Characteristics of the lower 1000-m atmospheric layer in the area of the Leningrad NPP-2

The calculated aeroclimatic characteristics of the lower 1000-m atmospheric layer needed to study the conditions for the atmospheric diffusion of pollutants are considered. The measurements of temperature profiles with the MTP-5 microwave temperature profiler and the data of weather balloon observations on wind speed and wind direction from the special meteorological station located at the Leningrad NPP-2 (LNPP-2) construction site are used as initial data. The characteristics of the vertical distribution of temperature and wind obtained from the observations in the LNPP-2 construction area and at the Voeikovo upper-air network station are compared.     

Results of comparison of atmospheric temperature profiles from the data of microwave MTP-5 profilers and radiosondes

Results are represented of comparison of temperature profiles obtained using the remote MTP-5 profilers and radiosondes in three towns: Nizhni Novgorod, Dolgoprudny, and Orenburg in 2004–2006. The comparisons carried out for three types of profiles, namely, for adiabatic type and for surface and raised inversions demonstrated that the MTP-5 instrument registers reliably the temperature profile type. The best coincidence of profiles is observed in the lower 200-m layer. The mean square deviation of the difference of temperature values from the measurements of MTP-5 and radiosonde in the altitude interval of 0–600 m is within the range of 0.9–1.4°C.     

High-resolution precipitation and temperature downscaling for glacier models

The spatial resolution gap between global or regional climate models and the requirements for local impact studies motivates the need for climate downscaling. For impact studies that involve glacier modelling, the sparsity or complete absence of climate monitoring activities within the regions of interest presents a substantial additional challenge. Downscaling methods for this application must be independent of climate observations and cannot rely on tuning to station data. We present new, computationally-efficient methods for downscaling precipitation and temperature to the high spatial resolutions required to force mountain glacier models. Our precipitation downscaling is based on an existing linear theory for orographic precipitation, which we modify for large study regions by including moist air tracking. Temperature is downscaled using an interpolation scheme that reconstructs the vertical temperature structure to estimate surface temperatures from upper air data. Both methods are able to produce output on km to sub-km spatial resolution, yet do not require tuning to station measurements. By comparing our downscaled precipitation (1 km resolution) and temperature (200 m resolution) fields to station measurements in southern British Columbia, we evaluate their performance regionally and through the annual cycle. Precipitation is improved by as much as 30% (median relative error) over the input reanalysis data and temperature is reconstructed with a mean bias of 0.5°C at locations with high vertical relief. Both methods perform best in mountainous terrain, where glaciers tend to be concentrated.     

达州市2016年元旦期间持续重污染天气气象条件分析

利用空气质量监测资料、高空和地面气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,对达州市2016年元旦节期间重污染天气过程特征及气象条件进行分析。结果表明:达州市此次重污染天气过程为长时间无冷空气活动,无降雨,大气污染物不断积聚形成。AQI日变化受污染源排放情况影响更大,早上低,白天逐渐增加,天黑后达到峰值。大气污染物的积累一般发生大气稳定度为中性或以上。AQI与08时和17时混合层厚度负相关,但日平均混合层厚度与AQI没有通过相关性检验。重污染时近地面有逆温层且逆温层较厚。AQI与逐日最高气温、日平均风速和日最大风速正相关,降雨对大气污染物稀释作用明显,特别是降雨持续时间长,雨量大效果更为显著。AQI逐时变化与温度正相关,与风速负相关。      

分辨率对区域气候极端事件模拟的影响

利用NCAR MM5V3对1999年6月长江流域的极端异常降水事件进行了模拟,主要研究不同水平和垂直分辨率对极端区域气候事件模拟的影响。数值模拟试验表明:模式能够模拟出极端强降水的主要分布特征;水平分辨率的提高降低了模式模拟的强降水偏差,对逐日降水变化的模拟更加合理,而垂直分辨率的提高基本上也都减小了模拟的强降水过程的偏差,改善对强降水的模拟能力;模式水平、垂直分辨率的提高在一定程度上增强了对强降水过程的模拟能力。水平分辨率的提高能够改善模式对海平面气压的模拟,而垂直分辨率的提高可以改善模式模拟的地面气温和低层环流。分辨率对中层大气环流的影响不是很敏感。不同积云对流参数化方案模拟的对流降水比率随水平分辨率的变化是不同的,Grell方案对流降水比例随分辨率的提高而增加,而Kain-Fritsch方案的结果相反。     

石家庄地区反射率因子垂直廓线特征分析

利用自动雨量计数据整理成的10 min一次的雨量资料和s波段多普勒天气雷达体积扫描强度数据,对石家庄地区2004～2007年4次天气过程的实时雷达反射率因子垂直廓线的特征进行了分析.结果表明:层状云和混合性降水反射率因子垂直廓线有明显的零度层亮带;短时强降水过程的反射率因子垂直廓线不存在零度层亮带.冰雹过程中反射率凼子垂直廓线变化较大,降雹前反射率因子的极大值在中上层,降雹发生时反射率因子的极大值高度下降,降雹后反射率因子的极大值减弱.降雪过程的反射率因子垂直廓线零度层亮带不明显.在石家庄西部山区,由于零度层亮带的影响.对层状云和混合性降水回波强度和降水量估计偏高.对短时强降水过程的地面降水估计用反射率因子垂直廓线的方法比最低仰角法更加准确,在均匀性降水中可较好地改善地面雨量估算结果,有利于在山区和无雨量计的地区判断强对流天气的发生、发展和估算降水量的大小.     

影响攀西地区南部的MCC活动特征及发生环境条件

选取2010～2019年FY-2E静止气象卫星相当黑体亮温(TBB)资料、攀西地区南部24个自动气象站降水观测资料、欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料,对影响攀西地区南部的MCC活动特征及发生环境条件进行研究,结果表明:影响攀西地区南部的MCC出现在6～9月,6月出现频次最高,具有生消迅速、生命史短和空间尺度较小的特点;这类M...     

用天气资料实时监测和评估北方的旱情变化

从天气情服服务的实际需要出发,研究并提出了考虑近期降水,土壤底墒（前期降水）和气温三种因素,利用实时天气资料来计算干旱指数的方案,５年历史资料和１９９７年北方春旱的检验表明,这对于实时监测和评估大范围旱情变化和提供天气情报服务是有用的。     

Investigation of temporal-spatial parameters of an urban heat island on the basis of passive microwave remote sensing

Summary Quantitative measurements of the impact of an urban environment on the thermal state of the atmospheric boundary layer are presented. Temperature profiles up to the height of 600 m were obtained in a continuous series of measurements by three microwave profilers MTP-5 located in different areas of Moscow. The influence of this large city on urban heat island (UHI) parameters was estimated on occasions with stationary atmospheric processes and during cases with frontal passage. Two types of UHI were identified: one with a dome of urban warmth at all levels, and another with a low warm dome in combination with a lens of cold air above.     

贵阳市PM2.5分布特征及气象条件的影响

利用2013~2017年贵阳市10个国控空气质量监测站点PM_2.5逐时监测数据,分析了贵阳市大气污染物污染水平及其时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)贵阳市PM_2.5年均浓度为36.14 ug·m-3,基本处于国家空气质量二级标准范围内,污染程度较轻;(2)贵阳市PM_2.5浓度冬季浓度为一年中最高,最高值出现在12月,夏季浓度最低,最小值出现在7月;(3)气象要素对PM_2.5浓度的影响是显著的,尤其是在分季节的情况下,气象要素对PM_2.5的影响差异较大。PM_2.5浓度与太阳辐射、日照时数、气压呈显著正相关,与降水、相对湿度、风速、气温呈显著负相关。太阳辐射夏季对PM_2.5影响最大,日照时数春季对PM_2.5的影响最大,气温在夏、秋季与PM_2.5浓度呈显著负相关。春季降水对PM_2.5的相关性更为显著,风速对夏、冬季与PM_2.5浓度具有显著负相关性。      

一次回流型降雪过程的成因和相态判据分析

利用常规高空和地面观测资料、天津铁塔和雷达资料、全球资料同化系统(GDAS)分析资料、雷达变分同化分析系统资料、EC和NCEP再分析资料对2016年11月20—21日天津初雪天气进行成因分析,结果表明:本次过程是在高空槽和回流冷空气共同作用下产生的,主要水汽来源为对流层中低层槽前西南暖湿气流和回流东风,回流东风经渤海低空运行时吸收水汽由"干冷"变为"湿冷";动力条件主要来自回流冷垫的动力抬升作用,降水期间回流东风层厚度由1.5km增加至2km;锋面上的非地转次级环流可将回流东风水汽向上输送成为降水原料,同时可加强其上暖湿空气的垂直上升运动;高空云水粒子向云冰粒子的转换和边界层回流冷空气加强对本次雨雪相态转换是不可或缺的,回流冷空气北风分量风速和厚度陡增、800～950hPa出现均温层、云冰粒子陡增并向低空延伸、700～850hPa与850～1000hPa厚度的变化特征对雨雪相态的判别均有较好的指示作用。     

江苏地区雨雾天气特征及成因研究

利用2010—2016年江苏地区雨雾观测资料,对雨雾天气类型分型、气象要素变化以及成因机制等进行了分析。结果表明：江苏地区雨雾天气类型主要分为倒槽型、冷锋前部型、高压底部型,其中倒槽型发生频率最高;低气压、高湿度、低风速、风向由偏东风或东南风转为偏北风以及前期较高的气温等是雨雾形成的重要气象条件;雨雾形成时江苏地区925 hPa上正变温转为弱的负变温,说明弱冷空气促使了雨雾的发生;边界层低层的弱冷平流有利于水汽凝结和逆温形成,逆温最强时段对应能见度最低阶段;雨雾过程中边界层低层上升、下沉运动均可存在且垂直速度较小。     

冬奥会张家口赛区一次降水相态特征分析

利用冬奥会气象观测站网资料、ERA5的0.25°×0.25°高分辨率再分析资料、常规探空资料以及激光雷达和风廓线雷达资料,从环流形势、温湿度和微物理特征以及雷达特征等方面对2020年11月17-19日冬奥会张家口赛区一次明显的雨转雪天气过程进行分析。结果表明：低层前期的暖湿西南气流,为降水提供好的水汽和能量条件,后期强的干冷平流为相态转换提供有利条件。赛区出现雨转雪时,700 hPa温度低于-2℃,同时850 hPa温度低于2℃。零度层高度的快速下降是相态转换的重要温度判据,0℃线降到距地面400 m左右赛区降水相态已经转变为纯雪,低层风向的转向对赛场的雨雪相态转换有一定的指示意义。随着高空云冰和雪水含量逐渐增加,其出现最大值后,雨雪相态开始转换。降雪时激光雷达最大探测高度比降雨时有明显的降低,风廓线雷达低层风场的变化和雨雪相态关系密切,风廓线雷达探测的垂直速度变化也能反映雨雪相态的转换。     

湖北西南山地一次辐射雾和雨雾气象要素特征的对比分析

利用边界层探测、地面高空观测等资料,对比分析了2010年湖北西南山地一次连续发生的辐射雾和雨雾的环流形势及地面和高空气象要素特征,结果表明:1)500 hPa阻塞高压脊和南支槽的反位相叠置有利于湖北西南山地出现雨雾天气.2)地面水平能见度与相对湿度反相关关系非常显著;雨雾与降水的发生、持续和结束几乎同步.3)辐射雾时地面水平能见度与雾滴浓度反相关性比雨雾更为显著;雾含水量越大能见度越低.4)辐射雾发生期间有多个逆温层同时存在,上层逆温更厚更强、下层逆温更为浅薄.雨雾发生时,逆温层可以有2～3个,逆温层底比辐射雾低层逆温层底高,但也可能没有逆温层存在.5)边界层风速小、对流活动弱有利山地辐射雾和雨雾的形成.地面风速很小或者静风,是辐射雾和雨雾生成的共同条件.雨雾发生时对流活动发展的高度比辐射雾高.6)辐射雾空气饱和层的高度低于雨雾.     

A Comparative Study and Evaluation of Mixing-Height Estimation Based on Sodar-RASS, Ceilometer Data and Numerical Model Simulations

The unmanned aerial system SUMO (Small Unmanned Meteorological Observer) has been used for the observation of the structure and behaviour of the atmospheric boundary layer above the Advent Valley, Svalbard during a two-week period in early spring 2009. Temperature, humidity and wind profiles measured by the SUMO system have been compared with measurements of a small tethered balloon system that was operated simultaneously. It is shown that both systems complement each other. Above 200?m, the SUMO system outperforms the tethered balloon in terms of flexibility and the ability to penetrate strong inversion layers of the Arctic boundary layer. Below that level, the tethered balloon system provides atmospheric profiles with higher accuracy, mainly due to its ability to operate at very low vertical velocities. For the observational period, a numerical mesoscale model has been run at high resolution and evaluated with SUMO profiles reaching up to a height of 1500?m above the ground. The sensitivity to the choice of atmospheric boundary-layer schemes and horizontal resolution has been investigated. A new scheme especially suited for stable conditions slightly improves the temperature forecast in stable conditions, although all schemes show a warm bias close to the surface and a cold bias above the atmospheric boundary layer. During one cold and cloudless night, the SUMO system could be operated nearly continuously (every 30?C45?minutes). This allowed for a detailed case study addressing the structure and behaviour of the air column within and above Advent Valley and its interaction with the local topography. The SUMO measurements in conjunction with a 10-m meteorological mast enabled the identification of a very stable nocturnal surface layer adjacent to the valley bottom, a stable air column in the valley and a strong inversion layer above the summit height. The results indicate the presence of inertial-gravity waves during the night, a feature not captured by the model.     

北京降水相态判别指标及检验

为提高降水相态预报准确率,以北京南郊观象台为代表站,选取1951年1月至2011年4月逐日20时至20时出现的雨夹雪日数,统计分析其月变化特征;再选取2000-2011年10月-4月08时和20时出现的雨、雨夹雪、雪个例,使用与降水个例对应时次的地面及高空常规观测数据,统计分析各层常用气象要素在各降水相态判别中的作用,并找出主要影响因子及降水相态判别指标;应用多元回归方法,建立降水相态统计预报方程,并对方程及判别指标进行检验。结果表明：雨和雪的温度、露点平均值在低层（地面到850 hPa）有明显差异,但随着高度增加其差异逐渐减小;因雨和雪的温度露点差平均值各层差异均很小,使用温度露点差很难区分降水相态;经过对2011年11月至2012年3月出现的降水相态进行检验可知,总结出的地面温度和露点判别指标以及降水相态统计预报方程均有一定的参考价值,可为今后做降水相态预报服务提供参考依据。     

四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾过程的特征及成因分析

本文利用常规气象资料、NCEP (1°×1°)再分析资料和环监站实时监测数据,分析了2017年12月四川盆地南部一次持续性雾霾的气象特征和增强机制。结果表明:(1)中高纬平直纬向环流、低层弱偏南偏东气流、地面均压场组成的静稳天气长时间维持为雾霾天气的形成和维持提供了有利的环流背景条件。(2)上干下湿、逆温明显的大气稳定层结,连续无降水、近地层高湿和较弱的风场提供有利的气象要素条件。(3)低层弱冷平流、上层暖平流促进稳定层结长时间维持和近地层水汽凝结作用加强,为雾霾天气的增强和持续起到了重要作用。(4)冷空气、降水,水平和垂直扩散能力增强是空气污染物浓度降低的重要条件。      

Atmospheric dynamics in the center of the European part of Russia during intensive snowfall in April 2012

The dynamics of atmospheric characteristics in the zone of the cyclone which provoked the dangerous atmospheric phenomenon, the heavy snowfall over the center of the European part of Russia in April 2012, is studied using the data of surface and satellite measurements. Besides the observational data from the meteorological stations, the results are used of the measurement of meteorological variables at the high-altitude meteorological mast in Obninsk and of surface concentration of minor gas components. Revealed is a number of interesting features associated with the passage of the cyclone cloud system over the observational point: the dramatic air temperature drop throughout the 300-m layer of the atmosphere, the formation of intensive vertical motions, and the significant temporal variability of O₃ and NO₂ concentration. The intensity and the total amount of precipitation falling during the cyclone passage are determined using the data of optical measurements of SEVIRI, AVHRR, and MODIS instruments of geostationary and polar orbiting satellites. Demonstrated is the satisfactory agreement of the computed precipitation characteristics with the results of observations at the network of meteorological stations.     

杭州地区酸雨分布特征及影响因素

利用2009年7月至2012年6月杭州地区7个观测站的酸雨资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析近3年来杭州地区的酸雨变化和分布特征,研究了气象条件和大气污染物对酸雨的影响。结果表明：杭州地区近3年降水平均pH值在437~523之间,酸雨污染空间上呈现“西重东轻”的格局,降水酸度和酸雨频率均呈现小幅波动且变化趋势不明显。酸雨污染总体上夏季最轻,秋冬季最严重,春季次之。降水量与pH值和电导率的关系各站不一,其中临安、淳安、建德和富阳等地的降水pH值与降水量成正比,杭州和桐庐相关变化关系不明显。萧山比较特殊,各地降水电导率与降水量均呈反比; 在850 hPa偏北风的输送影响下, 降水酸度及电导率较高;降水pH值与最低层逆温的高度成正比,与逆温的厚度成反比,强酸雨时在降水前半段均伴随较严重的灰霾天气,逆温对降水电导率的相关关系不是很明显; 污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM25的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系, 说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

地形对2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻灾害分布影响的数值模拟

2008年初我国南方发生了大范围、 持续性低温冰冻雨雪天气, 冻雨、 暴雪灾害属历史罕见, 许多地方突破50年记录。本文主要从数值模拟方面讨论了1月25日~2月2日冰冻雨雪最为严重的过程。CWRF数值模式较成功地模拟出与实况基本一致的降水分布、 温度垂直分布特征和地面气温状况, 较准确地再现了这次罕见的冰冻雨雪过程\.地形敏感性试验表明, 横断山脉和南岭山脉及邻近山区对冻雨的形成和维持具有重要影响, 这种影响是通过锋区特征的改变来实现的。具体体现在, 有地形时, 因暖湿空气的抬升和冷空气在近地面的堆积而形成易于产生冻雨的倾斜锋区; 无地形情况下, 锋区坡度增大, 冻雨赖以形成的逆温层结结构遭到破坏, 使冻雨（冰冻）灾害区在经历短暂的西进南扩后, 很快减弱消失。上述地形的移出还通过对环流特征的改变, 使对流层底层偏东气流更有组织, 整个回流也更清晰, 这对南方大范围的降水强度和强降水落区会产生显著影响, 但对整体降水的区域分布没有明显影响。