The Phase Diagram of Lithium Salt Systems and Its Application in Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine

正At present,the extraction of lithium from salt lake brine is the new trend of the salt lake industrialization.The saltine lake lithium resources are extremely rich in western china,especially in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Brine of salt     

Problems of Lithium Isotope Research in Salt Lake Study

正Lithium in nature mainly exists in the forms of solid minerals and ionic liquid.More than 150 lithium minerals exist,which are mainly pegmatite mineral including triphane,lithionite and petalite.Liquid lithium mainly     

全球碳酸锂贸易格局与供应危机传播研究

随着新能源产业的快速发展, 全球碳酸锂贸易量逐渐增长, 但其出口集中于少数国家, 这意味着全球碳酸锂供应存在一定的风险。为了深入了解全球碳酸锂贸易格局演变、供应危机传播路径及影响, 本文构建了2000—2021年全球碳酸锂贸易网络和级联失效模型, 概述了主要出口国贸易流向和贸易格局演变过程, 并模拟了不同供应危机来源的雪崩规模、传播路径及其影响。我们得到: (1)20多年来全球碳酸锂贸易集中度逐渐增加, 出口前三位国家保持稳定, 而主要进口大国变化明显, 贸易格局已由南美供应全球转变为南美供应东亚; (2)碳酸锂贸易供应危机的影响范围逐渐扩大, 间接传播逐渐占据主导地位; (3)智利供应危机对中日韩的影响程度逐渐扩大, 但对欧洲的影响时间最长; 阿根廷和中国的雪崩规模在上升、传播次数增加, 而美国则相反。本文将贸易格局演变与危机传播结合, 明确了全球碳酸锂主要贸易国智利、阿根廷、中国、德国等作为供应危机来源的影响程度及其传播路径。以上分析结果将有利于维护全球碳酸锂贸易稳定和主要贸易国采取应对策略缓解供应危机。     

Lithium Extraction from Carbonate-type Saline Lake by Utilizing of Geothermal Solar Pond in Tibet

正1 Introduction The geothermal solar pond is a kind of special solar pond.It is different from traditional solar pond,which high temperature geothermal water can be used to heat brine.When the salt in the brine reaches saturation temperature,it precipitate out and is separated from the brine.Compared with solar pond,the geothermal solar pond does not rely entirely on solar radiation as a heat     

碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素组成:一种潜在的古海水pH替代性指标

地球演化历史中海水的pH值发生了明显变化,海水pH值可能是控制海相碳酸盐岩能否形成及其成分演化的重要因素,对了解地球早期白云岩的成因和一些矿产的形成等均有重要指示意义.然而,记录海洋pH值变化的替代性指标非常稀少,常用的主要是碳酸盐(岩)的硼同位素.古老碳酸盐的硼同位素往往受到后期地质作用的影响,δ11B-pH转化过程中需要基于多种假设,硼酸和硼酸根之间的分馏系数(αB)、硼酸表观电离常数(pKB*)以及 δ11BSW的不确定性,使硼同位素分析结果具有多解性、不确定性.亟需多个独立指标对海水pH值进行限制,碳酸盐(岩)锂同位素是一个潜在的替代性指标,Roberts et al.(2018)发现有孔虫碳酸盐壳体的δ7Li与海水pH值呈显著负相关关系,认为6Li和7Li水合离子在进入碳酸盐晶格时要脱去溶剂水,这个过程的去溶能与pH值相关,导致锂离子进入有孔虫方解石壳体的过程中存在显著的同位素分馏.在对蓟县剖面中—新元古代海相碳酸盐岩碳酸盐相的硼、锂同位素进行研究时发现,纯净原始碳酸盐岩的锂同位素组成(4.9‰~13.4‰,平均8.03‰)明显低于现代海洋碳酸盐的锂同位素组成,中元古以来碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素组成总体呈上升趋势.纯净原始碳酸盐岩的锂同位素组成与硼同位素组成及海水的pH值(δ11Bsw=25‰)呈明显反相关关系;硅质条带白云岩的硼、锂同位素组成也呈明显反相关关系,说明碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素确实有可能成为一种潜在的pH值替代性指标.若碳酸盐(岩)锂同位素可以对海水pH值施加独立约束,那硼、锂同位素联合研究将对重建古海洋的pH值演化具有重大意义.     

中国盐湖锂资源的产业化现状——以西台吉乃尔盐湖和扎布耶盐湖为例

锂对国民经济和国家安全具有重要意义,是21世纪的能源金属.近10年,中国主要从国外进口碳酸锂产品.中国是一个多盐湖的国家,盐湖锂占锂资源工业总储量的85%.现代第四纪盐湖主要分布在我国西北的青海、西藏、新疆和内蒙古四省区,具有很好的开发前景.经过多年科研后,目前国内已经在西台吉乃尔和扎布耶两个盐湖建立了卤水提锂产业.本文对比研究了这两个盐湖资源状况和地理气候条件,以及由此而决定的盐湖资源开发工艺流程,探讨了其工艺优化方向.并指出这两个盐湖具有锂资源储量大,品位高的优势,但是受盐湖类型或地理气候条件限制,工艺上有待改善.建议继续加强对盐湖开发技术优化和对盐湖提锂产业的扶持.     

Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China

China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride-sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate(salt forming) have been identified. Five pan-lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits: the atlas(1:2500000) of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of "Continental Potash Deposition Theory"; several new types of Mg-borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti-floatation-cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCl production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K-sulfate production line, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K-sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, i.e. brine preparation in winter-cooling-solarization-isolation-lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond" the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake(4421 m), Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture(Salt land agriculture) has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus-algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline-alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science "Salinology".     

盐湖卤水锂资源及其开发进展

随着全球资源与环境问题的日益突出,锂资源的开发和利用受到人们的高度关注.由于盐湖卤水中含有丰富的锂资源,所以对其锂资源的开发利用具有重要意义.本文在全球盐湖卤水锂资源的分布及其水化学分类特征论述的基础上,对目前盐湖卤水锂资源的提取工艺进行了比较分类,对卤水锂资源的开发进展情况进行了综述.指出我国盐湖卤水锂资源的开发利用...     

黄土滑坡研究现状与设想

黄土滑坡因其危害大、分布广成为近年工程地质研究热点问题。首先对黄土滑坡类型划分进行了讨论,基于滑坡物质组成及主滑面发育位置的黄土滑坡分类方案反映了我国黄土滑坡的主控因素,各类滑坡活动特征明确,建议将其作为黄土滑坡分类的首选方案。对黄土滑坡的发生、滑动机制以及滑坡液化机制进行了评述,并就两类典型液化型黄土滑坡滑动模式、进一步研究思路进行了讨论。对地震诱发黄土滑坡进行了专门的述评。最后,对今后黄土滑坡研究提出了几点设想。     

土壤水异质性研究进展与热点

土壤水是水资源的重要组成部分,是衔接四水转换和循环的核心。土壤水分异质性是土壤水研究的关键科学问题;绿水理念下水循环、水平衡更关注土壤水分的有效性。随着土壤水观测和识别技术的完善,可能获取多尺度土壤水时空变化信息;遥感、同位素、模拟与定位观测的结合在理解土壤水过程方面起着重要作用。认识土壤水文参数在测点尺度和生态水文单元尺度间的转换机理、研究土壤水及其驱动因子的异质性变化规律、形成土壤水异质性同化和尺度转换的方法与技术是近期热点。     

我国城市游憩空间研究现状与重点发展领域

首先从城市游憩空间的类型、结构、演化、评价、规划设计与游憩行为特征等方面分析了我国目前的研究现状并进行了评述,指出了其中存在的各种问题。在此基础上针对我国城市游憩空间研究面临的机遇与挑战,提出了今后应重点研究的若干方向和领域。     

泥页岩裂缝研究进展

国内外大量泥岩裂缝油气藏不断发现和近年来北美地区页岩气勘探获得的巨大成功表明,泥页岩裂缝的研究尤为重要.在对国内外泥页岩裂缝研究成果全面系统调研和详细深入分析总结的基础上,认为与其他岩石类型的储层相比,塑性相对较大的泥页岩储层在裂缝类型与成因、裂缝识别方法、裂缝参数估算、裂缝分布预测等方面既有共性也有其特殊性.依据成因...     

东亚地区区域气候模拟的研究进展

由于大气环流模式对东亚地区区域气候特征的模拟存在很大不足,采用区域气候模式模拟该地区特殊的季风气候成为目前发展的一个重要研究方向,并取得了显著的研究进展。通过回顾当前东亚地区区域气候模拟的现状,表明大部分区域气候模式都不同程度地模拟出了东亚季风区持续性洪涝现象的大尺度环流特征和演变过程,再现了东亚各主要气候区降水的年际、季节和季节内变化及主要雨带的季节进退和降水的时空演变特征。但是,大部分模式没能很好地模拟出大尺度特征的强度和量值,模拟的温度和降水存在系统性偏差。原因分析表明,进一步完善和改进区域气候模式的物理过程参数化方案及动力框架可以改善模拟效果。最后对区域气候模式未来的发展给出展望。     

非水溶性钾矿制取碳酸钾:副产硅铝胶凝材料

白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床上部围岩产富钾板岩, 其K2O平均含量达13.0%, 钾资源储量巨大.矿石的物相组成以微斜长石、黑云母为主, 是一种重要的非水溶性钾矿资源.实验表明, 以碳酸钠为助剂, 经中温烧结, 矿石分解率达98.2%以上.烧结物料中K₂O的浸出率约70%, 且在水浸酸化反应过程中, 大部分Fe3+、Ti4+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Ca2+等杂质离子与硅铝质胶体同时沉淀析出, 为制取电子级碳酸钾提供了可能.硅铝质胶体滤渣用于制备矿物聚合材料.采用本项技术开发利用此类非水溶性钾矿资源, 符合节能高效和“清洁生产”的要求, 兼有规模化经济效益和良好的环境效益.      

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China

正1 Introduction Salt lakes in China distributes in the east part of the salt lake belt of Northern Hemisphere,and they originated under complex morphological and geological background.The QT Plateau and its northern areas belong to active tectonic zone and stable tectonic zone respectively.With elevation varies from more than 5000 m to the lowest of-     

海相碳酸盐岩勘探地球物理方法新进展

介绍了地震相和古地貌恢复、地震属性分析、相干体、三维可视化解释、地震反演等五种主要地球物理方法技术的新进展。生物礁地震相可归纳为七种类型;层拉平技术是帮助进行古地形、古地貌分析的一种有效手段。地震属性的数量不断增加,新添的属性如分频属性、级联属性等;地震属性研究进展可概括为八个方面;目前的研究前沿主要集中在叠前深度域和弹性波。相干体技术已从第一代基于互相关的算法发展到第三代基于特征值计算的算法。虚拟现实系统的出现是三维可视化技术最新的具有质的发展意义的一次飞跃,代表了三维可视化技术的最新进展。地震反演技术的突出进展主要表现在四个方面:由单一曲线反演发展到多曲线联合反演、由基于振幅反演发展到基于地震多属性反演、由构造层序控制发展到层序地层控制、由叠后反演发展到叠前—叠后联合反演。使用所述方法在四川盆地云安厂、黄龙场、罗家寨等地区取得了较好勘探效果。     

Lithium Ion Extraction from the High Ration Mg/Li Salt Lake Brine with Ionic Liquid in Triisobutyl Phosphate and Kerosene

正1 Introduction As the lightest metal with the unique properties of energy production and storage,lithium is regarded as the new century energy metal.Lithium and its compounds were widely used in various industrial fields,especially in     

Utilization and Exploitation of Lithium Resources in Salt Lakes and Suggestions for Development of Li Industries of China

正1 Introduction Lithium and its compounds as a joint of rising industries new energy sources,new materials,and information technique have become more and more important recent years.Especially lithium ion batteries with bigger or smaller     

Separation Technologies of Potassium from Salt Lakes

正1 Introduction Salt Lake,as a kind of chemical resources,has been attracted to many researchers,especially the resources of lithium.As reported,many kinds of brines exist in the world depending on the compositions of the brine.Based on the chemical composition the brines can be classified as the types of chloride,carbonate,sulfate.For different