共和-玉树高速公路多格茸段冻胀丘与公路路基的相互影响

冻胀丘是土层中水分向冻结锋面大量迁移集聚,并且冻结膨胀使地面隆起呈丘状的一类冰缘地貌。冻胀丘的本质特征是存在纯冰核或高含冰地层,冻胀丘地表的隆起高度即代表了地下冰层的累计厚度,在工程建设中一般采用避让措施。在我国冻土区公路建设中,过去尚未遇到道路穿越冻胀丘的先例,正在建设中的青海省共和-玉树高速公路（简称共玉高速）在玛多县多格茸盆地横跨几个冻胀丘,对公路建成以后安全运营造成潜在威胁。以共玉高速建设里程K430+070处道路所跨的冻胀丘为例,基于地温监测数据和冻胀丘钻探资料,探讨公路建设对冻胀丘下覆冰层的影响及由此带来的路基稳定性问题。监测发现目前路基下多年冻土上限已经下降至冻胀丘高含冰地层位置,由于沥青路面的强吸热性,未来冻胀丘路段将发生持续沉降。如果多年冻土完全融化,该段路基有可能发展成热融湖塘。     

正冻土中冰透镜体形成力学判据的分析讨论

冻结缘是正冻土中从未冻区向冻结区过渡、并且非常薄的冰水共存带. 由于冻结缘在正冻土中位置的特殊性和其对冻胀的重要性, 从其概念的提出并在试验中得到证实后, 基于冻结缘的第二冻胀理论得到了快速发展. 通过分析近些年冻结缘的研究现状及冻结缘内冰-水压力关系基本可以发现, 由于受到现有观测和测试技术的限制, 描述冻结缘的很多参数大多来自于经验. 土体在冻结过程中, 在温度梯度小的情况下, 可以形成不连续的多层分凝冰. 只有了解冻结缘的特性才能更深刻了解分凝冻胀. 但关于分凝冰的形成判据却有很多种, 主要分为两类:一类是以热物理方面作为判据; 另一类是以力学方面作为判据. 通过对分凝冰形成的各种判据的综合分析和比较, 发现用冰压力和未冻水膜压力判断分凝冰形成是比较合理的, 而用孔隙压力则因为水压力概念的不清而显得模糊. 这些分析将为冻土冻胀理论的研究提供科学参考.     

Molar gas ratios of air entrapped in ice: A new tool to determine the origin of relict massive ground ice bodies in permafrost

The molar ratios of atmospheric gases change during dissolution in water due to differences in their relative solubilities. We exploited this characteristic to develop a tool to clarify the origin of ice formations in permafrost regions. Extracted from ice, molar gas ratios can distinguish buried glacier ice from intrasedimental ground ice formed by freezing groundwaters. An extraction line was built to isolate gases from ice by melting and trapping with liquid He, followed by analysis of N₂, O_2,, Ar, ¹⁸O_O2 and ¹⁵N_N2, by continuous flow mass spectrometry. The method was tested using glacier ice, aufeis ice (river icing) and intrasedimental ground ice from sites in the Canadian Arctic. O₂/Ar and N₂/Ar ratios clearly distinguish between atmospheric gas in glacial ice and gases from intrasedimental ground ice, which are exsolved from freezing water. δ¹⁵N_N2 and δ¹⁸O_O2 in glacier ice, aufeis ice and intrasedimental ground ice do not show clear distinguishing trends as they are affected by various physical processes during formation such as gravitational settling, excess air addition, mixing with snow pack, and respiration.     

饱和颗粒正冻土一维刚性冰模型的数值模拟

基于刚性冰模型,应用有限差分法离散方程组,对于饱和颗粒土开放系统的冻结过程进行了一维数值模拟,给出了冻结缘内参数的分布.计算过程中修正了刚性冰模型中分凝冰产生条件,提出以冻结缘内冰压与载荷的关系作为分凝冰产生的判据,计算得到的冻胀量与实验室冻胀实验的测量数据较为吻合.将计算结果与现场实测资料进行了比较,温度场、含水量分布等结果在分布规律方面与现场实测资料相符.     

饱和颗粒正冻土-维刚性冰模型的数值模拟

基于刚性冰模型，应用有限差分法离散方程组，对于饱和颗粒土开放系统的冻结过程进行了一维数值模拟，给出了冻结缘内参数的分布．计算过程中修正了刚性冰模型中分凝冰产生条件，提出以冻结缘内冰压与载荷的关系作为分凝冰产生的判据，计算得到的冻胀量与实验室冻胀实验的测量数据较为吻合．将计算结果与现场实测资料进行了比较，温度场、含水量分布等结果在分布规律方面与现场实测资料相符．     

Nature and origin of a Pleistocene-age massive ground-ice body exposed in the Chapman Lake moraine complex, central Yukon Territory, Canada

A massive ground-ice body was found exposed in the headwall of a thaw flow developed within the Chapman Lake terminal moraine complex on the Blackstone Plateau (Ogilvie Mountains, central Yukon Territory), which is contemporaneous to the Reid glaciation. Based on visible cryostructures in the 4-m-high headwall, two units were identified: massive ground ice, overlain sharply by 2 m of icy diamicton. The nature and origin of the Chapman Lake massive ground ice was determined using cryostratigraphy, petrography, stable O-H isotopes and the molar concentration of occluded gases (CO₂, O₂, N₂ and Ar) entrapped in the ice, a new technique in the field of periglacial geomorphology that allows to distinguish between glacial and non-glacial intrasedimental ice. Collectively, the results indicate that the Chapman Lake massive ground ice formed by firn densification with limited melting-refreezing and underwent deformation near its margin. Given that the massive ground-ice body consists of relict glacier ice, it suggests that permafrost persisted, at least locally, on plateau areas in the central Yukon Territory since the middle Pleistocene. In addition, the d value of Chapman Lake relict glacier ice suggests that the ice covering the area during the Reid glaciation originated from a local alpine glaciation in the Ogilvie Mountains.     

Experimental soft‐sediment deformation caused by fluidization and intrusive ice melt in sand

Identifying the driving mechanisms of soft‐sediment deformation in the geological record is the subject of debate. Thawing of ice‐rich clayey silt above permafrost was proved experimentally to be among the processes capable of triggering deformation. However, previous work has failed so far to reproduce similar structures in sand. This study investigates fluidization and intrusive ice formation from soil models in the laboratory. Experimental conditions reproduce the growth of ice‐cored mounds caused by pore water pressure increase during freeze‐back of sand in a permafrost context. Excess pore water pressure causes hydraulic fracturing and the development of water lenses beneath the freezing front. Later freezing of the water lenses generates intrusive ice. The main structures consist of sand dykes and sills formed when the increase in pore water pressure exceeds a critical threshold, and soft‐sediment deformations induced by subsidence during ice melt. The combination of processes has resulted in diapir‐like structures. The experimental structures are similar to those described in Pleistocene sites from France. These processes constitute a credible alternative to the seismic hypothesis evoked to explain soft‐sediment deformation structures in other European regions subjected to Pleistocene cold climates.