吉林天文观测基地光学观测环境及相关研究进展

地基光学天文望远镜是人类探索与研究宇宙的重要手段, 对已有地基光学台址的光学观测环境进行监测分析, 可以为后期设备针对性改造以及观测者调整观测策略提供参考依据, 对提升地基光学设备的观测效能具有重要的意义. 吉林天文观测基地(简称``基地'')隶属于中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站, 位于吉林省吉林市大绥河镇小绥河村南沟约5 km处(东经126.3^\circ, 北纬43.8^\circ, 海拔高度313m). 基地大气视宁度均值范围约为1.3$''$--1.4$''$、天顶附近V波段的天光背景亮度为20.64magcdotarcsec^-2、年晴夜数最高可达270余天, 具有良好的天文观测条件. 吉林天文观测基地于2016年投入运行, 现有1.2m光电望远镜、迷你光电阵列望远镜、大视场光电望远镜阵列、新型多功能阵列结构光电探测平台等多台(套)光电望远镜设备. 利用上述设备, 主要围绕空间目标探测与识别、精密轨道确定、光电探测新方法以及变源天体的多色测光等开展相关研究工作, 与多家国内高校及科研院所保持着良好的合作关系.     

甚大面积伽马射线空间望远镜计划

高能伽马射线探测是研究极端天体物理的主要途径之一.空间高能伽马射线探测具有覆盖波段宽、时间连续性好、能量分辨率高等突出优势.在成功研发并运行我国首颗天文卫星—“悟空”号(DArk Matter Particle Explorer, DAMPE)的基础上,紫金山天文台联合国内的多家单位提议研制甚大面积伽马射线空间望远镜(Very Large Area gamma-ray Space Telescope, VLAST),该望远镜在GeV–TeV能段接受度高达10 m2·sr,并具有强的MeV–GeV波段探测能力,其综合性能预期比费米卫星的大面积伽马望远镜(Fermi-LAT (Large Area Telescope))提升10倍之上.重点介绍了VLAST的主要科学目标,探测器的初步配置及预期性能指标.     

Φ1650mm口径反射镜的坦克链支撑研究

Phi 1650mm口径反射镜是某套大口径精密光学元件检测装置中的定标校正模块, 用于对检测光路中的缩焦透镜等光学部件进行定标. 反射镜口径越大, 由于自身重力引起的变形问题越严重, 面型精度受到的影响也越大. 对于Phi 1650mm口径反射镜, 系统要求的技术指标是面型误差的均方根(Root Mean Square, RMS)小于1/70波长(波长为\lk 632.8nm). 针对这块光轴始终处于水平状态的大口径反射镜, 提出了坦克链支撑方案, 并与传统的钢带支撑做对比. 对坦克链支撑方案进行有限元分析, 逐步确定了坦克链节数和中心距, 根据标准选取了型号C2162H的双节距大滚子坦克链. 基于赫兹接触理论, 对坦克链滚子与反射镜的边缘非线性接触进行了模型简化. 经过Zernike多项式拟合后, RMS为2.58nm, 满足设计要求. 坦克链支撑结构简单、成像质量好, 同时降低了反射镜的倾覆风险, 可靠性高.     

德令哈13.7m望远镜接收机抗射频干扰研究

在天文观测中,射频干扰会造成假谱,降低数据的可靠性和有效性.射频干扰消减旨在减少干扰信号对射电天文观测的影响,包含器件方面的技术革新和数据处理领域的方法研究.针对德令哈13.7 m望远镜接收机中频部分引入的射频干扰,通过优化中频器件的抗射频干扰能力,提高了接收机的整体抗射频干扰能力,以主动消除方法来减少射频干扰耦合到接收机内部.分析了接收机干扰的传输路径,提出了器件射频干扰的直接耦合系数和器件射频干扰的系统耦合系数的概念,为定位干扰敏感器件并量化干扰引入比重提供了基础.经过抗射频干扰优化后,接收机抗干扰能力改善30 dB左右,望远镜的天文观测效率提高10%以上.     

基于相位差方法的天文目标高分辨率成像研究

基于相位差方法的天文目标高分辨率成像,是利用在焦面和离焦位置上同时采集的一对或者多对短曝光图像,对目标和大气湍流引入的波前相位分布进行估计．在计算机模拟望远镜成像系统和相位差方法图像采集过程的基础上,利用信号估计和最优化理论,确定了高斯噪声模型下的目标函数,采用适合于大规模无约束优化的有限内存拟牛顿法对图像恢复问题进行了数值求解．恢复结果表明,基于相位差方法的高分辨成像技术,可以有效地克服大气湍流的影响,解决天文扩展目标的图像恢复问题．     

红外天文观测中望远镜副镜的一种新调制方法

本文介绍一种称作三位调制的望远镜副镜调制新方法。在用望远镜作L和M波段的红外天文观测时,采用这种新调制方法,在一定条件下可以替代望远镜所做的双束转换运动而获得令人满意的结果。对于控制功能不是很强的望远镜,或者进行一些不允许望远镜摆动的特殊观测(如红外偏振测量),这种方法极为有用。本文介绍了这种新调制方法原理和电路,并且使用1.2米红外望远镜比较了用这种新调制方法和用通常的副镜二位调制方法对一组红外标准星的测量结果:在J和K波段;两种方法的结果大体相同,在L波段,新调制方法显示出明显的优越性。     

天文观测科学实践中心技术实现

天文观测科学实践中心是一个以天文观测为核心的网络实践体验中心,以网站的形式向公众提供服务。网站建设使用HTML、CSS、JavaScript和JSP/JaveBean等技术;基于B/S结构实现望远镜远程控制;采用Windows Media技术实现视频发布。建成的网站为用户提供了全新的天文观测实践体验机会,达到了传播天文知识的目的。     

大口径离轴非球面镜预应力环抛方法研究

提出了一种加工离轴非球面的预应力环抛方法,基于预应力加工方法的基本原理,利用环抛机来磨制离轴非球面.设计了一套专门的加载装置,将拼接镜面中具有不同离轴量的非球面子镜转化成曲率半径相同的球面子镜进行磨制,可以在同一台环抛机上进行抛光.利用这种方法,花费连续40 h的时间,磨制了一块按照中国30 m极大口径望远镜(CFGT)主镜参数比例缩小的离轴抛物面,顶点曲率半径21.6 m,离轴量3.6 m,离轴口径为330 mm,最大非球面度为16μm.试验表明该方法效率高,适用于批量加工,特别是极大口径天文望远镜拼接主镜的大批量非球面子镜研制.     

The Review of γ-ray Astronomical Observing Techniques

$\gamma$-ray is a unique probe for extreme events in the universe. Detecting the $\gamma$-ray provides an important opportunity to understand the composition of universe, the evolution of stars, the origin of cosmic rays, etc. $\gamma$-ray astronomy involves in various frontier scientific issues, and the observed energy spectrum spans over a wide range from a few hundreds of keV to a few hundreds of TeV. Different $\gamma$-ray telescopes are in need for different scientific goals and spectral bands. In this work, 5 kinds of space- and ground-based $\gamma$-ray observing techniques were summarized, including the Coded-aperture telescopes, Compton telescopes, Pair-production telescopes, Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, and Extensive Air Shower Arrays. The progress in $\gamma$-ray astronomy in the past 70 years, motivated by the observation capability, was reviewed. Great achievements have been made in the high-energy domain and very-high-energy domain, while because of the limited missions conducted, as well as a lower sensitivity comparing with other domains, discoveries in low- and medium-energy are few, and due to the high observation difficulty, as well as the late start, relevant scientific yields in ultra- and extremely-high energy are limited. Moreover, the future planned missions and capabilities of the $\gamma$-ray telescopes and their possible scientific outputs were discussed. Among these missions, low- and medium-energy space telescopes e-ASTROGAM (enhanced-ASTROGAM), AMEGO (All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory), and very-high-energy ground-based arrays LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) and CTA (Cherenkov Telescope Array) greatly improve sensitivity than their corresponding last generation, thus expect very likely to further expand our knowledge on the $\gamma$-universe.     

CTK‐II & RTK: The CCD‐cameras operated at the auxiiary telescopes of the University Observatory Jena

The Cassegrain‐Teleskop‐Kamera (CTK‐II) and the Refraktor‐Teleskop‐Kamera (RTK) are two CCD‐imagers which are operated at the 25 cm Cassegrain and 20cm refractor auxiliary telescopes of the University Observatory Jena. This article describes the main characteristics of these instruments. The properties of the CCD‐detectors, the astrometry, the image quality, and the detection limits of both CCD‐cameras, as well as some results of ongoing observing projects, carried out with these instruments, are presented. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Status of the ROTSE‐III telescope network

ROTSE‐III is a homogeneous worldwide array of 4 robotic telescopes. They were designed to provide optical observations of γ ‐ray burst (GRB) afterglows as close as possible to the start of γ ‐ray emission. ROTSE‐III is fulfilling its potential for GRB science, and provides optical observations for a variety of astrophysical sources in the interim between GRB events. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A Performance Study of the CCD Cameras of the Joint Laboratory of Optical Astronomy

A performance study of several CCD cameras of the Chinese Joint Laboratory of Optical Astronomy (CJLOA) is presented. The main results are: 1) We propose a modified classical method to analyse the linearity of CCD cameras. This method is more sensitive and accurate as well as more intuitive, especially in measuring around the 0.1%-0.2% range of nonlinearity. 2) To illustrate the advantage of the method, the linearity performance of the CCD cameras at CJLOA has been measured and analysed. 3) For the CCD systems tested, there is no unique formula to represent the correlation over the entire CCD frame between the deviation from linearity and the pixel value, i.e., different pixel has different correction even though their pixel values are the same. 4) For the BFOSC (BAO Faint Object Spectrograph Camera) Loral CCD camera and the Tek CCD camera at the 1.56-m reflector, blooming (bleeding) happens long before saturation, and we suspect whether it could have resulted from the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) n     

CTK: A new CCD Camera at the University Observatory Jena

The Cassegrain‐Teleskop‐Kamera (CTK) is a new CCD imager which is operated at the University Observatory Jena since begin of 2006. This article describes the main characteristics of the new camera. The properties of the CCD detector, the CTK image quality, as well as its detection limits for all filters are presented (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

月球伽玛射线谱仪的研制及其性能

介绍将用于中国第一颗月球探测卫星主载荷之一的伽玛射线谱仪的结构设计, Monte Carlo模拟结果和原理样机性能测试结果等．该探测器采用CsI(T1)晶体作为闪烁体和反符合技术抑制本底,可探测的射线能量范围为0．3-9．0 MeV,仪器能量分辨率是9．0％(662 keV)．     

Constraints on the bulk Lorentz factor in the internal shock scenario for gamma-ray bursts

We investigate, independently of specific emission models, the constraints on the value of the bulk Lorentz factor Γ of a fireball. We assume that the burst emission comes from internal shocks in a region transparent to Thomson scattering, and before deceleration caused by the swept-up external matter is effective. We consider the role of Compton drag in decelerating fast-moving shells before they interact with slower ones, thus limiting the possible differences in the bulk Lorentz factor of shells. Tighter constraints on the possible range of Γ are derived by requiring that the internal shocks transform more than a few per cent of the bulk energy into radiation. Efficient bursts may require a hierarchical scenario, where a shell undergoes multiple interactions with other shells. We conclude that fireballs with average Lorentz factors larger than 1000 are unlikely to give rise to the observed bursts.     

STK: A new CCD camera at the University Observatory Jena

The Schmidt‐Teleskop‐Kamera (STK) is a new CCD‐imager, which is operated since begin of 2009 at the University Observatory Jena. This article describes the main characteristics of the new camera. The properties of the STK detector, the astrometry and image quality of the STK, as well as its detection limits at the 0.9 m telescope of the University Observatory Jena are presented (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)