Size Distributions of Aerosol Sulfates and Nitrates in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games: Impacts of Pollution Control Measures and Regional Transport

For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO₂ and NO_x reductions on the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs) at urban and downwind rural sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of fine particles (PM_1.8) at the urban and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 μg m^-3, respectively. More than 90% of the sulfates and ～60% of nitrates formed as fine particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed, the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from the North China Plain.     

Precipitation Chemistry in the Sahelian Savanna of Niger, Africa

Within the framework of the IDAF (IGAC DEBITS AFRICA) network, we present in this paper data on precipitation and aerosol chemistry in the semiarid savanna of the Sahelian region of Niger. An automatic wet-only precipitation collector was operated at the Banizoumbou station during the entire 1996 rainy season (June to September 1996). Inorganic (Na⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO ₃ ^- , SO ₄ ^2- ) and organic contents of the precipitation (HCOOH, CH₃COOH, C₂H₅COOH) were determined by Ion Chromatography (IC) in 29 rainfall events. Once per week, bulk particle samples were collected on the same site, and soluble water material was determined by IC. We examined the influence of atmospheric gas and particle sources on the precipitation and aerosol chemical contents. We established the influence of marine, terrigenous, and biogenic sources in the Sahelian region. The terrigenous signature is dominant and related to Sahelian soil erosion, with a high calcium content in precipitation (31.2 eq L^-1) and in aerosols (1.8 g m^-3). Two other signatures of atmospheric sources are highlighted by the relatively high nitrogenous (ammonium and nitrate) and organic contents (formate, acetate) in the precipitation. Ammonium (12.9 eq L^-1) and nitrate (12.3 eq L^-1) contents confirm respectively the biogenic source of ammonia released by domestic animal excreta in Niger and the natural emissions from semiarid savannas soils, perturbed by wild or domestic animal grazing. In spite of a high potential acidity given by nitrate, formate and acetate; a weak acidity (H⁺ (2.1 eq L^-1) is calculated from the mean pH of 5.67 measured. A statistical analysis of the aerosol chemical composition clearly indicates that nitrates are strongly correlated at the 1% level with terrigenous ions, i.e., Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (0.95 < r < 1). We observed a similar relationship between all the terrigenous ions and nitrate in the precipitation. In the Sahelian region, alkaline soil dust representative of the terrigenous contribution interact, with gaseous nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds, leading to the neutralization of acid gases and subsequent weak acidity in precipitation. Finally, taking into account the main chemical characteristics of Banizoumbou precipitations and aerosols, which demonstrate the importance of heterogeneous and multiphase chemical processes, we propose a conceptual model of the atmospheric chemistry in the Sahelian region.     

Chemical composition of Russian Arctic precipitation in 2007-2015

The results of observations of the chemical composition of precipitation in the Russian Arctic in 2007-2015 are summarized including the data from NP-35 drifting ice station obtained in 2007-2008 in the framework of the joint program of Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory. The qualitative and quantitative difference in the chemical composition of precipitation in the Atlantic, Siberian, and Pacific sectors of the Russian Arctic is revealed. It is found that the concentration of microelements (heavy metals) in precipitation at NP-35 ice station did not exceed 12% of total ions at the lowest mineralization. The comparative analysis is presented of the concentration of sulfate ions in precipitation in Norilsk and at NP-35 ice stations.     

HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN RAIN WATER

Continuous measurements of pH precipitation falling from cumulus clouds in semi-arid region(Colorado,USA),and in wet temperate zone(Bologna,Italy)were made.In Colorado the pHwas constant at 7.3 for a period of time,and later changed to 7.0 and remained constant at thisvalue during the remainder of the storm.In Italy the pH fluctuated continuously between theapproximate values of 5.7 and 6.4 during the storm.The changes in hydrogen ion concentrationreflect the chemical composition of cloud condensation nuclei and of scavenged aerosol particles andgases presented in the region.     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区冬季降水与云水酸度及其化学成分的初步观测分析

分析了乌鲁木齐地区冬季降雪和云水的pH值与化学成分。降雪pH值平均为5.7。云水pH值为4.0左右,与采集云水同时段观测的地面降雪pH值为6.0。气团内部生成的低云云水的离子浓度比系统性降水云高约两个量级。初步分析结果表明,雪增长的微物理过程和雪粒下降过程中所捕集的大气气溶胶粒子特性可能对降雪雪水酸度有重要影响。     

西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成

本文对1987年5月在西沙永兴岛的雨水采样进行了分析。在西南季风盛行初期,副热带高压控制下的孤立分散的积雨云降水中,采集了雨量大于0.1mm的5次降雨。采样点设在西沙气象台二楼平台上,距海面约13m,向西距海岸边约70余米;每次采样用一直径45cm的塑料盆(用去离子水冲洗3次),现场测定pH值和电导率,水样装入洁净的聚乙烯塑料瓶中存入冰箱。同期,每隔一周     

Impacts of aerosol chemical composition on microphysics and precipitation in deep convection

Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The MCE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (S_c) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Köhler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, S_c is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances.     

Physicochemical modeling of composition of the organic matter in precipitation over the White Sea Islands

Carried out is a broadened study of the chemical composition of precipitation obtained by the direct analytic determination using the physicochemical modeling (the Selektor software package) within the framework of the Al-B-Br-Ar-He-Ne-C-Ca-Cl-F-K-Mg-Mn-N-Na-P-S-Si-Sr-Cu-Zn-H-O-e system with the addition of thermodynamic parameters of low-molecular alifatic acids. The results of the modeling enable the supposition that the composition of precipitation can be determined at the metastable state in the case of weak complex formation of metals and dominance of simple salts of low-molecular organic acids (formates and acetates). The analysis of the obtained information indicates the urgency of taking account of the organic matter impact for predicting the migration activity of pollutants and the determination of the critical load on marine ecosystems.     

Atmospheric transport and wet depositions of acidifying substances in northwestern Russia

Data on measuring chemical composition of the atmospheric precipitation sampled at the national network of monitoring transboundary transport of pollutants over the period from the late 1970s to 2007 are generalized. The area of investigation covers northwestern European Russia. It is shown that the errors of the principal pollutants (sulfur and nitrogen compounds) measurements are, on average, within 6%. The precipitation character over the measurement period changed from subacid (4 < pH < 5) to neutral (5 < pH < 6). The sulfur deposition intensity in the region decreases over the last decades on a permanent basis. An opposite tendency is observed for the nitrogen deposition. Annually means both of sulfur and nitrogen depositions are close to the critical loads adopted. The trajectory analysis of the air mass transport leading to a conclusion that main emission sources of pollutants must be located in the Central European countries. It is supposed that the conditions of the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol on abating acidifying substance emissions into the atmosphere are not observed, at least for nitrogen.     

Chemical characteristics of atmospheric bulk deposition in a semi-rural area of the <Emphasis Type="Bold">Po Valley</Emphasis> (Italy)

This study provides an analysis of a five-year time series chemical composition of the bulk deposition (2009–2013), collected within a farm surrounded by industrial and urban settlements in a semi-rural area of the Po Valley, with the aim of characterizing potential emission sources affecting precipitation composition at the site. Most monitoring efforts in this region, recognized as one of the most polluted in the world both due to the intense industrialisation and urbanisation as well as to frequent air stagnation conditions, are presently devoted more to gaseous and particulate pollutants than to precipitation chemistry. The bulk deposition samples were very concentrated in chemical species, both acidic and alkaline, high compared to other polluted sites in the world and to locations in the same district. The mean ions concentrations (in μeq l^?1) are: NO₃ ^? (243) > SO₄ ^2? (220) > PO₄ ^3? (176) > Cl^? (153) > NO₂ ^? (29) > F^? (2.6); NH₄ ⁺ (504) > Ca²⁺ (489) > K⁺ (151) > Na⁺ (127) > Mg²⁺ (127). pH data shows a trend toward slightly alkaline conditions attributed to the large presence of ammonium and crustal elements, in spite of high concentrations of nitrates and sulphates. The relevant concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ further suggests that these alkaline conditions might be due to the correspondingly significant concentrations of carbonates/bicarbonates in our dataset. While back-trajectories analysis suggests the stronger importance of local resuspension over long-range transport, statistical analyses on ion composition highlight the key role exerted by agricultural activity, especially in the case of NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and PO₄ ^3? (especially linked to fertilisation practices and soil resuspension due to mechanical operations). Apart from Na⁺ and Cl^? ions which correlate well as expected, indicating their likely common origin from marine salt, the identification of the origin of the other ions is very complex due to the contribution of diverse local sources, such as industrial and residential settlements.     

A CASE STUDY OF AN ACID RAINSTORM

In this paper, the time-space variations of pH and electric conductivity are analyzed for anacid rainstorm during 10-11 August 1984 in Changchun, and the relationship between the pHvalue, meteorological factors, and microphysical characteristics of raindrops are discussed. In addition,the chemical composition of precipitation is also dealt with.     

Recent summer precipitation trends in the Greater Horn of Africa and the emerging role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature

We utilize a variety of climate datasets to examine impacts of two mechanisms on precipitation in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) during northern-hemisphere summer. First, surface-pressure gradients draw moist air toward the GHA from the tropical Atlantic Ocean and Congo Basin. Variability of the strength of these gradients strongly influences GHA precipitation totals and accounts for important phenomena such as the 1960s–1980s rainfall decline and devastating 1984 drought. Following the 1980s, precipitation variability became increasingly influenced by the southern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO) region. Within this region, increases in sea-surface temperature, evaporation, and precipitation are linked with increased exports of dry mid-tropospheric air from the STIO region toward the GHA. Convergence of dry air above the GHA reduces local convection and precipitation. It also produces a clockwise circulation response near the ground that reduces moisture transports from the Congo Basin. Because precipitation originating in the Congo Basin has a unique isotopic signature, records of moisture transports from the Congo Basin may be preserved in the isotopic composition of annual tree rings in the Ethiopian Highlands. A negative trend in tree-ring oxygen-18 during the past half century suggests a decline in the proportion of precipitation originating from the Congo Basin. This trend may not be part of a natural cycle that will soon rebound because climate models characterize Indian Ocean warming as a principal signature of greenhouse-gas induced climate change. We therefore expect surface warming in the STIO region to continue to negatively impact GHA precipitation during northern-hemisphere summer.     

烤烟不同移栽期的生育期气象条件和产量品质对比

为增强烤烟对气候变化的适应性,提高烤烟经济效益与品质,以K346品种为材料,于2001年在弥勒县虹溪镇烟叶基地开展移栽试验,研究不同移栽期下的烤烟气象条件、农艺性状和经济效益以及烟叶化学成分进行统计分析,以期得出适宜的移栽期。结果表明：与4月20、30日和5月10日移栽相比,5月20日和5月30日移栽的温度及降水并不存在劣势,但光照与大田期≥10℃活动积温的劣势较明显;4月20日和5月10日移栽的气象条件有利于烟叶生长,而5月30日移栽的气象条件不利于烟叶生长,4月20日至5月10日移栽的气象条件与国内外优质烟区具有很高的相似性,5月20日和5月30日移栽期与国内外优质烟区气候相似程度小于4月20日至5月10日移栽期。适当提前移栽,可增加叶面积指数、株高、茎围和节距;随着移栽时间的推迟,烟叶产量、中上等烟比例和产值呈先上升后下降的规律;烟叶的产量、中上等烟比例、产值综合指标以移栽期为4月30日和5月10日较好。移栽期为4月30日和5月10日的烟叶化学指标总体表现适宜,化学成分协调。弥勒县虹溪镇或气象条件与之类似的烟区在4月30日到5月10日移栽,可以改善烤烟气象条件,易取得优质适产。     

中国北方干旱半干旱区降水的多年代际变化特征及其与太平洋年代际振荡的关系

基于最新版本的全球降水气候中心(Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Version 7,GPCC_V7)资料与欧洲中期数值预报中心20世纪再分析资料(ERA-20C)融合的百年尺度逐月降水资料(1901~2012年),运用集合经验模态分解方法(EEMD)、合成分析等方法系统分析了我国北方干旱半干旱区降水多年代际变化特征及与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)之间的相互关系。结果表明:北方干旱半干旱区大多数区域降水都具有50~60年的平均变化周期,而PDO对大多数地区降水多年代际变化特征具有明显的调制作用;其中新疆北部和内蒙古北部的降水与PDO呈现出显著的正相关,而河套东西部地区的降水则与PDO的变化呈现显著负相关。进一步分析表明,当PDO为暖相位时,径向环流增强使得北冰洋水汽南下,当遇到低空北上的阿拉伯海域暖湿气流时,会造成新疆中南部的降水增多;另一方面,PDO暖相位时赤道西太平洋及印度洋区域通过对流加热的作用激发了太平洋—日本/东亚—太平洋(PJ/EAP)遥相关型的产生,这有利于渤海湾暖湿水汽输送至干旱半干旱区北部区域,增大降水概率;同时,当偏北和偏西气流在河套北部区域相遇时会形成降水中心。当PDO位于冷位相时,结论则反之。     

Sulphur atmospheric deposition in areas with different anthropogenic loads in Belarus

This article presents some results of an investigation of sulphur atmospheric deposition in areas with different anthropogenic loads in Belarus. Through sampling and chemical analysis of precipitation, new data about sulphate concentrations in precipitation and atmospheric deposition of sulphur in different conditions, including regional background conditions, a large industrial city and a zone affected by point source of sulphur emission, were obtained. Comparison of the chemical composition of precipitation at three sampling locations has shown that the local emission of sulphur compounds has a minor influence on local sulphur deposition. This data points to the dominant role of transboundary transfer of sulphur in contamination and acidification of the environment in Belarus.     

一次酸性大暴雨分析

酸雨是当代世界上面临的主要环境问题,并已成为人们普遍关注的公害之一。近年来,我国各地区对大气污染和降水化学成分的分析表明,我国南方地区酸雨出现的频率大大高于北方地区。由于城市工业区排出的二氧化硫、氮氧化物等污染物,不只污染城市空气,而且可随着气流输送到很远的距离。加之污染物可以作为凝结核,在云滴、雨滴形成的时候,就可能具有酸的因素。云内的成雨过程,以     

2012年前冬伊犁河谷持续性大暴雪成因分析

本研究利用传统气候学的Brubaker模型和降水同位素学方法,定量研究了新疆天山地区水汽再循环特征。结果表明：(1)气候学角度,天山地区水汽再循环率为9.32%。当地蒸发的水汽形成的降水量为41.8mm,外来水汽输送到山区形成的降水量为407.2mm;(2)同位素水汽氘盈余为精细化的分析水汽再循环提供了新的思路,进一步证实天山地区水汽主要来自于西风带的水汽输送,而乌鲁木齐站平均再循环水汽仅占到8%。随着海拔的增加,水汽再循环率逐渐下降,在海拔2000m以上的水汽再循环可以忽略不计。在西风带关键水汽输送路径建立降水同位素观测断面,使两种方法相结合,共同研究水汽的来源和路径问题,是下一步需要关注的问题。     

天山地区水汽再循环量化研究

利用传统气候学的Brubaker二元模型和降水同位素平衡模型定量研究了新疆天山地区水汽再循环特征。结果表明:(1)气候学角度,天山地区水汽再循环率为9.32%。当地蒸发的水汽形成的降水量为41.8 mm,外来水汽输送到山区形成的降水量为407.2 mm;(2)同位素水汽氘盈余为精细化的分析水汽再循环提供了新的思路,进一步证实天山地区水汽主要来自于西风带的水汽输送,而乌鲁木齐站平均再循环水汽仅占到8%。随着海拔的增加,水汽再循环率逐渐下降,在海拔2000 m以上的水汽再循环可以忽略不计。在西风带关键水汽输送路径建立降水同位素观测断面,使两种方法相结合,共同研究水汽的来源和路径问题,是下一步需要关注的问题。     

Global two dimensional chemistry model and simulation of atmospheric chemical composition

1.IntroductionAgreatchangehastakenplaceinglobalatmosphericchemicalcompositionbecauseofhumanactivitiessinceindustrialrevolution.Numericalsimulationisaneffectivetooltostudythechangeoftracegases.Inthelasttwentyyears,two--dimensionalchemical/transportmodelshavebeenextensivelydevelopedtosimulatethedistributionsoftracers(GidelandCrutzen,1983;Hough,1991;LawandPyle1993).Inordertopredictthefuturepossiblechangesofatmosphericspecies,itisnecessarytohaveabetterunderstandingofprocessessuchasemission,trans…     

2007-2008年南京江北工业区大气降水化学特征

2007年3月-2008年9月在南京市江北地区南京信息工程大学采集有效降水样品共48个,测量了降水的pH值和电导率,用离子色谱仪分析检测了降水样品的阴、阳离子的质量浓度。结果表明：2007年的酸雨频率为44．5％,2008年酸雨频率为59．3％,南京江北工业区降水的酸性及酸化频率都有所增高;2007-2008年大气降水与2005-2006年所测数据相比较,NO3-的质量浓度略有增长,NH4＋的质量浓度有了较大幅度的增长;研究区域SO4／NO。的实验数据表明,硫污染特征有所减弱,氮氧化物污染逐渐突出,表现出燃煤污染与汽车尾气污染并存的过渡型大气污染特征。