美国东亚地缘战略与美-菲同盟关系

美国占领菲律宾伊始就带有明显的地缘政治因素。二战后,美国出于"冷战"的需要,把菲律宾变成亚洲"遏制"战略中的一个重要地缘前哨。随着冷战的结束,美在菲律宾的军事基地被取消,美-菲同盟关系也陷入谷底。21世纪之初,全球经济重心开始向亚太地区转移,美国也加快实施战略东移,开始重新审视其东亚地缘战略。近几年,美菲不断加强军事合作,大搞联合军演,借口所谓的南海航行自由,极力在南海搅局,其中明显带有制衡中国的因素。在美国急于实施"亚太再平衡"战略的背景下,菲律宾为美国在东亚地区的一个重要地缘支点。然而,菲新政府积极改善对华关系,一定程度上影响到了美-菲同盟关系的发展。     

大国因素对当今中国-伊朗关系的影响

中国与伊朗都是世界上文明的古国.两国交往的历史源远流长.目前中国是世界上第二大能源进口国,伊朗则是世界上石油储量占第三位、天然气储量占第二位、欧佩克内部能源出口量占第二位的能源生产和输出大国,两国间经贸发展的前景广阔.但是,美国等西方大国却会对中国-伊朗之间关系的发展设置障碍,带来正面或负面、现实或潜在的影响.     

21世纪以来美国对东盟国家援助的空间结构演变及其地缘战略解析

对外援助的战略性运用是美国援助政策的突出特点,研究美国对外援助的演变过程对于把握其地缘战略走向具有重要意义。本文利用美国国际开发署（USAID）的对外援助数据,借助GIS等技术方法,刻画了21世纪以来美国对东盟国家援助的空间结构演变特征,并探讨了其地缘战略内涵。结果表明：(1) 2001—2019年间,美国对东盟国家的整体援助规模呈现出阶段性增长态势,基本与东盟国家在美国地缘战略中的定位呈正相关关系。(2)从援助额度的空间分布来看,美国对东盟国家的援助呈现出多极化特征,其条约盟友、南海争端国和对华友好国家为重点受援国。但不同受援国的资金类型有所差异,条约盟友和南海争端国同时受到经济援助资金和军事援助资金的重点援助,而对华友好国家则主要为经济援助资金。(3)从援助项目的类型结构来看,美国对东盟国家的援助呈现出显著的结构异质性特征,军事安全类项目侧重于条约盟友和南海争端国,经济科技类项目逐步向南海争端国和对华友好国家扩散,人道主义类项目依现实情境具体考虑,意识形态类项目则逐渐向对华友好国家集中。(4)美国对东盟国家采取差异化的援助策略,其主要地缘战略目的是：巩固与条约盟友国家的关系,升级合...     

新世纪初期伊朗经济发展中的问题分析

进入新世纪以来,发展中的伊朗经济依然暴露出失业、基础薄弱、对外依赖严重、政府负担重、贫富差距大等问题。引起这些问题的原因来自伊朗国内外,涉及政治、宗教等诸多领域。只有改革宗教和政治体制,革新生产关系,调整经济结构,才能真正发展生产力,实现经济社会的和谐持续发展,使伊朗成为真正的地区大国、强国。     

A New Method for Computing the Mean Center of Population of the United States

The mean center of population of the United States is a convenient location used to summarize the population distribution of the United States and how it changes over time. As computed by the U.S. Census Bureau, the center depends on an arbitrary choice of a map projection. We feel that this location should depend only on the population distribution and not on any choices made in representing the data of the distribution. This note discusses a method for computing this location that does not depend on any choices made and describes how the results of this method differ from those of the Census Bureau.     

A New Reserve Growth Model for United States Oil and Gas Fields

Reserve (or field) growth, which is an appreciation of total ultimate reserves through time, is a well-recognized phenomenon, particularly in mature petroleum provinces. The importance of forecasting reserve growth accurately in a mature petroleum province made it necessary to develop improved growth functions, and a critical review of the original Arrington method was undertaken. During a five-year (1992–1996), the original Arrington method gave 1.03% higher than the actual oil reserve growth, whereas the proposed modified method gave a value within 0.3% of the actual growth, and therefore it was accepted for the development for reserve growth models.During a five-year (1992–1996), the USGS 1995 National Assessment gave 39.3% higher oil and 33.6% lower gas than the actual growths, whereas the new model based on Modified Arrington method gave 11.9% higher oil and 29.8% lower gas than the actual growths. The new models forecast predict reserve growths of 4.2 billion barrels of oil (2.7%) and 30.2 trillion cubic feet of gas (5.4%) for the conterminous U.S. for the next five years (1997–2001).     

中东地区恐怖主义指数时空演变及其影响因素的时空异质性

恐怖主义指数是评判恐怖主义风险的重要指标,剖析中东地区恐怖主义指数时空演变及其影响因素的时空异质性,对推理与解析恐怖主义发展趋势及其成因的时空分异具有重要意义。基于GTD数据库,计算恐怖主义指数,对中东地区各国恐怖主义风险进行量化评估,并结合统计指标进一步分析该地区恐怖主义指数的时空演变特征,采用OLS、GWR和GTWR模型解析诸多因素对该地区恐怖主义指数的作用模式。研究表明：（1）1995年至2016年期间,中东地区大部分国家恐怖主义风险逐步提高,且恐怖主义风险表现出一定的空间扩散趋势。（2）相比于OLS模型及GWR模型,GTWR模型解释度及拟合效果均明显增高,说明时空效应对各类因素均存在一定的影响,即各影响因素对中东地区恐怖主义指数均表现为时空非平稳作用模式。（3）通过综合分析各模型回归结果,民族宗教因素为导致中东地区恐怖主义指数发生时空变化的主导因素。     

On the relationship between MODIS Land Surface Temperature and topography in Iran

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is considered important in monitoring the energy flux between the land surface and atmosphere. Due to the diversity of topography in Iran and its effect on the climate diversity, we decided to study the effect of topography on the LST variations. To this end, the LST digital data derived from the observations of the MODIS Terra and Aqua were used. The results indicated that, during the daytime, from sea level up to a height of 400 meters, the LST increased, and then the temperature decreased with increasing altitude, and up to a height of 3000 meters, there was a strong correlation between the two. LST lapse rate was more during the daytime compared with that of the night time and it was more during the winter compared with the summer. LST lapse rate showed larger variability in diurnal cycle, but its monthly patterns were similar in different aspects. The aspect had substantial effect on LST inversion elevation. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between LST and slope was strong in slopes up to 20°.     

21世纪海上丝绸之路能源贸易结构及与中国的贸易关系演变

能源安全与能源合作是“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设的重点领域与核心内容,理清沿线能源贸易结构演化特征对明晰“能源海上丝绸之路”建设的方向与路径具有一定意义。论文基于2000—2018年沿线国家化石能源贸易数据及其对外经贸属性,借助贸易互补模型、复杂网络方法、GIS空间技术等手段,揭示了沿线能源贸易的产品结构、网络结构及空间格局演化特征,探讨了海上丝绸之路在中国能源对外贸易中的地位变动及互补特征。研究发现：① 沿线贸易规模近年扩大,贸易逆差明显。进口占全球的比例有所上升,出口占比整体下滑。② 原油、液化天然气和煤炭产品是主要贸易产品。发达国家多对技术要求较低的原始产品具有进口劣势,对加工制成品具有出口优势,发展中国家基本相反。③ 消费大国逐步取代出口大国成为石油贸易网络核心节点;资源赋存国家始终主导天然气贸易网络;出口大国与消费大国共同主导煤炭贸易网络。④ 石油贸易形成亚洲洲内“拱形”格局且不断夯实;天然气贸易呈亚洲“金三角”和地中海“四边棱形”结构并存格局;煤炭贸易呈跨洲“多拱”联系衰落、洲内贸易增强格局。⑤ 海上丝绸之路是中国重要的能源供给地与合作对象。中国与沿线国家在石油贸易领域互补水平较高但有所下滑,在天然气与煤炭贸易领域互补水平较低但逐步提高。