitivity to temperature variations. This study uses 45,091 RO data from the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload, 80 months), GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment, 23 months) and COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate, 20 months) satellites to analyse the variability of the tropopause??s height and temperature over Australia. GNSS RO temperature profiles from CHAMP, GRACE, and COSMIC are first validated using radiosonde observations provided by the Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). These are compared to RO soundings from between 2001 and 2007 that occurred within 3 h and 100 km of a radiosonde. The results indicate that RO soundings provide data of a comparable quality to radiosonde observations in the tropopause region, with temperature deviations of less than 0.5 ± 1.5 K. An analysis of tropopause height and temperature anomalies indicates a height increase over Australia as a whole of ca. 4.8 ± 1.3 m between September 2001 and April 2008, with a corresponding temperature decrease of ?0.019 ± 0.007 K. A similar pattern of increasing height/decreasing temperature was generally observed when determining the spatial distribution of the tropopause height and temperature rate of change over Australia. Although only a short period has been considered in this study, a function of the operating time of these satellites, the results nonetheless show an increase in the height of the tropopause over Australia during this period and thus may indicate regional warming. Several mechanisms could be responsible for these changes, such as an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and lower stratospheric cooling due to ozone loss, both of which have been observed during the last decades.     

光谱地质遥感研究进展

地质遥感是最能体现与发挥光谱遥感技术特点与优势的应用领域之一.本文从矿物岩石光谱模拟、矿物岩石光谱特征分析、遥感光谱仪技术指标的优化设计、辐射定标与数据辐射校正、地表光谱反演、信息提取、信息产品验证、地质应用8个方面总结了最新的研究进展,并对目前光谱遥感地质应用存在的问题和发展趋势进行了深入的论述.     

大气微波辐射起伏及其遥感

本文讨论了大气微波辐射起伏的机制。推导出利用大气氧气微波辐射起伏统计特征,探测大气温度结构常数分布与风分布的遥感方程。对遥感方程核函数的基本性质进行了讨论。     

作物病虫害遥感监测与预测研究进展

作物病虫害作为严重的生物灾害已危及到世界农业生产和粮食安全,病虫害对我国粮食生产造成的损失日益加剧,植保部门目前使用的测报和防控方式无法满足大范围的精准、高效、绿色科学防控需求.因此,建立基于遥感手段的高效、无损的大面积病虫害监测预测方法,将提升我国大面积作物病虫害的监测和测报精度与防控水平,有利于减少农药施用,对保障国家粮食和食品安全,实现农业可持续发展具有重要战略意义.近年来出现的多种形式的作物病虫害遥感监测方法和技术手段为病虫害的有效防治和管理提供了重要支撑,通过对相关技术方法进行综述,本文从多尺度下的作物病虫害遥感监测与预测机理、监测方法、预测预报方法、典型模型与应用等方面阐述了作物病虫害遥感监测和预测预报研究进展,并探讨了作物病虫害遥感监测当前面临的挑战以及未来发展趋势,建议通过建立全国尺度的作物病虫害遥感监测预测系统,构建作物病虫害绿色智能防控体系,实现病虫害大面积、快速的监测、预测预报和精准、高效、绿色科学防控.     

Measuring crop residue cover using remote sensing techniques

Summary Crop residues are managed under conservation tillage programs to leave as much as possible on the surface for minimization soil erosion and for improving water quality. Because current methods for measuring crop residue cover are tediuous and somewhat subjective, there is a need for new methods to measure residue cover that are rapid, accurate, and objective. We discuss the potential for discriminating crop residues from soils using reflectance and fluorescence techniques and examine experimentally the changes in wheat residue fluorescence during weathering. The fluorescence of crop residue was a board band phenomenon with emissions extending from 420 to 600 nm for excitation of 350–420 nm. Soils had low intensity broad band emissions over the 400–690 nm region for excitations of 300–600 nm. We found that the fluorescence intensities for the crop residues were much greater than the fluorescence of the soils, but as the crop residues decompose, their blue-green fluorescence intensities approach the fluorescence of the soils. We conclude that fluorescence techniques are less ambiguous and better suited for discriminating crop residues from soils than the reflectance methods. However, the potential problems, that must be addressed to implement the fluorescence technique, are (i) adequate excitation energy must be supplied to induce fluorescence and (ii) the fluorescence signal is small relative to normal, ambient sunlight. Nevertheless, if properly implemented, we believe that the fluorescence techniques can be used to quantify crop residue cover in the field.With 7 Figures     

Desert heat island study in winter by mobile transect and remote sensing techniques

A familiar problem in urban environments is the urban heat island (UHI), which potentially increases air conditioning demands, raise pollution levels, and could modify precipitation patterns. The magnitude and pattern of UHI effects have been major concerns of a lot of urban environment studies. Typically, research on UHI magnitudes in arid regions (such as Phoenix, AZ, USA) focuses on summer. UHI magnitudes in Phoenix (more than three million population) attain values in excess of 5°C. This study investigated the early winter period—a time when summer potential evapotranspiration >250 mm has diminished to <90 mm. An analysis of the winter magnitude of the heat island in Phoenix has been studied very little, and therefore with the aid of automobile transects, fixed stations, and remote sensing techniques, we investigated a portion of the large Phoenix metropolitan area known as the East Valley. The eastern fringes of the metropolitan area abut against breaks in sloping terrain. The highest UHI intensity observed was >8.0°C, comparable to summertime UHI conditions. Through analysis of the Oke (1998) weather factor Φ_W, it was determined thermally induced nighttime cool drainage winds could account for inflating the UHI magnitude in winter.     

On lidar application for remote sensing of the atmosphere

This paper introduces some advanced subjects on lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere, emphasizing recent studies and developments in lidar application for measuring ozone, cloud, aerosol, atmospheric temperature, moisture, pressure and wind.     

植物物候遥感监测研究进展

基于遥感监测方法的植物物候研究已成为全球气候变化研究的一个热点课题,通过对植物物候生长季概念的遥感界定,归纳总结了物候监测的基本原理、遥感数据源以及4种常用的遥感监测方法,并指出各种遥感监测方法存在的问题和不足;以遥感监测技术为支撑,对地区、大洲和全球尺度上物候与气候关系的研究、物候与人类行为关系的研究进行了阐述,指出植物物候的变化常常是二者共同影响的结果。针对当前物候研究中存在的不足,探讨了今后的研究发展方向。     

星载合成孔径雷达海洋遥感与大数据

星载合成孔径雷达以其全天候、全天时、不受云雨影响的工作特性在空间对海观测中起到了重要作用，又以其高空间分辨率、多极化、多成像模式的特点展示了其在海洋动力要素反演和海洋多尺度动力过程研究中独特的魅力.起步于20世纪70年代末的星载合成孔径雷达技术，迎来了发展的"黄金时期"，大数据和机器学习又赋予了星载合成孔径雷达海洋遥感更强大的生命力.本文首先阐述了星载合成孔径雷达大数据的5"V"特性，进而以高分辨率海面风场反演、海洋内波中尺度动力过程观测两类典型案例，阐述了大数据、机器学习等现代信息科学技术与卫星海洋遥感结合，实现海洋环境参数高精度反演和海洋动力过程科学深层次认知的研究.最后，展望了星载合成孔径雷达海洋遥感与大数据的发展前景.     

Atmospheric effects in the remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments

We investigate the accuracy with which relevant atmospheric parameters must be estimated to derive phytoplankton pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a plus phaeophytin a ) of a given accuracy from measurements of the ocean's apparent spectral radiance at satellite altitudes. The analysis is limited to an instrument having the characteristics of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner scheduled to orbit the Earth on NIMBUS-G. A phytoplankton pigment algorithm is developed which relates the pigment concentration (C) to the three ratios of upwelling radiance just beneath the sea surface which can be formed from the wavelengths () 440, 520 and 550 nm. The pigment algorithm explains from 94 to 98% of the variance in log₁₀ C over three orders of magnitude in pigment concentration. This is combined with solutions to the radiative transfer equation to simulate the ocean's apparent spectral radiance at satellite altitudes as a function of C and the optical properties of the aerosol, the optical depth of which is assumed to be proportioned to ^-n . A specific atmospheric correction algorithm, based on the assumption that the ocean is totally absorbing at 670 nm, is then applied to the simulated spectral radiance, from which the pigment concentration is derived. Comparison between the true and derived values of C show that: (1) n is considerably more important than the actual aerosol optical thickness; (2) for C 0299-1 0.2 g l^-1 acceptable concentrations can be determined as long as n is not overestimated; (3) as C increases, the accuracy with which n must be estimated, for a given relative accuracy in C, also increases; and (4) for C greater than about 0.5 g 1^-1, the radiance at 440 nm becomes essentially useless in determining C. The computations also suggest that if separate pigment algorithms are used for C 1gl^-1 and C 1 gl^-1, accuracies considerably better than ±± in log C can be obtained for C 1 g l^-1 with only a coarse estimate of n, while for C 10 gl^-1, this accuracy can be achieved only with very good estimates of n.Contribution No. 387 from the NOAA/ERL Pacific Environmental Laboratory.On leave from Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.     

Multispectral remote sensing of biomass burning in West Africa

Remote sensing measurements provide a vauable means of determining the extent of burning areas and of estimating the overall distribution of pollutant sources (identified from experimental studies) in time and space. This distribution has to be taken into account in the boundary conditions of chemistry atmospheric models.Recent methods developed for the remote sensing of active fires in tropical or temperated forest zones, have been found to be completely inadequate for fire detection on West African savannas. In order to accurately estimate the active fire distribution in the function of different sorts of West African savannas (Sahelian, Sudanian and Guinean) and forests, a multispectral methodology has been developed based on NOAA/11-AVHRR satellite data, with the purpose of eliminating as much as possible the problems related to large surface heterogeneity, confusion and bias, produced by clouds, smoke, haze, background emissivities, etc.Unlike other methods, the results show that the multispectral method, in spite of its selectivity, provides realistic results, and does not under- or over-estimate the number of fires that can be sensed by the satellite. Consequently, this methodology is more appropriate than the simplest ones for a systematic sensing of this phenomenon.     

面向对象的GF-1卫星影像苹果树遥感提取研究-以山地丘陵地区的栖霞市为例

国产高分卫星1号（简称GF-1）可提供高空间分辨率遥感数据,这为实现精准农业提供良好的数据保障。但是,其在复杂地形作物遥感提取方面的适用性仍需要进一步探索和分析。因此,以山地丘陵地形为主的栖霞市为研究区,基于GF-1影像数据利用面向对象分类法提取苹果树的种植面积和空间分布信息。研究结果表明：引入植被覆盖度和坡度信息的面向对象决策树分类方法（简称优化分类方法）能够有效提高苹果种植面积的遥感提取精度为94.1%,生产精度和用户精度分别为87.3%和90.3%。相比于最大似然监督分类和无辅助信息的面向对象决策树分类方法,本研究的优化方法遥感提取面积精度分别提高了17.4%和0.3%,生产精度分别提高了10.1%和2.6%,用户精度分别提高了10.1%和2.8%。该研究成果以期为GF-1卫星数据在山地丘陵地区的果园信息遥感提取提供基本的技术支撑和实践经验。