岱山海域大型底栖动物多样性分析

文章利用2015年春季航次(5月)和夏季航次(8月)的大型底栖动物采泥调查资料,对岱山海域大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种、多样性进行分析。主要研究结果如下:春季航次共采得大型底栖动物15种,夏季共采得大型底栖动物22种。类群涉及纽形动物、腔肠动物、环节动物多毛类、软体动物、节肢动物甲壳类、棘皮动物等。其中环节动物多毛类在两个航次中种数均为最高。岱山海域春季大型底栖动物优势种为:不倒翁虫、圆锯齿吻沙蚕、双鳃内卷齿蚕和金氏真蛇尾。夏季岱山海域大型底栖动物优势种类有:不倒翁虫、西方拟蛰虫和异足索沙蚕,其中不倒翁虫是两个调查季度月的共同优势种。岱山海域春季各站位平均丰度22ind./m~2,丰度范围为0~90ind./m~2。夏季各站位丰度范围0~165ind./m~2,平均38ind./m~2。春季各站位湿重生物量范围0~2.65g/m~2,平均0.81g/m~2。岱山海域夏季各站位湿重生物量范围0~16.25g/m~2,平均2.29g/m~2。岱山海域春季生物多样性指数(H′)在0~1.75,平均0.70;夏季生物多样性指数(H′)在0~1.75,平均0.67,季节间差异不明显。     

山东南部近海春季大型底栖动物丰度、生物量及群落结构研究

于2007年4月对山东南部近海进行了32个站位的大型底栖动物研究,共发现大型底栖动物170种,其中多毛类87种,软体动物25种,甲壳类47种,棘皮动物7种,其他类群4种。排名前3位的优势种是背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)、东方缝栖蛤(Hiatella orientalia)和寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)。研究海域大型底栖动物总平均丰度为1494 ind/m~2,总平均生物量为13.88 g/m~2,生物多样性指数H′、J′和d的平均值分别为:3.856、0.805和4.004。在30%相似度水平上,该海域大型底栖动物可划分为4个群落。综合H′和ABC曲线的结果,山东南部海域底栖生态环境较好。     

胶州湾海水淡化浓海水排放对大型底栖动物群落的影响

根据 2022 年 3 月在胶州湾海水淡化浓海水排放邻近海域开展的 8 个站位大型底栖动物调查资料,分析该海域大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,探讨海水淡化浓海水排放对大型底栖动物群落的影响。结果显示：共采集到大型底栖动物 4 大类 52 种,其中多毛类 23 种,节肢动物和软体动物各 14 种,纽形动物 1 种,分别占种数的 44.3%、26.9%、26.9%和 1.9%。调查海域相对重要性指数 （Index of Relative Importance,IRI） 值不小于 500 的大型底栖动物有 5 种,分别为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕 （Nephtys oligobranchia）、膜质伪才女虫 （Pseudopolydora kempi）、凸壳肌蛤（Musculus senhousia）、砂海螂 （Mya arenaria） 和日本大眼蟹 （Macrophthalmus japonicus）。大型底栖动物平均栖息密度和生物量分别为 1 194 ind/m2和 24.07 g/m2。Shannon 多样性指数、Margalef 丰富度指数和 Pielou 均匀度指数的均值分别为 2.35、1.65 和 0.59。与历史资料对比,本次调查大型底栖动物类群相似,但平均生物量、栖息密度及优势种都有明显变化。本文可为科学评估海水淡化浓海水排放生态影响评价提供参考依据。     

山东半岛南部近海冬季大型底栖动物多样性及群落结构特征

于2006年12月对山东半岛南部近岸海域进行了37个站位的大型底栖动物调查。调查海域共发现大型底栖动物266种,大型底栖动物的总平均丰度和生物量分别为2 373ind./m~2和10.42g/m~2,丰度呈北部高、南部低的分布规律,生物量呈沿岸高、外围海域低的分布规律;调查海域IRI指数居于前10位的种中,多毛类8种,软体动物2种,显示了多毛类在调查海域的优势地位;多样性指数H’表明,调查海域除个别站位外底栖生态环境整体清洁;在23%相似性水平上,调查海域可划分为4个群落,群落呈明显地域性分布;沉积物类型显著影响调查海域大型底栖动物丰度分布。     

洞头列岛及邻近海域大型底栖动物群落结构的研究

为了解洞头列岛及邻近海域大型底栖动物的群落结构特征,于2015年4月在该海域布设35个站位进行大型底栖动物调查采样,并获取相关环境资料,分析了该海域大型底栖动物的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。共鉴定出大型底栖动物122种,其中多毛类57种,甲壳动物34种,软体动物19种,棘皮动物5种,其它类动物7种。各调查站位大型底栖动物物种数目在1~22种之间,瓯江口附近站位物种数较少。大型底栖动物平均生物量为3.35 g/m²,平均栖息密度为321个/m²。多毛类具有种数上的优势,软体动物具有生物量和密度上的优势。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平均值分别为1.29、2.45和0.66。通过聚类分析和多维尺度排序分析将该海域大型底栖动物划分为3个群落:异蚓虫-薄云母蛤-绒毛细足蟹-不倒翁虫群落(群落Ⅰ),薄云母蛤-异蚓虫-双鳃内卷齿蚕-不倒翁虫群落(群落Ⅱ)和其他群落(群落Ⅲ)。典范对应分析表明,影响大型底栖动物群落的主要环境因子有底层海水的温度、盐度、活性磷酸盐、活性硅酸盐、溶解性无机氮、化学需氧量以及表层沉积物中的总有机碳等。ABC曲线分析结果表明,大型底栖动物群落受到了一定程度的扰动,但基本稳定。与历史资料相比,大型底栖动物的栖息密度和生物量均无明显变化,种类组成由以多毛类和软体动物为主转变为以多毛类和甲壳动物为主,且个体较大的棒锥螺大量死亡。     

辽东湾六股河口邻近海域冬季大型底栖动物生态学特征

2009-12对辽东湾西部海域进行5条断面15个站位的大型底栖动物调查。共鉴定出大型底栖动物69种,其中纽形动物1种,多毛类31种,软体动物11种,甲壳类25种,棘皮动物1种。优势种有长尾亮钩虾(Photis longicaudata)、日本浪漂水虱(Cirolana japonensis)和长吻沙蚕(Glycera chirori)等。调查海域大型底栖动物平均丰度为955个/m~2,平均生物量为14.0g/m~2。丰度和生物量分布整体呈现离河口越远越高的趋势。在25%相似度尺度上,该海域大型底栖动物可划分为4个群落,各群落受到不同程度扰动。检验得出,底层水环境因子不足以影响大型底栖动物群落结构。     

河北昌黎生态监控区8月份大型底栖动物多样性研究

根据2011-2013年每年8月昌黎生态监控区大型底栖动物监测数据,以Simpson优势度为指标分析了研究区大型底栖动物的物种组成及群落结构年际变化。运用物种多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)、丰富度指数(dMa)深入探究了监控区底栖动物的多样性变化趋势。研究结果显示:1)多毛类、甲壳类、软体类动物是该海域大型底栖动物的主要类群;2)2011-08监控区平均密度为43个/m2,平均生物量为3.14g/m2;2012-08监控区平均密度为41个/m2,平均生物量为3.21g/m2;2013-08监控区平均密度为28.74个/m2,平均生物量为7.72g/m2;3)2013年监控区19个站位多样性指标均值远高于前两年;4)2011-08监控区第一优势种为绒毛细足蟹其Y值为0.029 4;2012-08监控区第一优势种为裸盲蟹其Y值为0.007 3;2013-08监控区第一优势种为长吻沙蚕其Y值为0.007 0。     

秋季山东南部近岸海域大型底栖动物群落特征

2007-10对山东南部近岸海域36个站位进行大型底栖动物的调查。样品共鉴定出大型底栖动物129种,其中多毛类69种、软体动物15种、甲壳类35种、棘皮动物3种,其它类群7种。研究海域内IRI指数排名前3位的是寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys oligobranchia)、独指虫(Aricideasp.)和背蚓虫(Notomastus latericeus)。研究海域内大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为932.3个/m~2,总平均生物量为8.2g/m~2。其中丰度的高值区分布于青岛-黄岛海域,低值区分布于日照及乳山湾南部海域,生物量的高值区分布于乳山湾南部-鳌山湾海域,生物量低值区分布于日照-胶南海域。在38%相似度水平上,取样站位可被划分为5个群落。BIOENV分析和RELATE检验结果显示,水深和有机碳质量分数是影响大型底栖动物群落结构的主要因素。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物生态学初步研究

分别于2018年冬季(1月)和夏季(9月)对胶州湾进行了2个航次20个相同站位的大型底栖动物调查.共鉴定出大型底栖动物287种.大型底栖动物的总平均丰度和生物量分别为2026个/m2和378.0 g/m2,2航次的丰度和生物量均呈现由胶州湾中部向南北两侧增大的趋势.调查水域优势种主要为多毛类,但相对重要性指数(IRI)...     

辽东湾西部海域秋季大型底栖动物的群落结构特征

2009年10月在辽东湾西部海域进行了14个站位的大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物99种,其中多毛类44种,软体动物13种,甲壳动物39种,其他类群3种.调查海域内IRI指数排名前十位的种中,多毛类和甲壳动物各占60%和40%,其中前三位的是日本双边帽虫(Amphictene japonica)、二齿半尖额涟虫(Hemileucon bidentatus)和滩拟猛钩虾(Harpiniopsis vadiculus).调查海域内大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为2387.1个/m2,总平均生物量为11.16 g/m2,整个调查海域内大型底栖动物呈现出高丰度低生物量的现状.调查海域内大型底栖动物的香农-威纳多样性指数为0.8881~4.626,平均值为3.556;丰富度指数为1.197~5.474,平均值为3.426;均匀度指数为0.213~0.9248,平均值为0.7714.以40%的相似性尺度,取样站可被划分为5个大型底栖动物站组.通过大型底栖动物多样性分析,本文认为该海域的底栖生态状况良好.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.