资源地区空气氡浓度调查与剂量估算

对广西资源地区大气中氡的调查结果显示，该区室内、外大气中平均氡浓度分别为101.0Bq/m^3和104.6Bq/m^3，是世界平均值的10倍和2.5倍；计算了氡子体所致的年有效剂量，由氡子体照射对成人和儿童所致年均有效剂量分别为6.2mSv/a和9.2mSv/a，是世界平均值的5倍。     

奥西耶克室内氡剂量评价

经过10年对3个不同测点氡季节性变化的调查，以及幼儿园，学校，防空掩蔽所和地窖氡浓度的测量后，对奥西耶克（东克罗地亚，130000户居民）的住宅（住宅建筑）进行了系统的室内氡测量，用LR－115固态径迹探测器在城镇48个测点上测量了室内氡，给出了算术平均值为71．6Bq.m^-3,标准偏差为44．0Bq,m^-3,和几何平均值为60．1Bq.m6-3，其冬浓度范围从22．7到186．5Bq.m^-3,由Radhome硅探测器进行的氡测量差异并不大，氡浓度的经验频率分布（分组宽度20Bq.m^-3)与x^2检验示出的理论对数正态分布相一致，氡图指指出了由地质土壤构造造成的氡浓度较高的区域（该城镇的中部）。上述提及住宅中氡及其子体的平衡因子为0．44，有些氡模型的有效剂量当量估计数接近2mSv.a^-1.     

某铀矿山废石堆场氡污染调查

通过对某铀矿山11个废石堆场氡析出率和大气氡浓度的测量及氡所致年有效剂量估算表明,该矿山正在使用的废石堆场氡析出率值均超出了国家规定的管理限值水平,只有退役治理后的废石堆场氡析出率在管理限值以内;矿山废石堆场产生的大气氡浓度值为72.35Bq/m3,其所致的年有效剂量值为0.69mSv。     

俄罗斯一些地区的氡浓度测量结果

在居民所受到的天然辐射作用的总剂量中，氡及其子体的吸入占有主要部分。在进行综合生态测量时，在俄罗斯的不同地区进行了氡及其子体的测量；这些地区是：圣彼得堡地区、俄中部地区和阿尔泰地区。使用了以径迹蚀刻和活性炭探测器为基础的剂量计，对环境氡浓度进行了测量；这是两种适用的低成本方法。以０．５的平衡系数和推荐的０．０６１ｍＳｖ／（Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３）有效测量当量系数计算了氡子体活度和有效剂量当量。在２１个村镇对     

蒂罗尔州西部阿尔卑斯山区室内高氡浓度

在奥地利蒂罗尔州西部一个村庄（Ｕｍｈａｕｓｅｎ，居民２６００）测量到了少有的室内高氡浓度，并发现肺癌死亡率比蒂罗尔州总人口（居民６２００００）的死亡率要高。在Ｏｔｚｔａｌｅｒ Ａｃｈｅ和Ｈａｉｒｌａｃｈｂａｃｈ２条河之间的地区发现氡浓度的年平均值特别高。该区地质为花岗片麻岩大滑坡的冲积决扇（Ａ区，一楼的年平均中值为１８６８Ｂｑ．ｍ＾－３）；其他村庄氡浓度比较低（Ｂ区，一楼的年平均中值为１８２Ｂｑ．     

重庆雪玉洞氡浓度变化特征及其危害防护

利用 PRM-2100氡子体监测仪对重庆市丰都县雪玉洞氡子体平衡当量浓度进行连续12个月的监测。研究表明：（1）雪玉洞洞内氡子体平均平衡当量浓度为2135.7 Bq/m3;取平衡因子为0.5,则其平均氡浓度为4271.4 Bq/m3;（2）氡子体平衡当量浓度总体呈现出夏季高、冬季低及洞层越高,浓度越高的特点,而且氡子体平衡当量浓度变化与洞内温度变化相关性不明显,但与洞外的相关性则较强;（3）雪玉洞游客因吸入氡子体所致的年均有效剂量当量为0.02 mSv/a,只是联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会（UNSCEAR）估计的氡子体对公众产生危害的年有效剂量界限值（1.30 mSv/a）的1.54%,因此短时间游览对游客的健康不会产生影响。但是,由于洞穴讲解员、保安、拍照人员在洞内工作时间较长,接受氡子体照射的年均有效剂量当量分别为7.69 mSv/a、11.96 mSv/a、59.48 mSv/a,均高于UNSCEAR 的年有效剂量。因此,需要合理安排洞穴内工作人员工作时间和科学地制订出他们的年工作时间上限;加强氡危害相关知识的普及与洞穴工作人员的个人防护;在高氡浓度析出区域进行屏蔽防护或在适当位置安装空气净化器;与此同时,还要加强氡及其子体浓度的分析和监测等。     

某铀矿山环境空气中氡污染现状调查

介绍了2005～2008年期间,用REM-III型氡析出率仪和DHZM-I型氡及其子体连续监测仪对某铀矿山的工作场所和居民区分别进行土壤(岩石)氡析出率和环境空气中氡浓度的测量,并应用适当的估算模式估算氡吸入所致公众年有效剂量。结果表明,随着对辐射环境治理工作的加强和人们环保意识的提高,在所监测的工作场所中,大部分监测点的氡浓度没有超过国家规定的限值;在居民区,也没有发现任何监测点的个人剂量超过核工业辐射环境质量评价规定的限值。     

台山市某地块环境放射性水平研究

本主要测量了广东省台山市某地块的现场地面γ强度、空气氡浓度、土壤氡浓度、水中氡浓度，以及水中微量元素。结果表明，测区内大部分区域地面γ强度为256．1－522nGy/h，个别地段的地面γ强度大于522nGy/h；测区内水中氡浓度一般为0．28－5．31kBq/m^3，个别大于10kBq/m^3，测区内土壤中氡浓度较高，分析表明，测区内地面γ强度和氡浓度偏高的原因除了与地质因素有关外，还与地形等因素有关，最后对该地块放射性水平作出综合评价，提出相应的防护措施。     

广东温泉水-汽转化过程对室内氡浓度的影响

研究了广东省四家温泉宾馆室内温泉水及其使用过程中对氡浓度的影响。利用RAD-7测氡仪和NR667A测氡义连续测量室内外氡浓度和水氡浓度,发现室内氡浓度受地基土壤、建筑物类型、利用方式(是否洗浴、洗浴时间长短等)、通风状况等诸多因素的影响。无人入住时宾馆室内氡浓度的变化说明土壤氡的渗入是底层房间室内氡的重要影响因素。当在浴室内使用温泉水洗浴时,浴室内平均氡浓度比没有用温泉水时高出1～8．3倍,客房内氡浓度比没有用温泉水洗浴时高出1．2～8．3倍。在使用温泉水时,某些宾馆室内氡浓度超标,可能对宾馆工作人员造成潜在的健康危害,应采取管理措施或技术手段降低其暴露水平。     

氡地质潜势规律研究方法探讨

氡的地质潜势是环境氡研究的重要内容,也是从地质背景出发快速评价氡浓度水平的有效方法,氡析出率是反映氡地质潜势的最好参数,根据放射性元素分布规律,地质背景及放射性元素衰变等,建立了计算氡析出率的理论公式。理论计算结果表明,北京市区氡的地质潜势分为四个不同的区,不同潜势区中室内氡浓度水平发生相应变化。说明通过氡地质潜势规律研究,可以确定室内氡浓度水平潜在高值区。     

Study of the radon concentrations in drinking water from three main cities of Shaanxi Province,China

This paper presents the results of radon concentration measurements in the drinking water from the municipal water supply system and private wells of Xian, Xianyang and Baoji city of Shaanxi province of China. The measurements were carried out on 38 samples. Radon levels in drinking water in Xian, Xianyang and Baoji were found to be 5.78, 13.04 and 15.01 k Bq m^–3, respectively. The AM radon concentration of private well water from Xianyang and Baoji is 28.84 k Bq m^–3 and 38.85 k Bq m^–3, respectively, which is 2.56 times and 3.14 times as high as that of tap water radon, respectively. The radiation risk of radon in water would be due to degassing and not due to drinking water. The domestic use of showers, humidifiers, and cooking, washing up, laundering, etc. may lead to an additional increase of the radon concentration in the indoor air. The observed radon concentration in drinking water from three main cities of Shaanxi Province can contribute to a 4.86 to 32.63% increase in indoor radon concentration and can cause 0.068±0.016 mSv y^–1 to 0.177±0.045 mSv y^–1 extra annual effective dose to males, 0.060±0.014 mSv y^–1 to 0.155±0.039 mSv y^–1 to females. The mean annual effective dose equivalents to males and females of Xianyang and Baoji from well water account for 25.94 to 39.75% of environmental radon and radon daughters annual effective dose equivalents. The radon concentrations in the well water from Xianyang and Baoji will bring a definite additional risk to the population.     

The status quo of radon concentrations and mitigation measures in underground working places of China

1Introduction Radonisaradioactivegasarisingfromtheurani umdecaychain,andisthelargestsinglesourceofra diationexposuretothepopulation(Fovtetal.,1999).Highradonexposureshavebeenshownto causelungcancer(JonMiles,1998),anditiscom monlybelievedthatthegreatertheexposureofradon radiation,thegreatertheriskofdevelopinglungcanc er(YangWenjieetal.,1999).Theairradoncomes mainlyfromundergroundsoilandconstructionmateri als.Ingeneral,222Rnhasthehighestlevelinthebase mentsandundergroundspacesthatareincontact…     

Assessment of radiation hazards due to the concentration of natural radionuclides in the environment

A study of natural radionuclides and radon concentration of Hamirpur District of Himachal Pradesh, India is carried out using various methodologies. The activity concentration of the natural radionuclides viz. ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K is measured using high-resolution-based HPGe detector. Indoor radon measurements in the dwellings of Hamirpur district is carried out using LR-115 type II cellulose nitrate films in the bare mode. The average activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K are 35.58, 54.95 and 580.58 Bq kg^?1, respectively. The annual average indoor radon value in the study area varies from 173.90 to 198.25 Bq m^?3, which is well within the recommended action level given by International Commission on Radiological Protection. The indoor radon values obtained in the present investigation are higher than the world average of 40 Bq m^?3. Radon concentration in water samples is measured using RAD7, an active radon detector. The annual effective dose for stomach and lung is determined from the measured value of radon concentration in water. To assess the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in all samples to the people, the radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, lifetime fatality risk, absorbed dose rate and total annual effective dose is estimated. The results signify that the studied area does not possess any radiation hazards due to the presence of natural radioactivity concentration.     

Radon distributions in the Hail Region of Northern Saudi Arabia

Indoor radon measurements were carried out in a total of 420 dwellings and 17 schools in Hail region of Saudi Arabia, using NTDs based radon dosimeters. The duration of the measurements was one year, from April 2008 to April 2009. The indoor radon concentrations varied from 4 to 513 Bq/m³ with an overall average of 45 Bq/m³ for all surveyed dwellings. These passive measurements were confirmed by the active measurements. The anomalous concentrations above 200 Bq/m³ were observed in 13 dwellings, representing 3.1 % of the total surveyed dwellings. In Inbowan village alone, it was found that 7.6 % of the dwellings have indoor radon concentration above 200 Bq/m³. The highest average indoor radon concentration of 64 Bq/m³ was found in Inbowan village while the lowest average of 24 Bq/m³ was found in Majasah village. The city of Hail showed an average indoor radon concentration of 49 Bq/m³. The average indoor radon concentration in one area located at the edge of the Aja Mountain in Hail city was 111 Bq/m³. The elevated indoor radon concentrations in many dwellings in the Hail region, prompted us to measure outdoor ground radon in such locations using gas monitor. It was found that radon concentrations at a depth of 0.5 m varied significantly from place to place ranging from 1.2 to 177 kBq/m³. The outdoor radon concentrations are generally correlated with the indoor radon measurements. Radon exhalations from construction materials and soil samples from the Hail region were also measured. It was found that radon exhalations from soil samples are higher than that of construction materials by a factor of at least 3 and reaching up to 11. These results indicate that soil is the main source of indoor radon. Geological interpretations of the results are also given.     

引绰济辽工程文得根引水隧洞放射性调查评价

对长约70 km引水工程洞线上进行的地面伽马能谱测量、陆地伽马剂量率测量、土壤氡浓度测量、岩石表面氡析出率测量以及钻孔岩芯样品的放射性元素U、Ra、Th、K含量分析的综合放射性地质调查,并对获得的测量数据进行分析研究。结果表明,测区引水沿线地质体放射性核素当量含量平均值为：U 1.56×10-6,Th 14.12×10-6,K 2.16×10-2;钻孔岩芯放射性元素分析含量平均值为：U 32.34 Bq/kg,Ra 35.68 Bq/kg,Th 35.29 Bq/kg,K 865.65 Bq/kg。陆地伽马剂量率为90.42 nGy/h;土壤氡浓度平均值为4 272.1 Bq/m3;岩石表面析出率平均值为4.01×10-2 Bq/m2·s。根据测量结果,利用内照射和外照射辐射剂量计算了对施工人员造成的辐照剂量为0.759 mSv,低于国家对公众的剂量限值1 mSv/a,表明引水工程输水隧洞的施工在安全辐射范围内。     

Determination of the radiation dose due to radon ingestion and inhalation

The distribution of radon in ground and surface water samples in Sankey Tank and Mallathahalli Lake areas was determined using Durridge RAD-7 analyzer with RAD H₂O accessory. The radiation dose received by an individual falling under different age groups (viz., 3 months; 1, 5, 10, 15 years and adult) depending upon their average annual water consumption rate was attempted. The mean radon activity in surface water of Sankey Tank and Mallathahalli Lake was 7.24 ± 1.48 and 11.43 ± 1.11 Bq/L, respectively. The average radon activities ranged from 11.6 ± 1.7 to 381.2 ± 2.0 Bq/L and 1.50 ± 0.83 to 18.9 ± 1.59 Bq/L, respectively, in 12 groundwater samples each around Sankey Tank and Mallathahalli Lake areas. Majority of the measured groundwater samples (viz., 100 % in Sankey Tank area and 75 % in Mallathahalli Lake area) showed mean radon values above the EPA’s maximum contaminant level of 11.1 Bq/L and only 66.67 % of samples in Sankey Tank area showed radon above the WHO and EU’s reference level of 100 Bq/L. The overall radiation dose due to radon emanating from water in the study area was increasing with increase in age and water consumption rates, but significantly lower than UNSCEAR and WHO recommended limit of 1 mSv/year except for few groundwater samples in Sankey Tank area (i.e., 0.92, 0.99 and 1.39 mSv/year). The radiation dose rate received by bronchial epithelium via inhalation was very high compared to that by stomach walls via ingestion.     

大连市区地表天然放射性水平调查

利用ARD型γ能谱仪对辽宁省大连市区地表天然放射性核素²³⁸U、²³²Th、⁴⁰K含量进行了现场测量.调查结果显示,大连市区²³⁸U、²³²Th、⁴⁰K比活度平均值分别为23.09 Bq/kg（范围值1.24~151.91 Bq/kg）、18.99 Bq/kg（范围值0.41~92.57 Bq/kg）、386.39 Bq/kg（范围值31.30~1095.50 Bq/kg）,均显著低于全国和世界的平均值.在测得的²³⁸U、²³²Th、⁴⁰K含量基础上,计算了距地面1 m高处空气中γ辐射吸收剂量率、外照射指数、内照射指数和年有效剂量等参数,并据此对大连市区天然放射性水平进行了评价.空气中γ辐射吸收剂量率（Dr）平均值为39.04 nGy/h,远低于全国（81.5 nGy/h）和世界（80 nGy/h）平均水平.外照射指数、内照射指数平均值分别为0.23、0.12,均远小于国家对建筑材料外照射指数的限值1.年有效剂量为0.048 mSv,远低于世界年平均有效剂量（0.46 mSv）以及公众外照射年有效剂量（1.0 mSv）的限值.评价结果表明,大连市区地表天然放射性辐射处于安全的水平.