中国西部地质灾害空间数据库系统建设

中国西部地质灾害空间数据库系统,采集了大量的西部地质灾害数据,利用GIS强大的空间数据管理功能对地质灾害数据进行管理,建成具有强大的属性查询统计、空间检索、空间分析功能的空间数据库系统.本文就建立这一数据库系统的设计思路、系统的组成和功能模块方面进行了阐述.     

基于GIS的万州示范区地质灾害灾情评估系统设计

文章结合地质灾害灾情评估的特点和发展需要，提出运用地理信息系统(GIS)先进技术进行地质灾害灾情评估的框架，讨论以地理信息系统为开发平台的区域地质灾害灾情评估系统的设计。建立系统总体框架、工作流程，以及灾情评估模型的模块功能。该设计结合当前地质灾害管理、评估的需要，为区域地质灾害评估提供了一个应用例证。     

基于GIS 及聚类分析法的抚顺地区地质灾害综合评价

采用GIS 手段建立研究区地质灾害的多影响因素空间数据库,确定本区域引发地质灾害的因素评价体系。运用GIS 技术空间数据分析方法,结合评价分级准则,对地质灾害影响因素进行处理,采用聚类分析法初步确定4 类地质灾害聚类区。Ⅰ类区为抚顺市区工程活动主导因素型地质灾害区; Ⅱ 类区为沟谷盆地及其边缘工程活动诱发因素型地质灾害区; Ⅲ类区为北部及中部丘陵工程活动微弱因素型地质灾害区; Ⅳ类区为南部低山丘陵自然因素主导型地质灾害区。     

重庆市地质灾害数据库设计与建设

灾害信息管理在减灾工作中占有重要地位。世界各国非常重视灾害数据库的建设。我国灾害数据库研究较为薄弱。重庆市地质灾害频繁,但灾害信息的管理缺乏有效的管理方法。因此,在这一地区设计和建立标准统一、功能完善的的地质灾害时空数据库无疑具有十分重要的意义。论文从数据库的概念性设计、逻辑设计和数据库实体建设等方面详细介绍了重庆市地质灾害数据库的设计和建设过程。概念性设计中对重庆市地质灾害数据库的内容、灾害信息的分类编码、数据库的宏观地理定义进行了设计;逻辑设计中侧重对数据库中空间数据和属性数据的结构以及图形属性数据库一体化进行设计;最后,文章从图形数据库和属性数据库2个方面详细介绍了如何进行重庆市地质灾害数据库的实体建设。     

Comprehensive suitability evaluation of urban geological environment in Zhengzhou-Kaifeng area

Suitability evaluation of urban geological environment is an important basic work in city planning and construction. With Zhengzhou-Kaifeng area as the research area, this paper discusses AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods to classify impact factors at different levels, makes a mixing evaluation of the basic factors and comprehensive factors so as to correct the uncertainty of the weight of the basic factors in the initial evaluation and establish the corresponding evaluation index system, and carries out urban geological environment suitability evaluation in study area. Furthermore, this paper partitions the suitability of the research area according to evaluation results into five zones. It puts forward opinions and suggestions for the construction of research area, which have certain practical significances.     

Development and application of a GIS-based tool for earthquake-induced hazard prediction

An integrated GIS-based tool (GTIS) was constructed to estimate site effects related to the earthquake hazards in the Gyeongju area of Korea. To build the GTIS for the study area, intensive site investigations and geotechnical data collections were performed and a walk-over site survey was additionally carried out to acquire surface geo-knowledge data in accordance with the procedure developed to build the GTIS. For practical applications of the GTIS used to estimate the site effects associated with the amplification of ground motion, seismic microzoning maps of the characteristic site period and the mean shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m were created and presented as a regional synthetic strategy addressing earthquake-induced hazards. Additionally, based on one-dimensional site response analyses, various seismic microzoning maps for short- and mid-period amplification potentials were created for the study area. Case studies of seismic microzonations in the Gyeongju area verified the usefulness of the GTIS for predicting seismic hazards in the region.     

江苏地质遗迹评价与保护规划数据库建设与应用

以江苏地质遗迹为研究对象,提出了地质遗迹评价指标、评价等级、评价值及资源定量分级综合评定区间,对研究区内地质遗迹进行分析评价与分级保护,根据地质遗迹保护区建设工程方案,形成江苏地质遗迹保护规划图空间数据库结构框架、建库流程,以此推动江苏地质遗迹保护信息系统建设,完善地质遗迹保护网络化建设,促进江苏资源、环境与社会经济的协调发展。     

On evaluating the stability of the Baiyian ancient landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,Yangtze River: a geological history analysis

Numerous landslides have occurred during the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River. Although the underlying causal factor of these landslides was heavy rainfall, the construction process was the trigger of some of them. We report here a systematic study aimed at reconstructing the geological history of an ancient landslide and, based on our results, an evaluation of the role of the history on current landslide stability. Data from detailed field surveys and the studies on geological dating revealed that the Baiyian landslide was composed of five structural parts of different geological ages, such as a sliding belt, disturbed rocks, ancient colluvium, alluvium of the Yangtze River and slope wash. The succession of ancient climates, terraces and tectonic processes in the study area were examined from 300 ka ago. The evolutionary history of the Baiyian ancient landslide can be divided into five distinct stages: development, occurrence, deposition, collapse and disintegration. Some parts of the ancient landslide are currently prone to instability due to the combination effects of heavy rainfall and construction of the reservoir.     

Applications of a GIS-based geotechnical tool to assess spatial earthquake hazards in an urban area

A geotechnical information system (GTIS) was constructed within a spatial geographic information system (GIS) framework to reliably predict geotechnical information and accurately estimate site effects at Gyeongju, an urban area in South Korea. The system was built based on both collected and performed site investigation data in addition to acquired geo-knowledge data. Seismic zoning maps were constructed using the site period (T _G) and mean shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V _S30), and these maps were presented as a regional strategy to mitigate earthquake-induced risks in the study area. In particular, the T _G distribution map indicated the susceptibility to ground motion resonance in periods ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 s and the corresponding seismic vulnerability of buildings with two to five stories. Seismic zonation of site classification according to V _S30 values was also performed to determine the site amplification coefficients for seismic design and seismic performance evaluation at any site and administrative subunit in the study area. In addition, we investigated the site effects according to subsurface and surface ground irregularities at Gyeongju by seismic response analyses in time domains based on both two- and three-dimensional spatial finite element models, which were generated using spatial interface coordinates between geotechnical subsurface layers predicted by the GTIS. This practical study verified that spatial GIS-based geotechnical information can be a very useful resource in determining how to best mitigate seismic hazards, particularly in urban areas.     

焦作市典型煤矿塌陷区地质灾害危险性分析及防治对策

由于大规模地开发矿产资源,使焦作市成为地质灾害的易发区,引起的地质灾害分布范围广,危害程度大,已造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡。本文以焦作市某城中村改造建设场地地质灾害危险性评估为例,用概率积分法等数理统计的方法对采煤塌陷区的采深采厚比和地表移动变形值进行了预测,对焦作市典型煤矿区形成的地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害的危险性进行了分析,并提出了相应的防治对策。为今后矿山的设计和地质灾害防治工作提供一定的科学依据。     

北京市顺义平原区地质环境的主要特征及地质灾害现状

文章对顺义区地质环境的主要特征及地质灾害现状进行了初步研究。该区地质环境比较脆弱，断裂活动性强，地震活动频度高，松散易液化的细粉砂土及不规则分布的软土分布面积较广，地面及地基工程地质条件较差、水资源不足，容易发生地震、地裂缝、砂土液化、地面沉降、水环境污染及地基失稳等地质灾害。建议进行专门的综合性地质环境及地质灾害调查研究工作，为顺义区总体发展规划、保护生态环境以及减少地质灾害损失等提供科学依据。     

辽宁省抚顺市区地质灾害监测系统设计方案

抚顺市地质灾害监测系统，由5方面工作内容组成：(1)建立统一可靠的城市高程起算基准；(2)扩展现有的沉降监测网，使分散的监测点联合形成全面、统一的监测网；(3)对浑河断裂带主断层实施监测；(4)对西露天采坑北坡滑坡重点区和采煤沉陷重点区实施水平位移监测；(5)利用计算机技术和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，建立抚顺市地质灾害信患系统。该系统是城市地质灾害防治的基础工程。系统应用了先进的监测手段及数据处理技术。文章介绍了系统的设计方案。     

长江口海域地质灾害研究

根据地矿部上海海洋地质调查局1973年以来,在东海及长江口海域进行的大量地球物理调查、海洋地质及石油地质调查的基础上,收集了解其他单位所做成果,对长江口海域的地质灾害开展专项研究,结合海域环境地质、工程地质条件,进行综合分析,以了解和查明海域存在的地质灾害类型、规模、分布、特征等,为海域地质灾害的防御和减灾提出对策,为长江口海域、上海浦东及东海油气田的开发建设提供决策依据。     

基于GIS和CF-Logistic回归模型地质灾害易发性评价：以青海湟中县为例

研究地质灾害易发性的评价方法,对地质灾害防治有着非常重要的现实意义。本文以青海省西宁市湟中县为研究区域,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、距河流距离、距断层距离和工程岩组7个评价因子,利用确定性系数与逻辑回归模型相结合的方法计算出每个单元格地质灾害发生的概率。同时利用ROC曲线和AUC值对模型分类精度进行验证,最终得到AUC值为0.863,说明该方法对湟中县地质灾害易发性评价具有较强的适用性和客观性。本文研究表明,高层、坡向、距河流距离和工程岩组4个因子对研究区地质灾害的影响最为显著。从地质灾害的空间分布来看,该方法计算结果表明极高、高易发区主要分布在湟水河及其干流两侧低山丘陵地区,低易发区主要分布在研究区北部和西南地区。从评价因子的角度分析,高易发区主要分布在离河流500 m的松散冲洪积岩层和软弱层状碎屑岩岩层上。以上研究结果表明,基于CF-Logistic回归模型对研究区地质灾害易发性评价有较强的参考价值,能为研究区地质灾害的防治工作提供理论依据及方法。

     

基于高分二号卫星数据的煤矿区地质灾害信息提取研究

随着遥感数据获取技术和能力的全面提高,遥感数据呈现出明显的大数据特征。发展适应于遥感大数据的智能分析和信息挖掘技术,成为当前遥感技术研究的前沿。高分二号（GF-2）卫星数据是我国首颗自主研发的亚米级高分辨率卫星数据,具有观测幅宽、重访周期短、高辐射精度、高定位精度等优势,为未来我国地质灾害的长期、动态地监测和研究提供了高精度、稳定可靠的数据源。本文选取安徽谢桥煤矿2015年1月8日的GF-2卫星影像为研究数据,在对煤矿区主要地质灾害遥感地学分析的基础上,采用面向对象的影像分析方法对研究区由采煤活动所诱发的地质灾害信息进行自动提取。结果表明：利用GF-2卫星数据能够有效地识别地质灾害体的位置、范围、形态等空间分布特征;面向对象的自动提取方法对于煤矿区大面积的积水塌陷盆地、小规模的塌陷坑和线性的地裂缝都有很高的提取精度,识别精度达90% 以上;基于逐层剔除的思路构建的提取规则,为GF-2数据在地质灾害调查和大数据分析中的应用提供了很好的技术支持,也为其它地物目标的提取提供了参考,但在特征的选择和阈值的设定上需要具体分析。     

Comparison of two methods for seismic hazard assessment in a low-seismicity area

The EGO method, developed by Egozcue et al. and the SRAMSC method, originally developed by Cornell and later programmed by McGuire, to assess the seismic hazard, are compared for the low seismicity area Belgium, The Netherlands, and NW Germany. Using the same input data, the results of the EGO method without the majority criterion and the SRAMSC method with upper bound XII agree very well. The influence of the zoning is investigated for the EGO method. It is not necessary to define the zones for the EGO method so strictly as for the SRAMSC method, but too wide zones can give bad results.     

基于三种多变量不安定指数分析模型的汶川县地质灾害易发性评价

采用多变量不安定指数分析法模型并加以改进,应用于汶川县地质灾害易发性评价。选取坡度、坡向、地层岩性、距断层距离、植被覆盖率及距水系距离六项影响因子,结合四川省自然资源厅发布的汶川县地质灾害隐患点数据,以幂次相乘、线性累加、幂次累加这三种不同的不安定指数分析法模型分别得到了研究区地质灾害易发性分区图,并用接受者操作特性曲线（Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, ROC curve）验证了各种模型的评价性能。结果表明:（1）对本案例而言,幂次相乘模型相较其它两种模型具有最高的精度;（2）汶川县地质灾害“极高”“高”“中”“低”“极低”易发区的面积占比分别为:19.3%、24.6%、19.2%、19.3%、17.6%,且研究区地质灾害易发性较高的区域多分布在断裂带附近。本研究成果可为区域地质灾害防治工作提供理论借鉴和技术参考。     

Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a 3-km-thick Miocene lava pile in the Mjoifjördur area,eastern Iceland

We have carried out stratigraphic mapping in the Upper Miocene basalt lava pile around the fjords Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur, eastern Iceland. The mapping is based on conventional methods including the use of interbasaltic clastic horizons and petrographically distinct lava groups. These units are also used to provide correlations with the Nordfjördur area south of Mjoifjördur. We present a 3-km composite stratigraphic column for the area between Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur. The geology of this area shows some differences from the classical model of Walker for the structure of eastern Iceland partly due to the fact that most of Mjoifjördur is not in the vicinity of central volcanoes. Detailed laboratory measurements of remanent magnetization were carried out on oriented core samples from 363 lavas in 10 selected profiles. The local paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy supports correlations made on the basis of other criteria. Over 20 geomagnetic reversals are recorded in the eastern Iceland lava pile in a period approximately 13-10 Ma ago. The geomagnetic field during this period averages to a central axial dipole field, and its overall statistical properties resemble those obtained in earlier surveys in Iceland.     

金沙江某水电站库区泥石流地质灾害研究

金沙江是我国水能资源最为丰富的江河之一，但在金沙江上修建水库，泥石流是经常遇到的地质灾害问题。文章在详细调查了库区地层岩性、构造、滑坡的前提下，结合金沙江某水库区泥石流发育与降雨、地层岩性、构造、滑坡及地形地貌的关系深入探讨了库区泥石流的类型、规模、特征及发育阶段。研究表明：(1)本库区泥石流活动历史久远，泥石流地质灾害活跃，在部分泥石流地质灾害衰退的同时，更多的泥石流沟在逐步形成：(2)水库蓄水，减小了泥石流沟的比降，会在一定程度上降低泥石流的活动性及破坏能力；(3)泥石流对水库的影响主要为输送泥沙，造成水库淤积。