U(Ⅵ)在浅层地下水系统中迁移的反应-输运耦合模拟——以我国南方核工业某尾矿库为例

在对我国南方某大型尾矿库库区水文地质条件概化的基础上 ,运用国际最新版本的三维地下水流动与污染物运移的模拟软件VisualMODFLOW建立了研究区U(Ⅵ )在浅层地下水系统中迁移的反应 -输运耦合模型 ,讨论了不同条件下U(Ⅵ )在地下水中的迁移情况 .模拟结果指示 ,在不治理的条件下 ,U(Ⅵ )对库区地下水污染严重 ;而在尾矿库治理条件下 ,由于地下水系统的自净作用 ,对于尾矿库在运营期间下渗的U(Ⅵ ) ,地下水系统完全可以“消化” .     

U（Ⅵ）在浅层地下水系统中迁移的反应一输运耦合模 …

在对我国南方某大型尾矿库库区水文地质条件概化的基础上,运用国际最新版本的三维地下水流动与污染物运移的模拟软件Ｖｉｓｕａｌ ＭＯＤＦＬＯＷ建立了研究区Ｕ（Ⅵ）在浅层地下水系统中迁移的反应－输运耦合模型,讨论了不同条件下Ｕ（Ⅵ）在地下水中的迁移情况。模拟结果指示,在不治理的条件下,Ｕ（Ⅵ）对库区地下水污染严重;而在尾矿库治理条件下,由于地下水系统的自净作用,对于尾矿库在运营期间下渗的Ｕ（　）,地下水系     

本达铁矿尾矿库对下游地下水与地表水环境影响研究

为查明本达铁矿尾矿库对下游地下水与地表水环境的影响,以尾矿库及其下游地下水与地表水为重点进行了区域性的野外调查采样与室内水化学分析工作。通过对采取水样的水化学分析结果进行统计,计算出各采样位置地下水与地表水各项指标的变异系数,进而对现状条件下尾矿库下游地下水环境进行评价。对尾矿库下游地表水,采用河流完全混合模型计算出地表水污染的排污阀值。对尾矿库下游地下水,采用一维定浓度边界水动力弥散模型计算出下游地下水污染的排污阀值。     

山东省东刘家金矿尾矿库地下水均衡探析

研究地下水动态与均衡是了解水文地质、水量和水质评价,以及水资源保护的重要手段。以山东刘家矿区尾矿库为例,通过掌握研究区域内水文地质条件,查明区内含水层特征以及地下水的补、径、排方式,对尾矿库区进行了地下水均衡评价,为尾矿库区改建后的地下水资源保护提供科学依据。     

锡多金属矿尾矿库地下水污染特征与评价

采用标准指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价某锡多金属矿尾矿库周边深层、浅层地下水质量状况,研究地下水污染特征,为同类尾矿库地下水污染防治及矿区环境综合整治提供科学依据。研究结果表明:尾矿及选矿废水下渗等导致锡多金属矿尾矿库下游浅层地下水受到污染,尚未污染下游深层地下水。尾矿库上、下游同一位置深层地下水水质优于浅层地下水水质。地下水水平迁移能力强于垂向迁移,下层浅层地下水铅、砷超标应引起重视,应在尾矿库四周进行防渗处理,遏制尾矿库下游浅层地下水水质进一步恶化。     

金矿尾矿库对近海生态环境的影响

近海生态环境具有特殊敏感性，金矿尾矿库座落于这一地区，会对大气、地表水、地下水及防风树木产生影响。为此，我们概化了水文地质条件，选取了合理的参数，建立了模型，重点分析了金矿尾矿库对地下水水位的影响。     

铜陵狮子山杨山冲尾矿库重金属元素释放的环境效应

安徽铜陵狮子山铜矿杨山冲尾矿库始建于1966年,1991年停用.本文调查了尾矿库及其周边的重金属元素地球化学状况,以环境介质(土壤、水和植物)中的重金属元素含量作为研究对象,分别采集了尾矿库内、毗邻尾矿库农田和远离尾矿库土壤、植物的样品,以及尾矿库周边地表水和地下水的样品,运用原子荧光光谱(AFS)和电感耦合等离子体质...     

岩溶区尾矿库渗漏机理与综合防治技术——以环江北山铅锌矿尾矿库为例

岩溶区尾矿库渗漏是矿山引发环境污染的主要途径之一,其形成机理复杂、治理难度大,已成为矿业开发中的重大隐患。岩溶区尾矿库渗漏是复杂的、多因素共同作用的结果。渗漏虽然受多种因素的影响,但其发生主要是由上部附加应力作用、下部岩溶发育程度和地下水侵蚀（掏蚀）作用3个影响因素决定。文章在总结和分析前人研究的基础上,结合北山铅锌矿尾矿库最新调查成果,通过调查分析尾矿库的地质构造、岩溶发育特征、工程地质条件、水文地质条件等因素,对影响尾矿库渗漏的3个主要因素逐一分解,研究了深层与浅层渗漏的形成机理与破坏机制,结果表明尾砂堆积、高水头压力等产生的附加应力导致了库底岩土体支撑应力的破坏,频繁、大幅度的水位波动以及地下水侵蚀（掏蚀）作用产生的负压效应引发岩溶管道的连通,是导致尾矿库渗漏的主要原因。通过螺栓堵塞技术、配制有机充填材料封堵渗漏通道、地下水引流、坡面防护等措施对渗漏区进行了治理,取得了较好的防渗效果。      

尾矿库重金属污染物对地下水污染的模拟预测

对某金矿尾矿库浸出液中的污染物在地下水中的运移规律进行预测分析。论文以浸出液中重金属污染物锌、铅、砷、丁基黄药污染因子作为溶质,建立污染因子随地下水流运移和弥散模型,利用Visual Modflow4.2软件进行模拟分析,预测得出尾矿库建成1年、2年、5年和10年后,尾矿库附近和5个水质监测点附近地下水中锌、铅、砷和丁基黄药浓度分布特征。其中锌、铅和丁基黄药等3类污染物在尾矿库及所在冲沟对地下水影响较为明显,砷在尾矿库和监测点附近的影响都不大,满足相应规范要求。     

湖南柿竹园野鸡尾尾矿库渗流与稳定性有限元分析

本文以柿竹园野鸡尾尾矿库为依托,采用有限元方法对其渗流及稳定性进行分析。利用热流与地下水渗流有限元实现环境的相似性,模拟尾矿库的渗流场并进行分析,确定渗流浸润线及水头分布情况;对浸润线上下的土体采用不同的容重,并考虑有效应力参数,建立有限元静力分析模型,并分别从应力、滑移面、塑性区等方面对尾矿库的静力稳定性做了简要分析,同时研究探讨库区水位变化对尾矿库稳定性的影响。结果表明:在给定的计算条件下,野鸡尾尾矿库在渗流下的稳定性良好,具有较高的安全储备,库区水位变化对于该尾矿库稳定性的影响并不大。     

Groundwater flow and radionuclide decay-chain transport modelling around a proposed uranium tailings pond in India

Extensive hydrogeological investigations followed by three-dimensional groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling were carried out around a proposed uranium tailings pond at Seripalli in Andhra Pradesh, India, to estimate its radiological impact. The hydrogeological parameters and measured groundwater level were used to model the groundwater flow and contaminant transport from the uranium tailings pond using a finite-element-based model. The simulated groundwater level compares reasonably with the observed groundwater level. Subsequently, the transport of long-lived radionuclides such as ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³⁰Th and ²²⁶Ra from the proposed tailings pond was modelled. The ingrowths of progenies were also considered in the modelling. It was observed that these radionuclides move very little from the tailings pond, even at the end of 10,000 y, due to their high distribution coefficients and low groundwater velocities. These concentrations were translated into committed effective dose rates at different distances in the vicinity of the uranium tailings pond. The results indicated that the highest effective dose rate to members of the public along the groundwater flow pathway is 2.5 times lower than the drinking water guideline of 0.1?mSv/y, even after a long time period of 10,000 y.     

Uranium pollution of South African streams – An overview of the situation in gold mining areas of the Witwatersrand

During more than a century of gold mining in South Africa large amounts of tailings were produced, which now cover vast areas in densely populated regions. These dumps contain elevated levels of uranium and other toxic heavy metals associated with gold in the mined ore. Large-scale extraction of uranium from auriferous ore only took place during the cold war, leaving tailings with high uranium concentrations that were deposited before and after this period. Recent studies found elevated levels of the radioactive heavy metal in groundwater and streams, mainly attributed to the discharge of contaminated water from mines. In this paper the contribution of seepage from slimes dams to the uranium pollution of adjacent streams is analysed. Based on geochemical analyses of samples, field observations and long-term in situ measurements of hydraulic and hydrochemical parameters at selected mining sites across the Witwatersrand goldfields, the extent, mechanisms and dynamics of diffuse stream contamination by tailings seepage is characterised. Temporal and spatial variations of the process and the associated hazard potential are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Groundwater processes and sedimentary uranium deposits

 Hydrologic processes are fundamental in the emplacement of all three major categories of sedimentary uranium deposits: syngenetic, syndiagenetic, and epigenetic. In each case, the basic sedimentary uranium-enrichment cycle involves: (1) leaching or erosion of uranium from a low-grade provenance; (2) transport of uranium by surface or groundwater flow; and (3) concentration of uranium by mechanical, geochemical, or physiochemical processes. Although surface flow was responsible for lower Precambrian uranium deposits, groundwater was the primary agent in upper Precambrian and Phanerozoic sedimentary uranium emplacement. Meteoric or more deeply derived groundwater flow transported uranium in solution through transmissive facies, generally sands and gravels, until it was precipitated under reducing conditions. Syndiagenetic uranium deposits are typically concentrated in reducing lacustrine and swamp environments, whereas epigenetic deposits accumulated along mineralization fronts or tabular boundaries. The role of groundwater is particularly well illustrated in the bedload fluvial systems of the South Texas uranium province. Upward migration of deep, reducing brines conditioned the host rock before oxidizing meteoric flow concentrated uranium and other secondary minerals. Interactions between uranium-transporting groundwater and the transmissive aquifer facies are also reflected in the uranium mineralization fronts in the lower Tertiary basins of Wyoming. Similar relationships are observed in the tabular uranium deposits of the Colorado Plateau. Received, May 1998 · Revised, July 1998 · Accepted, September 1998     

Reactive transport modeling of uranium 238 and radium 226 in groundwater of the Königstein uranium mine, Germany

Knowledge of the transport behavior of radionuclides in groundwater is needed for both groundwater protection and remediation of abandoned uranium mines and milling sites. Dispersion, diffusion, mixing, recharge to the aquifer, and chemical interactions, as well as radioactive decay, should be taken into account to obtain reliable predictions on transport of primordial nuclides in groundwater. This paper demonstrates the need for carrying out rehabilitation strategies before closure of the Königstein in-situ leaching uranium mine near Dresden, Germany. Column experiments on drilling cores with uranium-enriched tap water provided data about the exchange behavior of uranium. Uranium breakthrough was observed after more than 20 pore volumes. This strong retardation is due to the exchange of positively charged uranium ions. The code TReAC is a 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D reactive transport code that was modified to take into account the radioactive decay of uranium and the most important daughter nuclides, and to include double-porosity flow. TReAC satisfactorily simulated the breakthrough curves of the column experiments and provided a first approximation of exchange parameters. Groundwater flow in the region of the Königstein mine was simulated using the FLOWPATH code. Reactive transport behavior was simulated with TReAC in one dimension along a 6000-m path line. Results show that uranium migration is relatively slow, but that due to decay of uranium, the concentration of radium along the flow path increases. Results are highly sensitive to the influence of double-porosity flow.     

Uranium isotopes in the Platte River drainage basin of the North American High plains Region

The North and South Platte Rivers contribute sigficant concentrations of dissolved uranium to the Platte River system from the weathering of uraniferous rocks at their headwaters in Colorado and Wyoming. Uranium isotopes measured in three groups of samples collected from the Platte River and its major tributaries exhibted a wide range of concentrations (0.27–31.7 μg/l) and activity ratios (1.03–1.72) reflecting variations in the contributions of different sources under differing flow conditions. Locally elevated uranium concentrations and higher activity ratios were associated with groundwater sources during low flow periods. Uranium concentrations in surface runoff were lower than in baseflow and correlated significantly with dissolved solids. Uranium activity ratios in runoff were closer to equilibrium values than those in baseflow suggesting that dissolved uranium in runoff is less affected by disequilibrium processes. Mixing calculations using uranium concentrations and activity ratios indicate considerable variations in longitudinal and transverse mixing of tributary water with Plate River water, and temporal variations of groundwater contributions (baseflow and irrigation return flow) in the Plate River system.     

铀储层结构与成矿流场研究:揭示东胜砂岩型铀矿床成矿机理的一把钥匙

以鄂尔多斯盆地北部的砂岩型铀矿为目标,在铀储层形成发育的沉积学背景研究基础上,重点通过砂分散体系、沉积物粒度、隔挡层厚度和孔隙度的定量分析,精细地刻画了直罗组铀储层的外部几何形态和内部复杂结构,充分展示了铀储层的定量非均质性。依据盆地构造充填演化阶段、铀成矿年代学和地学空间信息三维可视化平台,分别对5个演化阶段的古地貌进行了恢复,并对不同演化时期的铀储层空间位置给予了准确定位,从而揭示了直罗组铀储层从沉积到接受铀成矿再到铀矿被改造期间的空间形态演化历史。在盆地构造充填演化研究、古地貌恢复和铀储层定量非均质性分析的基础上,重建了5个不同时期古地下水系统结构和参数的空间变化面貌,并运用地下水数值模拟方法再现了研究区5个演化阶段成矿古流场的特征及其演化规律。综合分析认为,铀储层的空间演变和内部非均质性制约了成矿流场的基本格局,成矿流场又无疑控制着层间氧化带的发育和铀成矿。当铀储层形成期的古水流方向与主成矿期地下水流场方向总体一致时有利于铀成矿,而当两者流向垂直时则成矿效率降低。     

Uranium isotopes (234U/238U) in rivers of the Yukon Basin (Alaska and Canada) as an aid in identifying water sources, with implications for monitoring hydrologic change in arctic regions

The ability to detect hydrologic variation in large arctic river systems is of major importance in understanding and predicting effects of climate change in high-latitude environments. Monitoring uranium isotopes (²³⁴U and ²³⁸U) in river water of the Yukon River Basin of Alaska and northwestern Canada (2001?C2005) has enhanced the ability to identify water sources to rivers, as well as detect flow changes that have occurred over the 5-year study. Uranium isotopic data for the Yukon River and major tributaries (the Porcupine and Tanana rivers) identify several sources that contribute to river flow, including: deep groundwater, seasonally frozen river-valley alluvium groundwater, and high-elevation glacial melt water. The main-stem Yukon River exhibits patterns of uranium isotopic variation at several locations that reflect input from ice melt and shallow groundwater in the spring, as well as a multi-year pattern of increased variability in timing and relative amount of water supplied from higher elevations within the basin. Results of this study demonstrate both the utility of uranium isotopes in revealing sources of water in large river systems and of incorporating uranium isotope analysis in long-term monitoring of arctic river systems that attempt to assess the effects of climate change.     

Hydrogeochemical modelling of an active system of uranium fixation by organic soils and sediments (Needle's Eye,Scotland)

Uranium accumulation in organic-rich sediments can be closely modelled by assuming that the dominant effect of the uranium-organic matter interaction is the direct or indirect reduction of uranyl compounds to form U(IV) minerals, especially uraninite-pitchblende. Application of this model to the Needle's Eye (Scotland) site where uranium is actively accumulating in Quaternary sediments demonstrates that uranium accumulation is both effective and rapid in environments involving shallow, organic-rich, reducing horizons. The period of uranium deposit formation at Needle's Eye is estimated to be as short as 5000 years. The transport of uranium to the site of deposition by oxidizing groundwaters and the channelling of these oxidizing uraniferous groundwaters are identified as important factors involved in the rapid accumulation of uranium. The regional hydrogeological model indicates that a fault in the area appears to act as a hydraulic screen for the uraniferous groundwaters. On one side of the fault the Quaternary sediments are well drained whilst on the other the flow of groundwater seeps out creating a major flux just at the bottom of the organic-rich layers. The local hydrogeological model shows that the groundwater flow is vertical in this area. A third significant factor in the development of these uranium accumulations is the presence of a significant nearby source of leachable primary uranium. In the case of the Needle's Eye site this is in the form of some thirty 185 ±20 Ma, pitchblende-bearing veins.     

The transport and fate of Fe,Mn, Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb and SO4 in a groundwater plume and in downstream surface waters in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District,Idaho, U.S.A.

The controls on metal concentrations in a plume of acidic (pH 3.29–5.55) groundwater in the Moon Creek watershed in Idaho, U.S.A., were investigated with the use of property-property plots. A plot of Ca vs S demonstrated that a plume of contaminated groundwater was being diluted by infiltration of rain and creek water at shallow depths and by ambient groundwater near bedrock. The small amount of dissolved Fe (2.1 mg/l) was removed while dissolved Pb was added, reaching a maximum concentration of 0.37 mg/l. The other metals (Zn ≤ 16, Al ≤ 6.2, Cu ≤ 2.1 and Cd ≤ 0.077 mg/l) in the shallow groundwater were essentially conserved until they emerged as a seep along the creek bank. Upon mixing with the creek water, groundwater was diluted by factors between 11 and 50, and the pH of the mixture became neutral. Metals originating from the contaminated groundwater were removed in the creek in the following order: Fe > Al > Pb ≫ Cu > Mn > Zn = Cd.Pb and Cu continued to be removed from solution even as the creek passed adjacent to a tailings pile. In contrast, Zn concentrations in the creek increased adjacent to the tailings area, presumably as a result of the reemergence of the upgradient plume as the creek lost elevation.Below the tailings dam, contaminated creek water (400–800 μg Zn/l) was diluted by both smaller side streams and a creek of equal flow. The presence of 3 distinctive water masses required the use of two tracers (dissolved Si and S) to distinguish between mixing and geochemical reactions. The removal of metals was greater during low flow conditions. Pb was removed to the greatest extent, falling below detection limits (0.5 μ/l) at the first sampling location. Copper and Mn were removed to a lesser extent during low flow conditions and approached conservative behavior during high flow conditions. During a 5-km journey through two hydrological regimes, less than 10% of the dissolved Zn and Cd was lost.     

Geochemistry and hydrology of perched groundwater springs: assessing elevated uranium concentrations at Pigeon Spring relative to nearby Pigeon Mine,Arizona (USA)

The processes that affect water chemistry as the water flows from recharge areas through breccia-pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon region of the southwestern United States are not well understood. Pigeon Spring had elevated uranium in 1982 (44 μg/L), compared to other perched springs (2.7–18 μg/L), prior to mining operations at the nearby Pigeon Mine. Perched groundwater springs in an area around the Pigeon Mine were sampled between 2009 and 2015 and compared with material from the Pigeon Mine to better understand the geochemistry and hydrology of the area. Two general groups of perched groundwater springs were identified from this study; one group is characterized by calcium sulfate type water, low uranium activity ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U (UAR) values, and a mixture of water with some component of modern water, and the other group by calcium-magnesium sulfate type water, higher UAR values, and radiocarbon ages indicating recharge on the order of several thousand years ago. Multivariate statistical principal components analysis of Pigeon Mine and spring samples indicate Cu, Pb, As, Mn, and Cd concentrations distinguished mining-related leachates from perched groundwater springs. The groundwater potentiometric surface indicates that perched groundwater at Pigeon Mine would likely flow toward the northwest away from Pigeon Spring. The geochemical analysis of the water, sediment and rock samples collected from the Snake Gulch area indicate that the elevated uranium at Pigeon Spring is likely related to a natural source of uranium upgradient from the spring and not likely related to the Pigeon Mine.