九寨沟水环境灰色系统动态模型

在充分了解九寨沟地区地质、水文地质的基础上，本文充分利用已监测的数据资料构建了九寨沟水环境灰色系统动态预测模型，对该区水环境变化趋势进行了预测评价。     

四川地质学报2002年(第22卷)总目录

第 1期剪切模量与杨氏模量的新关系熊道锟 ( 1)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………四川省九寨沟、黄龙等著名旅游地的地球化学特征赵　琦 ( 4 )…………………………………………………………………………………………剪切带型金矿床成矿机理研究综述王全伟　骆耀南 ( 10 )………………………………………………………………………………………………九寨沟水环境系统动态模拟杨俊义　万新南等 ( 16 )……………………………………………………………………………………………………松…     

四川九寨沟景观形成演化趋势分析及评价

九寨沟风景名胜区是世界级旅游精品,正确认识九寨沟风景名胜区自然和人为的影响因素的发展变化,对景区的保护意义重大。首先,文章从地层岩性、地质构造、地形条件、第四纪冰川作用和地质灾害等方面详细阐述了地质环境条件对九寨沟景观的形成作用。然后,笔者从地下水岩溶通道的发育、钙华景观演化和湖泊泥沙沉积等方面分析了九寨沟地质环境演化趋势,九寨沟的地下水岩溶通道发育和钙华景观演化处于青壮年期,湖泊泥沙沉积缓慢。最后,作者分析了九寨沟景区的降水变化趋势和周期变化、生态环境的改变状态。通过上述分析,得出了九寨沟风景名胜区景观变化处于相对稳定状态的结论,证实了目前的一些景观退化与大自然的变化趋势是一致的,九寨沟核心景区的生命力尚处于青壮年阶段。     

“8·8”地震对九寨沟景区层湖叠瀑景观的影响

2017年"8.8"九寨沟地震后,通过对九寨沟核心景区景观的应急调查,结合水文监测系统实时监测数据综合分析研究,认为九寨沟景区景观水流系统总体处于基本稳定状态。根据其现状提出了加强震后综合调查研究,为景区灾后重建与景区旅游可持续发展提供科学依据。     

九寨沟黄龙地区钙华漏斗的特征与成因探讨

九寨沟黄龙地区广泛发育着钙华滩流、湖泊、瀑布、洞穴与漏斗。本文对钙华漏斗进行了特征描述和成因分析,并将其与钙华池、盆特征进行了对比,进而得出钙华漏斗导致九寨沟地区景观水量减少的结论,并提出解决这一重要问题的办法是工程堵漏。本文对九寨沟黄龙地区景观的开发利用和环境保护具有重要的参考价值。     

九寨沟震区泥石流物源特征研究

基于九寨沟震区泥石流相关资料及现场调查,分析得出震区泥石流物源类型主要有崩滑型物源、沟道冲刷型物源、坡面侵蚀型物源,根据九寨沟震区泥石流物源启动与补给方式建立震后九寨沟震区泥石流物源启动模式.选取震区29处泥石流为样本,对九寨沟震区泥石流动储量及物源总量进行相关性统计分析,得出九寨沟震区泥石流动储量及物源总量比例关系统...     

九寨沟自然保护区喀斯特研究的旅游业意义

本文从地学角度和游客态度调查两个方面阐述了喀斯特作用及其相关地貌景观在九寨沟旅游业中的地位,强调对九寨沟自然保护区进行喀斯特研究,不仅有利于旅游资源的科学鉴定、分类、评价、开发、保护与管理,而且对于当地旅游资源的深层开发、实现九寨沟旅游的持续发展,有一定的经济价值。      

九寨沟地下径流系统

九寨沟景观钙华呈相对集中的带状分布,地表径流多处流量呈现异常,运用水均衡原理,论证了九寨沟次级含水单元间的补、排关系,用则查哇沟、丹祖沟次级含水单元通过渗漏补给日则沟,保证了九寨沟核心景观的稳定,长海对九寨沟径流系统具有重要调节作用。     

四川扎如沟旅游资源开发初探

扎如沟是九寨沟的一条支流，位于九寨沟东北角偏北方向，它以其丰富的自然和人文资源，良好的区位优势，成为九寨沟下一步最具有开发价值的区域。详细阐述了扎如沟现有的资源优势，提出了统一规划，分步实施，突出特色，突出主题，实施品牌战略，开发与保护并重的资源开发总体思路，并给出了一系列切实可行的旅游产品设计方案。     

四川九寨沟景区钙华起源初探

九寨沟风景区以绝美的景色闻名于世。钙华作为其独特景观的重要构成要素,有着重要的观赏价值和研究价值。为了弄清九寨沟钙华的起源,特别是CO2的来源,对九寨沟主要水体的水化学和碳氢氧同位素以及现代钙华的碳同位素进行了取样分析。结果发现:(1)九寨沟水体来源于大气降水的补给;(2)水体中碳酸氢根离子和钙离子浓度较低,主要来源于土壤CO2对碳酸盐岩的溶解;(3)根据碳的来源分类,九寨沟钙华应为大气成因类钙华(或表生钙华);(4)九寨沟珍珠滩钙华与碳酸氢根间较大的碳同位素分馏表明,此处生长的藻类对钙华的形成可能有重要作用。      

Surface water/groundwater interaction in the Piora Aquifer,Switzerland: evidence from dye tracing tests

Results of seven dye tracing tests done from 1993–1997 to investigate the extent to which lakes and surface water interact with the underlying Triassic Piora Aquifer, Switzerland, are reported here. Two of the dye tracing tests showed that groundwater flows in the Piora Aquifer from the Piora Valley to springs in the adjacent Santa Maria Valley, and even further east to the di Campo Valley considerably outside of the Piora Valley surface water divide. Lake Ritom located in the Piora Valley loses water only to the Canaria Valley outside of the lake's surface-water watershed at the lake's western margin when lake levels are above 1,835 m above sea level. Dye tracing tests show that a major sinkhole in the Piora Valley, Calderoni Sinkhole, is located precisely on the water divide where subsurface flow in the Piora Valley and surface water diverge and move in opposite directions. The dye tracing results also showed no hydraulic connection between surface water in the Piora Valley and the famous Pertusio Spring, located in the upper Santa Maria Valley. Only a small amount of dye from the two dye tracing tests done in 1993 and 1997 entered an exploratory gallery built to test the viability of the AlpTransit tunnel, being built in competent rock under the Triassic Piora Aquifer, effectively perched above. Electronic Publication     

九寨沟风景名胜区水循环模式

运用水均衡原理对九寨沟流域进行了专题的水循环研究,初步查明了注以域内各次级含水单元间的水动力联系及量的比例,进而概化出九寨沟流域大气降水气降水－地表水－地下水三者之间关系的水循环模式。     

Land subsidence and declining water resources in Quetta Valley, Pakistan

Extensive groundwater withdrawals in urban areas may cause water shortages, land subsidence, and water quality problems. The Quetta Valley is the largest population center in Balochistan province in western Pakistan. This area is arid and groundwater is the main water source for domestic and agricultural use. This work presents global positioning system (GPS) data and assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water levels. GPS data from two stations from mid-2006 to the beginning of 2009 show subsidence rate of 10 cm\year. Nine satellite images from 1975 to 2009 were classified and processed to quantify land cover and land use changes, which highlight an increase in agricultural areas in the central region of the Quetta Valley, as well as reduced vegetation on mountains. These data correspond to gradual temporal changes in water volumes in streams and lakes. Average temperatures have also increased and mean precipitation has decreased during this period. However, the greatest change in this area has been in population growth, which rose from 260,000 in 1975 to 1.2 million in 2010, mainly due to migration of refugees from war-torn neighboring Afghanistan. The Quetta Valley provides a good example for studying the impact of urbanization on water resources.     

Saturated and unsaturated River Nile/groundwater aquifer interaction systems in the Nile Valley, Egypt

Surface water bodies interact with underlying aquifer systems, creating a complex flow system and flow paths. In general, a surface water body may be classified as gaining, losing, or flow through on the basis of its interaction with the surrounding aquifer. In the Nile Valley, the quaternary aquifer system is in a direct hydraulic interaction with the River Nile, canals, and drains. In this study, a regional numerical model was developed and used to evaluate the interaction between surface water bodies and the quaternary aquifer system in the Nile Valley. The solution is considered for a quasi three-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The model used simulates the interaction between surface water bodies and groundwater for saturated and unsaturated flow conditions. In addition, a hydrodynamic model was used to simulate different extreme (high and low) scenarios for Nile surface water levels along the distance between Old Aswan Dam and Delta Barrages. Model calibration shows close results, and the model was used to simulate surface water levels. Results indicate that the Nile River acts as a drain for the quaternary aquifer (gaining water from the aquifer), although in the reaches upstream of the main barrages, the Nile loses the water, recharging the aquifer. All other main canals are recharging the aquifer system. The seepage rate depends mainly on the difference in piezometric head between the aquifer system and surface water bodies, as well as the hydraulic conductance of the base layer sediments of the surface water body. The model was used to evaluate the regional water balance for the Nile Valley and to estimate the surface water bodies' gains and losses.     

祁连山-黑河流域水循环中的大气过程

利用气象台站探空资料、地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析气候资料,分析了祁连山-黑河流域水循环中的大气过程,结果表明:受西风带波动影响的水汽来源贫乏是此区大气水汽含量少的原因之一;水汽输送通量辐散是此区大气水汽含量少的原因之二;就年平均而言,祁连山-黑河流域大气水汽含量仅为高湿的江南地区的20%,为半干旱区的华北中部的约40%;高海拔的祁连山区因降水效率高,地面蒸发量小,地表水物质易于聚积形成径流;黑河流域因降水效率低,降水量值与地面蒸发量值相当,对地表水的贡献很小。在祁连山黑河流域25°×25°区域上空,大气年输入水量为6678亿m3,输出为6502亿m3,净输入水量为176亿m3;输入水汽呈逐年减少的趋势。20世纪70～80年代有明显的下降,近40年来祁连山黑河流域的气温在升高,大气中的水汽含量在减少,降水量的减少将难以避免。     

四川九寨沟水体景观成因与发展演化趋势分析

探讨了九寨沟典型水体景观的成因机制,并对其演化趋势进行了预测分析,认为九寨沟水体景观相对稳定;但其个别影响因子处于相对活动状态,高山高寒岩溶作用及重力作用将会导致以泉、湖、瀑等为主体的水体景观的消亡与再生。     

松潘黄龙水循环及钙华景观成因研究

通过对松潘黄龙风景名胜区主景区黄龙寺沟运用水均衡原理和水化学系统分析，并结合天然同位表示综技术，初步查明了黄龙水循环规律，确立黄龙钙华的源泉为转花泉，其源泉来源于大气降水，并经深循环补给。进而阐明了钙华的形成与演化，建立了黄龙水循环模式，用于保护和合理开发松潘黄龙自然景观资料，使之可持续利用。     

化隆—循化盆地不同类型含水层组高氟地下水的分布及形成过程

天然成因的高氟地下水是世界范围内备受关注的环境问题和饮用水安全问题。前人对高氟地下水的形成过程已开展了大量研究,但是对于高原盆地复杂水文地质条件下不同类型含水层组(第四系松散层含水层、基岩裂隙或岩溶含水层以及新生代古近纪以来的碎屑岩含水层)高氟地下水的分布和形成过程尚不明确。本文以化隆—循化盆地为研究区,通过采集、测试研究区内的各类地下水样品,分析研究区内不同类型含水层中地下水的化学特征及同位素特征。结果表明,高氟地下水(1.007.73 mg/L)主要分布在沿黄河的河谷区域和巴燕低山丘陵区域的泉水和潜水中以及深部的承压水中,在垂向上高氟地下水无明显分布规律。接受黄河水入渗补给的河谷潜水中氟离子浓度较低,补给黄河的河谷潜水中氟离子浓度较高。贫钙富钠的弱碱性苏打型水有利于地下水中氟的富集。泉水和潜水中氟主要来源于萤石的溶解,而承压水中氟除了来源于萤石外,还来源于其他含氟矿物。对于潜水和第四系松散层泉水,蒸发浓缩作用促进了地下水中氟的富集。另外,阴离子竞争吸附作用、阳离子交换吸附作用是泉水(第四系松散层泉水和基岩裂隙泉水)和潜水中氟元素富集的主要原因,而承压水中氟离子浓度受竞争吸附作用影响较大,阳离子交换吸附作用影响较小。研究成果可为化隆—循化盆地低氟地下水的勘查和开发提供科学依据。     

Water availability and land subsidence in the Central Valley,California, USA

The Central Valley in California (USA) covers about 52,000 km² and is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. This agriculture relies heavily on surface-water diversions and groundwater pumpage to meet irrigation water demand. Because the valley is semi-arid and surface-water availability varies substantially, agriculture relies heavily on local groundwater. In the southern two thirds of the valley, the San Joaquin Valley, historic and recent groundwater pumpage has caused significant and extensive drawdowns, aquifer-system compaction and subsidence. During recent drought periods (2007–2009 and 2012-present), groundwater pumping has increased owing to a combination of decreased surface-water availability and land-use changes. Declining groundwater levels, approaching or surpassing historical low levels, have caused accelerated and renewed compaction and subsidence that likely is mostly permanent. The subsidence has caused operational, maintenance, and construction-design problems for water-delivery and flood-control canals in the San Joaquin Valley. Planning for the effects of continued subsidence in the area is important for water agencies. As land use, managed aquifer recharge, and surface-water availability continue to vary, long-term groundwater-level and subsidence monitoring and modelling are critical to understanding the dynamics of historical and continued groundwater use resulting in additional water-level and groundwater storage declines, and associated subsidence. Modeling tools such as the Central Valley Hydrologic Model, can be used in the evaluation of management strategies to mitigate adverse impacts due to subsidence while also optimizing water availability. This knowledge will be critical for successful implementation of recent legislation aimed toward sustainable groundwater use.