退耕还林工程背景下延安植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候的响应

1999年以来,延安实施了大规模的退耕还林、封山禁牧等生态建设和保护工程,使植被覆盖得到迅速恢复和增加。基于2000—2020年MOD13Q1数据和气象数据,利用像元二分法估算了延安市21 a间的植被覆盖度,通过空间插值方法、统计学方法对其时空变化特征和对气候变化的响应进行了分析。结果表明：2000—2020年延安市植被覆盖度呈波动式增加趋势,其中在2002年、2013年出现了明显跳跃式增长,2017年前后达到最高值后在高位波动;植被覆盖度的空间分布上总体呈现从南到北递减的趋势,高值区位于延安南部林区,低值区位于延安北部接近榆林边界地带;近21 a来,延安北部植被覆盖度提升幅度在30%以上,中南部0~30%,变化最大的区域是吴起南部、志丹北部、安塞中部、宝塔区北部、延川中部和子长大部地区,增加50%以上;降水量的年际变化会对植被覆盖度产生较大影响,尤其是6—8月的降水量是影响植被覆盖度的主要原因。     

内蒙古植被NDVI变化特征分析

对植被状况和植被覆盖的研究可以反映植被受环境条件影响产生的时空变化。文章根据GIMMS-NDVI数据集1982—2006年影像数据,分析内蒙古农田、森林、草原三种植被类型NDVI年内、年际的变化趋势以及植被覆盖变化特征的空间差异。各植被类型变化曲线都呈现4—7月NDVI激增,8—10月NDVI猛降,冬季农田、草原植被覆盖接近裸土的特点。农田夏季NDVI平均值的历年线性变化趋势通过显著性检验,森林夏季NDVI平均值呈现下降的趋势,草原夏季NDVI平均值呈现上升的趋势,但都不显著。     

基于MODIS NDVI和气候信息的草原植被变化监测

对植被的动态监测可以从一定程度上反映气候变化趋势。该文利用2000—2005年MODIS NDVI数据对锡林郭勒盟典型草原植被变化进行动态监测,在此基础上,以降水量、水汽压、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、日照时数作为气候指标,分析锡林郭勒盟典型草原和荒漠草原MODIS NDVI与同期及前期气候因子的相关性,探讨草原植被变化的气候驱动因子。结果表明:2000—2005年锡林郭勒盟植被改善面积大于退化面积,植被退化面积最大的区域为荒漠草原,占全盟面积的12.84%,植被改善面积最大的区域为典型草原,占全盟面积29.09%。4类草原改善趋势由强到弱的顺序为草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原、荒漠草原。对于典型草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最密切,其次为水汽压;对于荒漠草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最为密切,其次为最低气温。此外,NDVI对气候因子的响应表现出明显的时滞效应。     

呼伦贝尔市NPP时空变化及其对气候的响应

利用2000—2015年MOD17A3数据和气象站点资料,分析呼伦贝尔市NPP的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应情况。研究表明,呼伦贝尔市平均植被NPP为261.02 gC/(m~2·a),总体呈自西向东依次递增的分布格局。NPP的年际变化呈波动增长趋势,平均变化率为5.51gC/(m~2·a),线性增长达到显著的区域主要位于呼伦贝尔草原、大兴安岭南部林地和大兴安岭与松嫩平原过渡的耕地。16个气象站周边的NPP与各站年降水量均呈正相关,且除莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗(简称莫旗)外均通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,NPP与年平均气温均呈负相关,但除海拉尔区外均未通过显著性检验,NPP与日照时数正、负相关的台站同时存在。由此可知,降水是影响呼伦贝尔市NPP变化的主要因素。     

江苏省冬小麦播种期对气候要素变化的响应

利用江苏省35个气象台站1961- 2009年冬小麦播种期内的气象观测资料,采用数理统计方法,分析了近49 a来冬小麦播种期内各气候要素的变化.结果表明:江苏省冬小麦主要播种期内的日平均气温随着时间的推移逐渐升高,且相关显著,其中淮河以南地区升高速度更快;秋季稳定通过15℃的终日总体呈逐年推迟趋势,尽管部分年际间波动较大;按传统播期播种到越冬的≥0℃有效积温与年序也呈极显著正相关关系.分析沭阳、淮安、盱眙、滨海、赣榆和徐州6个农业气象观测站的冬小麦发育期资料,及当地冬小麦播种至越冬前积温资料.结果表明:各地冬小麦播种至越冬≥0℃有效积温总体上逐年增加.此外,冬小麦播种期内降水量的波动较大,尤其自1990s中期以来,各地降水量呈逐年递减趋势.得出结论:江苏省冬小麦应适时晚播,并应趁墒及时播种.     

内蒙古地区植被对气候变化的响应

植被作为表征陆地生态环境变化的指示器,其对气候变化的响应研究已成为当前全球变化领域的主要内容之一。基于1982—2012年归一化植被指数(NDVI)和同期观测温度和降水资料,分析了内蒙古地区植被对气候变化的响应。研究表明,1982—2012年,植被指数总体呈波动变化,且区域差异明显。从年际变化来看,植被受降水影响明显;年内变化上,气温对植被的作用明显。内蒙古不同区域植被对气候的响应方式不同,其中内蒙古东北部地区对气温和降水的响应无滞后时间,其余地区对气温和降水的滞后时间为1个月。     

陇中黄土高原陆面辐射分量年际变化及其对气候波动的响应

本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL站)2006—2012年陆面过程观测资料以及榆中站气象资料,分析了陆面各辐射收支分量对于气候波动的响应,并且研究了地表反照率年际波动变化,讨论了各陆面过程参数对于黄土高原气候背景年际波动的反馈。并且根据黄土高原降水类型将全年分为冬夏半年讨论,以得到更为显著的年际变化特征和相关关系。结果显示,2006—2012年气温降水的趋势与近年来黄土高原暖干化总趋势相吻合。地表浅层土壤湿度和温度都与气温、降水呈现很好的响应。气候因素的综合影响是地表反照率变化波动的原因。通过冬夏半年资料区分探究得到,长波辐射分量与气候要素的相关较短波辐射分量与气候要素的相关性更强。但总体而言,陆面过程对于该地区气候背景波动的响应机制是较为复杂的。     

那曲地区植被NDVI时空变化及成因分析

利用GIS和遥感技术方法分析了2000—2014年那曲地区植被归一化指数(NDVI)的时空分布特征和变化趋势,探讨了NDVI与几种气象因子的关系。结果表明:空间上,研究区植被NDVI在空间上呈自西向东、自南向北逐步增大,高海拔地区小于低海拔地区的分布特点;时间上,近15a的NDVI总体上呈不显著性下降趋势,NDVI变化可以分为3个阶段,分别为2000—2005年较好,2006—2008年略差,2009—2014年好转。植被面积变化趋势表现为西北部植被处于稳定状态的面积居多,变化较明显的区域集中在中部和东南部地区的人口密集区,改善和退化区域呈现交错出现的特点。那曲地区植被变化的主要影响因素为降水量和热量因素引起的,人类活动在较短时间尺度上对植被也有较大影响。     

内蒙古大兴安岭森林火险季节动态及其气候条件分析

森林火险季节是火环境中的一个重要因子,对于森林防火实际工作具有十分重要的意义。利用大兴安岭林区近 ３０ 年的林火资料和临近火点的气象资料,分析了该地区森林火险季节的时空分布规律及其气象条件。结果表明,该地区多年平均森林火险季节长度较长且近几年呈增长趋势;南北林区火险季节指标差异明显,南部林区比北部林区进入火险季节的时间早而结束晚;森林火险季节长度与全年无雪日数关系密切,而起止日期与春秋季日平均气温为－ ５℃的日期相符合。     

基于MODIS的天山山区草地类型植被指数变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

本研究建立基于MODIS的天山山区草地类型植被指数并分析其与气候因子的关系,研究发现：天山山区NDVI分布北部大,南部小;西部大,东部小。降水是影响天山山区NDVI的主要因子。天山山区在温度上升0.1℃,面雨量增加10%的情况下,NDVI增加2.5%。2000~2009年天山山区NDVI年平均值为0.35,温度呈上升趋势,降水呈减少趋势,对植被的生长不利,NDVI呈现出减小趋势,但减小不明显。天山山区NDVI最大值的年份,降水并不是最多的,说明植被的长势需要水分和热量匹配。1961~2009年天山山区的气候变化有利于草地NDVI的增加     

帕米尔高原东部径流量变化及其对气候变化的响应

水资源是制约中国西北干旱区社会经济可持续发展和生态安全的关键因素.以发源于帕米尔高原东部的喀什噶尔河和叶尔羌河流域为研究区,基于该区6个气象站月平均气温和降水量观测资料,以及5条代表性河流的出山口水文站1950年代晚期以来的月径流量观测数据,分析了该区域气候和水文年际变化特征,以及气候变化背景下径流量的响应特征.结果发...     

2000—2020年呼伦贝尔地区归一化植被指数时空变化及其对气候的响应

利用2000—2020年MOD13Q1和气象观测数据,结合Sen趋势分析、M-K显著性检验、变异系数、Hurst指数、相关系数等对呼伦贝尔地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化及气候响应进行分析。结果表明：呼伦贝尔地区多年生长季平均NDVI为0.63,平均年变化倾向率为0.028/10 a,大部分地区呈增加趋势,其中大兴安岭森林大部及岭西耕地增加显著。呼伦贝尔地区生长季NDVI的平均变异系数为0.08,其中呼伦贝尔草原西部的波动较大。Hurst指数表明,呼伦贝尔地区生长季NDVI整体变化呈反持续性趋势,结合现有NDVI变化趋势,未来将呈下降趋势,对生态环境的保护工作较为不利。大兴安岭森林生长季NDVI与气温呈正相关,耕地与草原区呈负相关,而呼伦贝尔大部分地区的生长季NDVI与降水普遍呈正相关,其中呼伦贝尔草原和大兴安岭两麓耕地的生长季NDVI与降水相关显著,说明气温是制约北部大兴安岭森林生长的主要因素,而降水是制约呼伦贝尔草原生态平衡和农牧业发展的主要因素。     

NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China

This study analyzes the temporal change of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temperate grasslands in China and its correlation with climatic variables over the period of 1982–1999. Average NDVI of the study area increased at rates of 0.5% yr⁻¹ for the growing season (April–October), 0.61% yr⁻¹ for spring (April and May), 0.49% yr⁻¹ for summer (June–August), and 0.6% yr⁻¹ for autumn (September and October) over the study period. The humped-shape pattern between coefficient of correlation (R) of the growing season NDVI to precipitation and growing season precipitation documents various responses of grassland growth to changing precipitation, while the decreased R values of NDVI to temperature with increase of temperature implies that increased temperature declines sensitivity of plant growth to changing temperature. The results also suggest that the NDVI trends induced by climate changes varied between different vegetation types and seasons.     

Reconceptualising adaptation to climate change as part of pathways of change and response

The need to adapt to climate change is now widely recognised as evidence of its impacts on social and natural systems grows and greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. Yet efforts to adapt to climate change, as reported in the literature over the last decade and in selected case studies, have not led to substantial rates of implementation of adaptation actions despite substantial investments in adaptation science. Moreover, implemented actions have been mostly incremental and focused on proximate causes; there are far fewer reports of more systemic or transformative actions. We found that the nature and effectiveness of responses was strongly influenced by framing. Recent decision-oriented approaches that aim to overcome this situation are framed within a “pathways” metaphor to emphasise the need for robust decision making within adaptive processes in the face of uncertainty and inter-temporal complexity. However, to date, such “adaptation pathways” approaches have mostly focused on contexts with clearly identified decision-makers and unambiguous goals; as a result, they generally assume prevailing governance regimes are conducive for adaptation and hence constrain responses to proximate causes of vulnerability. In this paper, we explore a broader conceptualisation of “adaptation pathways” that draws on ‘pathways thinking’ in the sustainable development domain to consider the implications of path dependency, interactions between adaptation plans, vested interests and global change, and situations where values, interests, or institutions constrain societal responses to change. This re-conceptualisation of adaptation pathways aims to inform decision makers about integrating incremental actions on proximate causes with the transformative aspects of societal change. Case studies illustrate what this might entail. The paper ends with a call for further exploration of theory, methods and procedures to operationalise this broader conceptualisation of adaptation.     

企业气候变化意识及应对措施调查研究

基于2012—2015年在华北、珠三角和湖南湖北地区对企业管理人员进行的气候变化意识的问卷调查,构建了气候变化意识和企业应对气候变化措施两个一级指数。通过对调查结果交叉列联表分析,得出以下结论：企业管理人员的气候变化意识指数处于一般水平,并且受年龄、产业类型、企业类型的影响显著;企业应对气候变化措施指数也处于一般水平且不同企业水平差距较大,企业管理人员气候变化意识水平、未来预期和自主知识产权拥有量对其影响显著。     

Interannual Variability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index on the Tibetan Plateau and Its Relationship with Climate Change

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, or Tibetan Plateau, is a sensitive region for climate change, where the manifestation of global warming is particularly noticeable. The wide climate variability in this region significantly affects the local land ecosystem and could consequently lead to notable vegetation changes. In this paper, the interannual variations of the plateau vegetation are investigated using a 21-year normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） dataset to quantify the consequences of climate warming for the regional ecosystem and its interactions. The results show that vegetation coverage is best in the eastern and southern plateau regions and deteriorates toward the west and north. On the whole, vegetation activity demonstrates a gradual enhancement in an oscillatory manner during 1982-2002. The temporal variation also exhibits striking regional differences： an increasing trend is most apparent in the west, south, north and southeast, whereas a decreasing trend is present along the southern plateau boundary and in the central-east region. Covariance analysis between the NDVI and surface temperature/precipitation suggests that vegetation change is closely related to climate change. However, the controlling physical processes vary geographically. In the west and east, vegetation variability is found to be driven predominantly by temperature, with the impact of precipitation being of secondary importance. In the central plateau, however, temperature and precipitation factors are equally important in modulating the interannual vegetation variability.     

Rapid vegetation responses and feedbacks amplify climate model response to snow cover changes

We investigate the response of a climate system model to two different methods for estimating snow cover fraction. In the control case, snow cover fraction changes gradually with snow depth; in the alternative scenarios (one with prescribed vegetation and one with dynamic vegetation), snow cover fraction initially increases with snow depth almost twice as fast as the control method. In cases where the vegetation was fixed (prescribed), the choice of snow cover parameterization resulted in a limited model response. Increased albedo associated with the high snow caused some moderate localized cooling (3–5°C), mostly at very high latitudes (>70°N) and during the spring season. During the other seasons, however, the cooling was not very extensive. With dynamic vegetation the change is much more dramatic. The initial increases in snow cover fraction with the new parameterization lead to a large-scale southward retreat of boreal vegetation, widespread cooling, and persistent snow cover over much of the boreal region during the boreal summer. Large cold anomalies of up to 15°C cover much of northern Eurasia and North America and the cooling is geographically extensive in the northern hemisphere extratropics, especially during the spring and summer seasons. This study demonstrates the potential for dynamic vegetation within climate models to be quite sensitive to modest forcing. This highlights the importance of dynamic vegetation, both as an amplifier of feedbacks in the climate system and as an essential consideration when implementing adjustments to existing model parameters and algorithms.     

Firm relocation as adaptive response to climate change and weather extremes

Growing scientific evidence suggests that human-induced climate change will bring about large-scale environmental changes such as sea-level rise and coastal flooding, extreme weather events and agricultural disruptions. The speed and extent of these changes and the expected impacts on social and corresponding economic and industrial systems are now moving to the forefront of debates. In this paper, we argue that climate change will lead to significant disruptions to firms which might ultimately create the necessity of a geographical shift of firm and industrial activities away from regions highly affected by climate change. Such a shift might become necessary due to (1) direct disruptions through climate change impacts on firm operations, for instance through droughts, floods, or sea level rise, and due to (2) disruptions in a firm's supplier, buyer or resource base that lead to flow-on effects and adverse consequences for a firm. We propose a framework for integrating firm relocation decisions into firm adaptive responses to climate change. The framework consists of three assessment steps: the level of risk from climate change impacts at a firm's location, the feasibility of relocation, and associated costs and benefits. We apply the framework to two case examples. The first case of electricity distribution firms in Victoria/Australia illustrates how the relocation (undergrounding) of cables could decrease the vulnerability of distribution networks to bushfires and the risk of electricity-caused fires, but would require significant investments. The second case of firms in the Australian pastoral industry points to geographic diversification of pastoral land holdings as possible adaptation option, but also to constraints in form of availability of suitable properties, ties to local communities, and adverse impacts on biodiversity. Implications for adaptation research and practice are outlined.     

西辽河流域归一化植被指数与气象因子相关性分析

为了解西辽河流域归一化植被指数(NDVI)的分布规律、变化趋势及对气候变化的响应,利用2000—2018年西辽河流域11个气象站逐日气象资料和MODIS归一化植被指数数据集,通过线性回归和相关分析,探讨了生长季各月NDVI与气象因子的时滞性,以及气象站周围10 km缓冲区内不同植被类型NDVI与气象因子的相关性.结果表...