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1.
Fossil reef deposits of the American oyster,Crassostrea virginica, are a common component of the near surface sediments in the middle and upper reaches of Mobile Bay, northern Gulf of Mexico. Mining of these deposits occurred from 1946 through 1982 in open areas of undisturbed bay bottom, outside of the shipping channel corridors, in water depths of 3–5 m. The mining process resulted in the formation of pit to furrow-shaped depressions with elevated rims at some sites and troughs and ridges in other areas. Studies carried out in the early 1970s predicted normal physical processes would restore the bottom to pre-shell mining conditions within 1 yr, thus minimizing any long-term effects on the Mobile Bay estuary. However, over the period 1974–1976 unfilled excavations, some with raised rims and ridges, were observed where mining had occurred 3–5 yr earlier. In addition, the depressions tended to be sites of relatively high salinity, hypoxic to anoxic water. In 1992–1993, close grid bathymetric surveys produced no indication of either depressions or raised features at any of the old mining sites. Evidence suggests this leveling of the bay’s bathymetry was the result of two major hurricanes, Frederic in 1979 and Elena in 1985, which mobilized and redistributed significant quantities of sediments within Mobile Bay. These findings indicate currents and waves associated with Mobile Bay’s normal tidal activity and annual recurrent storms were acting very slowly to refill depressions and flatten elevated features. In contrast, the direct impact of major hurricanes appears to have served as an effetive agent to return Mobile Bay’s bathymetry to a state similar to pre-shell mining conditions.  相似文献   

2.
Densities of juvenile and postlarval Farfantepenaeus aztecus, F. duorarum, and Litopenaeus setiferus were compared in vegetated fringing marsh and adjacent nonvegetated areas over a range of environmental conditions in Mobile Bay, Alabama. Densities of all three species were significantly greater in vegetated than nonvegetated areas, with 82% of all penaeids found in vegetated areas. Among vegetated sites, significantly lower densities were found in oligohaline areas, whereas mesohaline areas had the highest densities. Significant positive correlations were found between density and salinity for F. aztecus and F. duorarum but not for L. setiferus. Emergent vegetation is important habitat for F. aztecus and F. duorarum as reported from other locations, and our data support a similar conclusion for L. setiferus. Shoreline emergent marsh vegetation is particularly important in Mobile Bay as it represents the only extensive vegetated habitat readily available to F. aztecus, F. duorarum, and L. setiferus.  相似文献   

3.
Seasonal occurrence patterns within the Mobile Bay estuary, Alabama, of five species of cumaceans are described.Oxyurostylis smithi was most abundant, followed byLeucon americanus, Cyclaspis varians, Eudorella monodon andAlmyracuma proximoculi. With the exception of the oligohalineA. proximoculi, the cumaceans encountered within the estuary are euryhaline marine species that are most abundant at the lower bay stations and that utilize the estuary only when environmental conditions are favorable.  相似文献   

4.
This paper addresses temporal variability in bottom hypoxia in broad shallow areas of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Time-series data collected in the summer of 2004 from one station (mean depth of 4 m) exhibit bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) variations associated with various time scales of hours to days. Despite a large velocity shear, stratification was strong enough to suppress vertical mixing most of the time. Bottom DO was closely related to the vertical salinity gradient (ΔS). Hypoxia seldom occurred when ΔS (over 2.5 m) was <2 psu and occurred almost all the time when ΔS was >8 psu in the absence of extreme events like hurricanes. Oxygen balance between vertical mixing and total oxygen demand was considered for bottom water from which oxygen demand and diffusive oxygen flux were estimated. The estimated decay rates at 20°C ranging between 0.175–0.322 d−1 and the corresponding oxygen consumption as large as 7.4 g O2 m−2 d−1 fall at the upper limit of previously reported ranges. The diffusive oxygen flux and the corresponding vertical diffusivity estimated for well mixed conditions range between 8.6–9.5 g O2 m−2 d−1 and 2.6–2.9 m2 d−1, respectively. Mobile Bay hypoxia is likely to be associated with a large oxygen demand, supported by both water column and sediment oxygen demands, so that oxygen supply from surface water during destratification events would be quickly exhausted to return to hypoxic conditions within a few hours to days after destratification events are terminated.  相似文献   

5.
The gulf pipefish,Syngnathus scovelli, is the dominant syngnathid found in coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico and is the only species in this region known to occur in both freshwater and saltwater habitats. Relatively little is known about the population and reproductive cycles ofS. scovelli, particularly for those found in low salinity environments. The focus of the current study was to collect population structure and reproductive data forS. scovelli from a low salinity habitat, Meaher Park, located at the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Sampling was conducted twice a month from January 2003 to January 2004. Environmental parameters, as well as population and reproductive parameters, were collected. Water temperature was the primary abiotic factor associated with both the appearance ofS. scovelli and their breeding cycle. Based on gonadosomatic (GSI) and brood pouch somatic indices (BPSI), females and males were reproductively active throughout the summer. Peaks in male GSI and BPSI were consistent with the subsequent appearance of a large number of juveniles in early fall. These event coincided with the higher temperatures seen during late summer and early fall. Sex ratios (male : female 1 : 1.64) and operational sex ratios (1 : 4.09) indicated that this was a female biased population. Although there was no difference in the average size of males and females in this population, the largest individuals collected were female. The female-biased sex ratio supports previous genetic analyses suggesting thatS. scovelli exhibits true sex-role reversal and that operational sex ratios are a reliable indicator of the intensity of mating competition and sex roles.  相似文献   

6.
Distribution patterns of suspended sediments and sea surface temperatures in, Mobile Bay were derived from algorithms using digital data from the visible, near infrared, and infrared channels of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the NOAA-TIROS-N satellite. Closely spaced AVHRR scenes for January 20, 24, and 29, 1982, were compared with available environmental information taken during the same period. A complex interaction between river discharge, winds, and astronomical tides controlled the distribution patterns of suspended sediments. These same variables, coupled with air temperatures, also governed the distribution patterns of sea surface temperatures.  相似文献   

7.
The estuarine environment can serve as either a source or sink of carbon relative to the coastal ocean carbon budget. A variety of time-dependent processes such as sedimentation, carbon supply, and productivity dictate how estuarine systems operate, and Mobile Bay is a system that has experienced both natural and anthropogenic perturbations that influenced depositional processes and carbon cycling. Sediments from eight box cores provide a record of change in bulk sediment accumulation and carbon burial over the past 110 years. Accumulation rates in the central part of the basin (0.09 g cm?2) were 60–80 % less than those observed at the head (0.361 g cm?2) and mouth (0.564 g cm?2) of the bay. Sediment accumulation in the central bay decreased during the past 90 years in response to both anthropogenic (causeway construction) and natural (tropical cyclones) perturbations. Sediment accumulation inevitably increased the residence time of organic carbon in the oxic zone, as observed in modeled remineralization rates, and reduced the overall carbon burial. Such observations highlight the critical balance among sediment accumulation, carbon remineralization, and carbon burial in dynamic coastal environments. Time-series analysis based solely on short-term observation would not capture the long-term effects of changes in sedimentation on carbon cycling. Identifying these relationships over longer timescales (multi-annual to decadal) will provide a far better evaluation of coastal ocean carbon budgets.  相似文献   

8.
Salinity is a critical factor in understanding and predicting physical and biogeochemical processes in the coastal ocean where it varies considerably in time and space. In this paper, we introduce a Chesapeake Bay community implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ChesROMS) and use it to investigate the interannual variability of salinity in Chesapeake Bay. The ChesROMS implementation was evaluated by quantitatively comparing the model solutions with the observed variations in the Bay for a 15-year period (1991 to 2005). Temperature fields were most consistently well predicted, with a correlation of 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.5°C for the period, with modeled salinity following closely with a correlation of 0.94 and RMSE of 2.5. Variability of salinity anomalies from climatology based on modeled salinity was examined using empirical orthogonal function analysis, which indicates the salinity distribution in the Bay is principally driven by river forcing. Wind forcing and tidal mixing were also important factors in determining the salinity stratification in the water column, especially during low flow conditions. The fairly strong correlation between river discharge anomaly in this region and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation suggests that the long-term salinity variability in the Bay is affected by large-scale climate patterns. The detailed analyses of the role and importance of different forcing, including river runoff, atmospheric fluxes, and open ocean boundary conditions, are discussed in the context of the observed and modeled interannual variability.  相似文献   

9.
We measured seasonal effects of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) effluent on growth, survival, and accumulation of microbes in oysters near a major WTP in Mobile Bay, AL. Despite higher nutrients near the WTP, seasonal conditions rather than distance affected chlorophyll a concentration and oyster growth. In summer and fall, when oyster growth was higher, δ15N‰ in oysters near the WTP changed through time to reflect δ15N‰ in effluent (approx. −4‰). Microbial indicators (male-specific coliphage, fecal coliforms) were highest in oysters near the WTP in all seasons and correlated with δ15N‰ in fall and summer. Increased riverine discharge and slower acquisition of δ15N‰ likely confounded correlations in winter/spring. Although we did not detect gross ecological effects of wastewater exposure for oysters, data indicated wastewater-derived particles entered the local food web and accumulated in oysters. These data highlight the importance of using multiple indicators of wastewater exposure and considering both seasonal and spatial effects when defining wastewater influence on a system or species.  相似文献   

10.
Three tracing tests from the same injection point executed at low, medium, and high water levels in the karst aquifer near Tianshengan village, Lunan Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, China, have revealed the basic properties of underground water flow. They showed the general directions of water flows; tracer concentrations were observed at six successive points allowing for the calculation of apparent dominant flow velocities at these sections towards the Dalongtan karst spring. For the high water level, the discharge between single sections was between two and 10 times greater than that at low water level. For the medium water level, the flow velocity at different sections was between 1.4 and 3.7 times faster than that at low water level; and for high water level, it was between 1.3 and 2.7 times faster than that at medium water level. The fastest water flow appeared at the first section (23 cm/s at medium water level); and the slowest (0.6 cm/s at low water level) appeared where water flow must cross the Tianshengan fault (north–south direction), and later, a layer of 20–30 m thickness of quartz sandstone and shale clay-stones. It was also possible to calculate the recovery of the tracer for point 4, Dakenyan, where discharge was measured. At the medium water level, 50% of the injected tracer was detected a half-day after its first appearance and at low water level after more than 3 days. The previously published research illustrates the transport velocities of possible contaminants and their solubilities in water at different hydrological conditions.  相似文献   

11.
Water quality modeling of the Cahaba River,Alabama   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
The Cahaba River, a sixth-order stream, tributary to the Mobile-Alabama River, is one of the few free-flowing rivers in Alabama. The Cahaba River lies in north-central Alabama and its watershed includes a variety of land uses from forested and agricultural to urban. Water quantity and quality modeling of the Cahaba River using several modules of the hydrologic simulation program FORTRAN (HSPF) and the nonpoint source model (NPSM) using the GIS-based BASINS package showed good agreement with measured flow data for low- and high-flow years but poor agreement with total nitrogen concentrations in the water column. Disparities between modeling and measured water quality data are attributed to the limited point source data available for nitrogen inputs to the stream and the lack of nitrogen-transformation process modeling with the NPSM. Future simulations should include use of models with detailed nitrogen transformation modules.  相似文献   

12.
Although the supply and fate of suspended sediment is of fundamental importance to the functioning and morphological evolution of muddy estuaries, reliable sediment budgets have been established in only a few cases. Especially for smaller estuaries, inadequate bathymetric surveys and a lack of intertidal sedimentation data often preclude estimation of the sediment budget from morphological change, while instrument-derived residual fluxes typically lie well within the errors associated with measurement of much larger gross tidal transports. Given suitably long-term records of continuously monitored suspended sediment concentration (SSC), however, analysis of the major scales of variation in sediment transport and their relation to hydrodynamic and meteorological forcing permits qualitative testing of hypotheses suggested by directly measured residual fluxes. This paper analyzes data from a 1-year acoustic Doppler profiler deployment in the Blyth estuary, a muddy mesotidal barrier-enclosed system on the UK east coast. Flux calculations indicate a small sediment import equivalent to just 1.5% of the gross flood tide transport. Little confidence can be assigned to either the magnitude or direction of such a small residual when considered in isolation. However, the inference that the sediment regime is finely balanced is qualitatively supported by the close similarity between flood-tide and ebb-tide SSC values. Singular spectrum analysis of the SSC time series shows the expectedly large contributions to the variance in SSC at intratidal and subtidal (semimonthly and monthly) scales but also picks out intermittent variability that is initially attributed to a combination of non-tidal surge and wind stress forcing. Closer examination of the data through cross-correlograms and event-scale analysis indicates that local meteorological forcing is the major factor. Acting through the resuspension of intertidal mudflat sediments at times of strong westerlies, meteorological forcing is directly implicated in episodic sediment export from the estuary. Thresholding of tide-averaged fluxes using a range of critical wind stress values further indicates that ‘tide-dominated’ (i.e., low wind stress) and ‘wave-dominated’ (high wind stress) conditions are associated with sediment import and export. Sediment balance is potentially sensitive to the frequency of high wind stress events, since the associated sediment exports are several times larger than the average import under calm conditions. Intermittent meteorological forcing may thus exert an important control on the sedimentary balance of otherwise tidally dominated muddy estuarine systems, and the role of wind climate should not be overlooked in studies of estuary response to environmental change.  相似文献   

13.
Aboveground and belowground biomass, density, blade length, and chlorophyll content of seagrass growing directly under docks were compared with adjacent unshaded sites. The amount of light reduction due to dock shading was measured using quantum spherical irradiance meters. Seagrasses were present under docks; they were shaded such that light levels were 19% and 16% of surface irradiance, at shallow and deep sites, respectively. Shoot density was 40–47% lower in shaded plots than in unshaded plots; total biomass was 30–33% lower in shaded plots than in unshaded plots. In contrast, blade length and chlorophyll content were increased at shaded plots relative to unshaded plots. Seagrasses were not found under docks at light levels less than 14% of surface irradiance. These results are in agreement with published in situ compensation irradiance estimates of 15–18% for Halodule wrightii in Texas coastal waters. Shading effects were most apparent between the hours of 1000 and 1500; therefore, the light received during the early morning and late afternoon hours may be critical for plants growing under docks. The north-south orientation of the docks in this study is likely an important factor contributing to the continued survival and growth of the seagrasses.  相似文献   

14.
桑沟湾水体中有机磷农药残留组成与分布   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
采用气相色谱-质谱法定量测定桑沟湾海域水体中有机磷农药残留,分析了其组成与分布特征。2009年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)桑沟湾海域水体中8种有机磷农药的含量测定结果表明:桑沟湾有机磷农药的总浓度水平是春季小于秋季,有机磷农药的总浓度范围为0.001~0.265μg/L,均值为0.061μg/L。该海域水体中共检出6种有机磷农药,马拉硫磷和对硫磷是桑沟湾水体中主要的有机磷农药污染物。有机磷农药分布特征大致呈现春季表层水体中近岸高,离岸低,由湾口向湾内递减,底层水体中在湾口处浓度最高;秋季表层水体中由西北岸、东北湾口向湾中央渐增,底层水体中呈现由湾内向湾口递增的趋势。本研究提供的数据可为了解该海域的有机磷农药污染分布情况提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
Benthic oxygen, dinitrogen, and nutrient fluxes (NH4+, NO3, and PO43−) were measured monthly during a 1-year period at two locations in Weeks Bay, a shallow (1.4 m) and eutrophic estuary in Alabama. Gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R), and net ecosystem metabolism were determined from high-frequency dissolved oxygen measurements. Peak water column NO3 (55 μM) and chlorophyll a (138 μg/l) concentrations were measured during spring and fall, respectively. Sediments were a net source of NH4+ (102 μmol m−2 h−1) and PO43− (0.9 μmol m−2 h−1) but a sink for NO3 (−30 μmol m−2 h−1). Benthic N2 fluxes indicated net N fixation (12 μmol N m−2 h−1). Sediment oxygen demand (0.55 g O2 m−2 day−1) accounted for <10% of R (7.3 g O2 m−2 day−1). Despite high GPP rates (4.7 g O2 m−2 day−1), the estuary was net heterotrophic. Benthic regeneration supplied, on average, 7.5% and 4% of primary productivity N and P demands, respectively. These results contrast with the conventional view that benthic regeneration accounts for a large fraction of phytoplankton nutrient demand in shallow estuaries.  相似文献   

16.
吴奎  惠冠洲  高京华  加东辉 《地球科学》2020,45(10):3589-3602
混合沉积具有碎屑岩类与碳酸盐岩类的双重特征,国内外尚未建立有效的混和沉积储层识别方法.通过对辽东湾北部地区混合沉积发育背景、岩石学特征分析,将混合沉积分为陆源碎屑型、生物成因碳酸盐型、化学沉淀碳酸盐型3种.明确了3种类型混合沉积的发育相带与模式.通过对不同类型的岩石物理参数交会分析认为:生物成因碳酸盐型具有中低-中高纵波速度、低密度、低纵波阻抗特征,化学沉淀碳酸盐型及陆源碎屑型具有中高纵波速度、高密度、高阻抗特征,纵波阻抗与密度是区分不同类型混合沉积的敏感参数;通过地震正演模拟与实际地震资料响应对比,发现辽北地区沙河街组混合沉积地层受到下伏潜山地层低频强能量的屏蔽,创新采用匹配追踪方法对潜山顶面强反射进行压制,并在此基础上进行岩性敏感参数预测,有效地提高了沙河街组混合沉积储层的识别能力.   相似文献   

17.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data were used to investigate vegetation changes after Hurricane Katrina (2005) for the Weeks Bay Reserve and surrounding area of coastal AL. Landsat 5 satellite images were acquired before landfall (March 24, 2005), after landfall (September 16, 2005), and 8 months after landfall (April 28, 2006). The March 2005 to September 2005 image comparison showed that average NDVI values decreased by 49% after landfall. Continuing into the next year, average NDVI values were −44% lower in April 2006 than they were in March 2005. Among habitat types, the estuarine emergent wetland experienced the largest average NDVI value decrease (−64%). The estuarine emergent wetland NDVI values continued to decrease by −27% from September 2005 to April 2006, whereas other habitats increased in NDVI. This continued suppression of NDVI values was attributed to increased salinity from the storm surge and to regional drought conditions that occurred after landfall. These results provide insight into the sensitivity of coastal vegetation from the interactions of both tropical cyclones and long-term environmental conditions.  相似文献   

18.
综合壁心、薄片、钻井和三维地震等资料分析渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征,并运用地震相、古地貌和地震属性刻画沉积体系平面展布.研究表明,古近系由1个二级层序、4个三级层序组成,经历了一个完整的湖泊初始发育、扩张及萎缩阶段,主要发育扇三角洲、碳酸盐岩浅滩、半深湖-深湖、辫状河三角洲等沉积体系.不同的沉积体系形成于不同的湖泊演化阶段,地震响应特征也不同.扇三角洲和碳酸盐岩浅滩发育于湖泊初始发育阶段,扇三角洲表现为填充型楔形前积反射,沿凸起边缘断坡带呈朵状分布;碳酸盐岩浅滩表现为水进型丘形叠瓦状反射,呈椭圆状分布于水下古隆起带上,椭圆的长轴方向平行于水下古隆起带走向;半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩发育于湖泊扩张期,表现为平行连续中弱振幅反射,在庙西北洼和渤东凹陷深陷带最为发育;辫状河三角洲发育于湖泊萎缩期,表现为低角度中高频、中弱振幅前积反射,沿凸起边缘挠曲坡折带呈朵叶状分布.庙北地区油气显示普遍,这种沉积体系识别与刻画结果对于该区油气勘探具有重要意义.  相似文献   

19.
科其喀尔巴西冰川的近地层基本气象特征   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4  
利用2003-2006年天山托木尔峰地区科其喀尔巴西冰川的考察资料,对该冰川近地层的基本气象特征进行了分析.研究表明:冰川从4月中下旬开始即有明显消融,主消融期为5-9月,1月冰川区的气温最低.冰川中上部的气温直减率较小,说明该处的冰川冷效应较弱;而冰川下部较大的气温直减率,则可能主要与消融区连续的表碛覆盖有关.5-9月集中了全年约75%的降水,而冬季的降水稀少.降水的分布存在明显的高低分带,低降水带位于冰川中上部的海拔3 700 m附近,而冰川末端和冰川上部的降水量较大.受地形和下垫面条件的影响,冰川下部的山谷风非常发育,而冰川上部局地环流较弱.  相似文献   

20.
深化含油气沉积盆地的压力结构研究,厘清异常压力的空间展布,对划分含油气系统、评价有利输导体系与明确勘探甜点区带具有重要的理论和实践意义。为深化渤海湾盆地富油凹陷的油气二次勘探,本文以歧口凹陷为研究对象,对其压力结构进行重点刻画。在实测地层压力的校正下,综合单井、连井和二维地震地层压力结构分析,厘清了歧口凹陷的压力结构特征,识别出4类纵向压力结构:①单超压带结构;②双超压带结构;③多超压带结构;④静水压力结构。纵向上,歧口地区存在3类纵向压力系统样式——单超压系统、双超压系统、静水常压系统。双超压系统是歧口凹陷的主要压力系统样式,广泛发育于主凹和各大次凹;从凹陷中心向盆地边缘,双超压系统逐渐向单超压系统、静水常压系统过渡。单超压系统主要分布于盆地边缘的斜坡和潜山区,如歧北高斜坡、羊三木-扣村潜山等。静水常压系统则主要分布在离深凹区更远的沈青庄潜山和埕北斜坡区域。上部超压系统和下部超压系统的顶板分别位于东营组和沙三段内部,侧向上受盆地边缘和深大断裂控制。上部超压系统的形成主要受欠压实作用控制,以歧口主凹为中心呈环带分布;而下部超压系统的形成主要受生烃作用控制,以主凹和几大次凹为中心分布。未来,下部超压系统中保存的天然气将成为歧口地区超深层天然气勘探的重点对象。  相似文献   

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