北京西山泉域岩溶水系统特征探讨

北京西山地区岩溶地下水主要以相对独立的岩溶地下水系统进行循环,其水文地质条件、系统结构模式及其水资源的重要性等,在北方具有代表性。文章主要以北京西山鱼谷洞泉域岩溶水系统、黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统、玉泉山泉域岩溶水系统为研究对象,从岩溶含水层结构、地下水循环、地质构造等方面,总结出北京西山泉域岩溶水系统特征主要为:双层含水层结构、多个子系统构成且多点排泄、系统内岩溶水转化关系复杂多样、岩溶水富集带及系统边界集中在逆冲断层处。      

贵阳某地铁车站岩溶发育特征及突水模式分析

岩溶可诱发基坑涌水、涌泥等灾害,给在富水岩溶区及断层破碎带区域施工的地铁工程带来诸多难题。因此,调查车站区域岩溶发育特征,分析突水模式,对车站基坑的设计和工程施工具有重要的指导作用。文章以贵阳某地铁车站深基坑岩溶涌水治理工程为背景,采用现场调查及理论分析相结合,借助三维地质模拟软件,对该地铁车站的岩溶发育特征和涌水条件进行系统分析,总结出基坑岩溶发育特征及涌水突水模式,建立了岩溶、断层破碎带与地铁车站空间关系的三维地质模型。对类似地铁车站岩溶水文地质勘察及涌水防治方案的设计和施工具有参考作用。      

华北东部深部岩溶及煤矿岩溶水害特征

针对我国华北东部煤矿井开采深度迅速增加,矿井岩溶水害日益加重的客观问题,文章分析讨论了深矿井开采的基本概念,通过统计分析,得出中国东部主要煤矿井目前开采深度达到600 m左右且以12 m/a左右的速度向深部延伸的变化趋势。从华北东部地区沉积古地理环境与地壳运动演化史方面分析了该地区厚层奥陶纪灰岩的形成及其后期岩溶发育过程。通过对研究区几个重点矿区揭露的奥陶系灰岩岩溶发育特征在穿层和顺层方向上随深度变化规律的分析,揭示出华北东部主要煤矿区奥陶系灰岩岩溶发育特征在垂向上具有弱-强-弱和顺层方向上随埋深具有由强到弱的变化规律。提出了华北东部煤矿深部开采将面临的岩溶水害问题及其防治水技术思路。      

The karst collapses induced by environmental changes of the groundwater and their distribution rules in North China

China, whose distribution area of karst region reaches about 3.63 million km², is one of the countries that have the widest karst collapse development. In modern-karst collapses, the karst collapse induced by water environment is an important type in karst collapses of North China. This paper completed a systematic study on the relations between groundwater environmental transformation and karst collapses and their distribution rules in northern China and found out that the karst collapses in northern China are closely related to the change of groundwater environment, which increased along with the declining groundwater levels and increasing hydraulic gradient. Meanwhile, it was also found that in all cases of collapse caused by underground-environmental change of northern China, pumping collapses in urban areas appeared to be the commonest and strongest among modern-karst collapses with 20 regions and 796 mining pits in total, which account for 30.7 and 58% of artificial collapses, respectively, followed by collapses that were induced by mining draining and inrushing water with 33 regions and 282 mining pits, accounting for 20.4%. In addition to the conditions listed above, there were also a few water caving collapse and leakage collapse.     

华北石炭二叠纪层序地层学研究的特点

本文从华北晚古生代受限陆表海的性质与特点入手，讨论了将层序地层学理论应用于含煤建造研究中的特点：①华北晚古生代含煤建造中存在着一种特殊的Ⅰ型层序界面（Ｉｐ型），这是在陆表海这一特定背景之下由相对海平面下降形成的，其上缺失低水位体系域；②华北陆表海盆内没有标准的凝缩层，但快速海平面上升期间形成的灰岩和硅质岩具有凝缩层的意义与作用，能够起到大区域对比地层和划分海侵体系域与高水位体系域的作用，③沉积建造内有４种类型的准层序，即底部型准层序、台地堡岛复合型准层序、碎屑滨岸型准层序和河流湖泊型准层序，它们在时间和空间上的分布具有一定的规律性；④露头层序地层学是研究华北晚古生代沉积建造的有效方法。     

圆梁山隧道岩溶突水机理及防治对策研究

采用现场调查、数值模拟与理论分析相结合的研究方法,对圆梁山隧道岩溶突水的机理及其防治技术进行了系统地研究,揭示了隧道岩溶突水是受水压、岩溶充填物与隧道围岩塑性区范围等影响的渐进破坏过程,总结了隧道岩溶突水机理,并针对圆梁山隧道揭示的溶洞情况,制定了岩溶突水的防治原则,实现了复杂岩溶条件下安全、高效的施工效果。     

Karst water resources and geo-ecology in typical regions of China

The aim of this work is to compare the different karst water features and related water resources in South and North China. In Southern China there are over 3,358 karst ground river systems with a total discharge of about 420 × 10⁸ m³ in the dry season. In North China, there are about 100 larger karst spring systems, each with a catchment area from 500 km² to over 4,000 km², and an average discharge from 1 to 13 m³/s. The basic geo-ecological features of water, soil and air quality are described for typical karst regions of China. The total quality of geo-ecology is evaluated by five important factors.     

Characteristic of water chemistry and hydrodynamics of deep karst and its influence on deep coal mining

The mining depth of main coal mines could reach around 600 m in eastern North China, and extends to the dept with speed of around 12 m/a. As the basement of eastern North China-type coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the main water source that influences the carboniferous coal seam mining. As the deep karst water has large buried depth and high water pressure (8–12 MPa), with10–30 m space between high pressure aquifer and coal seam, the geological area of deep coal occurrence is often forbidden for mining. Environmental damage, to a greater or lesser degree, is caused by coal mining. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of mining areas, this paper introduces the hydrogeological survey work of ultra-high confined karst water deep in the coal seam floor within researched region for preventing and controlling water disaster of the mine. After researching into the hydrogeological investigation data in the researched region, we explored the hydrodynamic and water chemical characteristics of deep karst water by using pumping test, dynamic observation, and dewatering test. Finally, this study suggests that the hydraulic pressure of deep mining could be mined, on the circumstances that reasonable and effective of water prevention measures are taken based on a detailed survey on water abundance of deep karst.     

华北型煤田煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式研究

华北地区岩溶水系统分布广泛、水质好、水量丰富,是城镇工矿企业的重要水源,也是维护生态稳定的重要因素。华北型煤田大部分位于岩溶水系统之中,煤炭开采时水患与缺水并存,煤水矛盾突出。在总结了华北型煤田中煤炭基地的煤层及含水层发育情况的基础上,根据岩溶水系统的补径排条件、煤层分布区与岩溶水补给区的位置关系、地形地貌等因素,将采煤对岩溶含水层破坏类型分为三种类型:直接破坏、间接破坏型和无影响型;按地下水类型划分;将煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式划分为破坏顶板孔隙水、破坏底板岩溶水及破坏岩溶水、裂隙水、孔隙水3类,近而根据含水层性质及埋藏条件,含水层与煤层的位置关系,对煤矿开采对区域含水层破坏的模式划分了亚类。在进行含水层破坏类型和破坏模式划分的同时,也对各类型的特征进行较为详细的说明,为该区的煤炭开采和水资源的保护指明了方向。     

六盘山东麓地区岩溶地质特征分析

六盘山东麓地区岩溶具有我国北方岩溶的基本特点,地表岩溶形态以常态山和干谷为主,地下岩溶以溶隙为主。该区岩溶发育程度除受岩性条件决定外,同时还受构造因素和水动力条件的控制。在分析影响岩溶发育因素的基础上,指出了岩溶在区域上的分布规律,同时划分了岩溶含水岩组,并论述了各岩组的富水性。     

煤层开采过程中底板岩层渗流稳定性分析

在我国华北煤田石炭－二叠纪煤系地层的底部，存在着含水丰富的奥陶纪石灰岩。由于受采动的影响，煤层岩层的渗透能力会发生明显的变化，有时会导致承压水突入采空区。应用现场实验成果，利用有限元方法计算了底板岩体渗流场；在此基础上，进行了采动和渗流对煤层底板岩体稳定性影响的有限元分析计算。     

中国岩溶碳汇潜力研究

为了应对全球环境变化,中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所等单位在地质调查项目的资助下,在中国典型岩溶流域开展了岩溶碳汇调查,建立了岩溶碳汇观测网站,深化了岩溶碳汇过程、影响因素和形成机理研究,发现了岩溶区外源水、土地合理利用、植被恢复和水生光合作用等增加岩溶碳汇的途径,取得了大量的科技创新进展。在调查研究的基础上,将我国岩溶区划分为南方岩溶区、北方岩溶区、青藏高原岩溶区和埋藏岩溶区4种类型区,利用GIS技术计算各区的岩溶面积和岩溶碳汇量,获得中国岩溶碳汇总量为3699.1万tCO2/a,这是我国344万km2岩溶区碳水钙无机循环产生的大气CO2汇。该项研究进展在2011年的《Science》通讯报道中获得高度评价。     

山西岩溶大泉污染特征及管理保护

山西为华北岩溶较发育的省份之一。大于０．５ｍ＾３／ｓ的岩溶大泉１９处，是山西能泊基地的宝贵不源。本文着重论述这１９个岩溶在泵污染类型及污染途径，对主要污染及污染原因进行分析，并结合近年来的水平管理经验，提出了对岩溶大泉的管理保护管理。     

香溪河流域岩溶洞穴发育与分布特征

结合1∶5万水文地质调查,对香溪河岩溶流域溶洞特征进行了探究,统计其溶洞的规模、形态、发育地层、发育方向及分布高程,结果表明:该区洞穴规模中等,受岩性的控制,溶洞的发育表现出对碳酸盐岩岩组类型的选择性,其中寒武-奥陶系地层溶洞发育程度最高;溶洞的发育方向多为北北东和北北西向,与区域构造线一致,同时受本区构造运动间歇性抬升的影响,溶洞集中发育于4个高程区;从溶洞发育的构造部位来看,溶洞主要分布在宽缓向斜的东南翼及向斜核部,平面分布表现出分带性;该区溶洞多发育至早期就停止进一步发育,其规模、类型、分布特征等与鄂西南地区溶洞均存在差异。      

Review: Characterization,evolution, and environmental issues of karst water systems in Northern China

In Northern China, karst systems in widely distributed carbonate rocks are one of the most important water supplies for local inhabitants. Constrained by the specific geological and geomorphological conditions, most karst water in this region is discharged as individual or groups of springs. This paper summarizes the characteristics, chemistry, and environmental quality of these karst systems in Northern China. Five structural models of karst water systems were identified based on the relationships between the karst geological strata and karst groundwater flow fields. These specific structural models may closely relate to the attendant environmental geological issues and consistent risks from pollution. Over the past 40 years, the karst water systems in Northern China have suffered from various environmental problems, including deteriorating water quality, the drying up of springs, a continuous decline in the level of karst water, and so on. Based on the field investigation and previous data, a preliminary summary is provided of the environmental problems related to the development and evolutionary trends of karst water in this region. The results highlight the significant challenges associated with karst water, and it is essential that all segments of society be made aware of the situation in order to demand change. In addition, the study provides a scientific basis for the management, protection, and sustainable utilization of karst water resources.     

中国岩溶作用产生的大气CO2碳汇的分区计算

根据中国岩溶碳汇计算的需要,将我国岩溶地区划分为南方岩溶区、北方岩溶区、青藏高原岩溶区和埋藏岩溶区4种类型区,各区的岩溶面积分别为56.48万km2、32.58万km2、55.60万km2和200.1万km2。各区岩溶水的径流模数和岩溶作用强度存在差异,南方岩溶区比其他区的岩溶作用强度明显大得多。以取得的调查监测和统计资料为依据,对4种类型区和中国的岩溶碳汇量进行了重新计算,南方岩溶区、北方岩溶区、青藏高原岩溶区和埋藏岩溶区岩溶碳汇量分别为1909.9万tCO2/a、600.5万tCO2/a、580.1万tCO2/a、608.6万tCO2/a,由此获得中国岩溶碳汇总量为3699.1万tCO2/a。该结果比前人的研究更全面地反映了当前我国岩溶地区碳水钙无机循环产生的大气CO2汇量。      

Management of karst water resources in mining area: dewatering in mines and demand for water supply in the Dongshan Mine of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, North China

Coalfields in North China contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The coal seams are underlain by the Ordovician limestone. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused water supply shortage in the mining areas. The most effective solution to this conflict is to use the uncontaminated karst water from the mines for water supply. This paper explores a management model to maximize the utilization of the karst water while maintaining the safe operation of the mines. The model can provide essential information on water resource distribution for decision makers. The model was applied to the Dongshan Coal Mine in Taiyuan City, China.     

华北石炭系清水、浑水沉积交互的模式初探

地史时期中,清水与浑水沉积交互的现象非常普遍。这一沉积特征已引起了煤沉积学工作者的兴趣。华北石炭纪含煤岩系中的碳酸盐清水沉积常常受到陆源物质的强烈干扰,碳酸盐台地的存在与海水进退,古陆的“活跃”程度及沉积区、物源区的地形地貌等因素密切相关。在以上因素的综合作用下,台地或被陆源碎屑完全占据而消亡,或与之共存,在横向上犬牙交错形成了华北中晚石炭世陆表海清水、浑水沉积交互共存的复杂古地理景观。     

一种隔水隔卡的自锁式绳索取心钻具及应用

近年来,国内外对复杂地层绳索取心钻具的研究取得了长足进步,但是未能很好解决卡心构件对岩心入管的阻碍和底喷式钻头易产生“泥垫”现象,从而影响取心质量和钻进效率的关键技术问题。以普通S95绳索取心钻具为研究对象,通过在内管里增设0.7 mm厚度的不锈钢衬管,封隔卡簧等卡心构件装置,增加底喷式钻头水孔数量并增大水槽体积,设计可供选择的发夹式和卡簧式岩心提断器等技术改造,研制一款用于复杂地层钻进,具备隔水、隔卡、自动锁心的三层管绳索取心钻具。选用发夹式岩心提断器在水敏性强的破碎地层中试验,平均回次进尺1.13 m,获取岩心采取率94.48%,对比附近同类地层钻孔的岩心采取率提高了50%以上;选用卡簧式岩心提断器在裂隙发育的泥质地层中试验,卡簧卡心如同普通钻具上的卡簧一样可靠。试验结果表明:用衬管封隔卡心构件的取心技术方案可行,解决了卡心构件对软弱松散岩心入管的阻碍,有利于保护岩心的原状性;所用底喷式钻头孔底冲洗效果好,降低了钻头“泥垫”现象对钻进速度的影响。该钻具操作方便,使用成本低廉,有望在我国现行绳索取心机台推广应用,具有较强的普适性和广泛的应用前景。      

松藻矿区地下水动力场特征及其对煤层气富集的影响

松藻矿区是我国煤层气资源富集区之一。为揭示松藻矿区地下水对煤层气富集影响,利用煤田勘查获取的水文地质资料,基于含水层结构、水化学特征、抽水资料的系统分析,阐明了含煤地层上覆和下伏含水层地下水的空间展布特征,建立了地下水的分布模式,探讨了地下水动力场对煤层气富集的影响。研究表明:松藻矿区含水层和隔水层相互叠置,随着埋深的增加含水性减弱;含煤岩系与上覆、下伏含水层缺乏水力联系,为相互独立的含水系统;上覆长兴组和下伏茅口组地下水动力场呈南高北低展布;地下水动力场有近河流岩溶裂隙渗入型、断层沟通岩溶裂隙补给型、稳定承压弱含水型三种类型,以稳定承压弱含水型为主;含煤岩系的极弱含水性及其与上覆、下伏含水地层缺乏水力联系构成了区内水文地质控气基础,是研究区煤层含气性高的重要控制因素。