污染水及对污染致病问题的研究

在城乡供水中 ,评价地下水是否受到污染 ,用有无病菌是不确切的 ,随着工农业的发展 ,不仅污染来源于生活污水、生活垃圾、农业灌溉污水及工业垃圾等 ,也使地下水受到严重污染。工业废水 ,工业垃圾中含有重金属 ,有机、无机化合物 ,给人类健康和生活环境造成极大危害 ,本文着重从生活污水工业废水 ,污水灌溉等方面的污染致病进行了分析探讨     

运城市地下水资源开发利用的问题及对策

通过对运城市平原区地下水超量开采引起的环境地质问题以及工业废水、生活污水对地下水的污染状况的分析,基于可持续发展思想,提出加强沿黄地下水水源地的建设开发,加大节水灌溉设施建设,调整开采层位,对地下水资源合理定价,严格控制工业废水及生活污水对地下水资源的污染等一系列对策措施.     

泰安市水环境现状分析及对策研究

随着泰安市经济社会的迅速发展,城乡工业废水和生活污水排放量日益增加,河流湖泊水质恶化,水资源短缺和水污染问题日益突出.对泰安市地表水体水质状况,地下水质状况及污染原因进行了分析研究,提出来治理保护措施.     

污染水及污染致病问题的研究

在城乡供水中，评价地下水是否受到污染，用有无病菌是不确切的，随着工农业的发展，不仅污染来源于生活污水、生活垃圾、农业灌溉污水及工业垃圾等，也使地下水受到严重污染。工业废水，工业垃圾中含有重金属，有机、无机化合物，给人类健康和生活环境造成极大危害，本文着重从生活污水工业废水，污水灌溉等方面的污染致病进行了分析探讨。     

太原市浅层地下水污染状况及对策

太原市浅层地下水污染十分严重，其污染的分布特征与地表水污染有密切的联系，污染的主要成因是工业废水、生活污水及农业污灌等污废水通过各种途径渗漏到地下水中，导致浅层水受到污染。本文通过对水质污染现状、原因及其机理分析，提出了防止污染及水质保护的具体措施。     

米泉县潜水水质恶化浅析

米泉县地下水潜水污染十分严重，其污染分布特征和水文地质条件有密切联系，污染的主要成因是工业废水、生活污水及农药的污染等污废水通过各种途径渗漏，导致潜水水质恶化。本文通过多年的观测，积累了大量的水质监测资料，详细阐述了水质污染的现状、原因及其机理分析。     

济南某地区裂隙岩溶地下水硝酸盐污染现状及溯源浅析

通过对历史资料的对比,揭示了济南某地裂隙岩溶地下水中硝酸根污染现状,并通过三线图法对硝酸根进行溯源分析,显示研究区地下水硝酸根含量受人类活动影响明显,并有进一步发展的趋势。相关性分析法分析结果显示地下水硝酸根含量与Cl相关,说明其与工业废水联系密切,而土壤剖面中硝酸根含量显示,土壤中硝酸根含量的顺序为:禽畜粪便污染类污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类。分析认为,研究区裂隙盐溶承压水硝酸根污染的来源主要为补给区及径流区强烈渗漏携带牲畜粪便及氮肥和农家肥的施用、生活污水、工业废水及浅层水混入。     

济宁市城区地下水环境问题与防治对策

济宁市城区地下水超量开采，引起地下水环境的变化．使地下水位不断下降．形成地下水降落漏斗，地下岩层在上覆土层压力和建筑物荷栽的作用下，压缩变形，产生地面沉降，地表工业废水和生活污水的渗透，使浅层地下水受到污染。为此提出了相应的防治措施及对策。     

伊通河水环境容量与污染防治对策的研究

长春市唯一过境河流－伊通河是市区内工业废水和生活污水的主要受纳水体。依据各河段的区位、水力、污染、使用特征对伊通河环境进行功能区划分,然后按各功能区不同的控制标准计算了环境容量、污水允许排放量和污染物允许排放浓度,并与整体控制时的相应指标进行比较,最后提出分区控制的优越性和必要性及恢复伊通河水环境质量的减压增容措施,以确保地区的经济建设与环境保护协调发展。     

大型闸坝工程对河流稀释扩散作用的影响

我们选择淮河蚌埠河段来研究河道径流对稀释扩散作用的影响,是因为蚌埠河段的径流量受上游蚌埠闸的控制,闸下是河道主要的污染源,径流量与稀释扩散作用的变化比较明显。一、蚌埠河段的污染简况蚌埠市位于淮河中游,是安徽省的主要工业城市之一,主要工业区分布在淮河右岸,解放以来,各类工厂如化工、印染、造纸、酒精、皮革等厂相继兴建,排放大量含毒和含有机物质的废水,目前每天约有十余万吨的工业废水和生活污水,未经处理集中于右岸六条排污沟(涵)排入淮河,各沟口化学耗氧量均超     

Quasiperiodic oscillations in the atmospheres of the Sun,Earth, and planets

The published data on long-term observations on cycles of the activity of the Sun and stars of late spectral classes (F, G, K) were analyzed. Quasiperiodic oscillations (QPO) in solar activity with periods varying from 1.8 (7-year cycles) to 12.5 years (24-year cycles) were revealed for the first time. A high degree of correlation between QPO periods and long-term cycles of variations in the activity of the Sun and stars was revealed.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald,England, and Bas-Boulonnais,France

Study of the cross-stratification and other sedimentary structures in the Lower Greensand of the Weald, England, and Bas-Boulonnais, France, indicates that the sediments were deposited by the lateral migration of sand waves in a neritic sea. Comparison of the Lower Greensand sea with the modern North Sea was attempted. If those sediments were deposited as a result of tidal current similar to the present-day North Sea then the Lower Greensand shoreline could be deduced as running northwest-southeast, indication that the western part of the London Platform was submerged.     

新疆阿克陶县乌孜别里地区流纹岩的形成时代及成因分析

西昆仑乌孜别里山口南侧一带火山岩地层的时代归属一直存有争议。该套地层虽普遍发育以流纹岩为主的火山岩系,但尚未有人对其开展系统的年代学与地球化学研究。本次研究对该套地层中的流纹岩进行元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素的研究。流纹岩激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb年龄为(521.0±2.8) Ma,表明其形成于早寒武世。流纹岩具有高硅富碱的特点,为过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列,岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)、轻稀土元素和不相容元素U,相对亏损重稀土元素、高场强元素(P、Ti),具有中等Eu负异常,流纹岩具有高分异S型花岗岩的特征。锆石Hf同位素初始比值εHf (t)变化范围在-0.9～4.1之间,主要为正值,两阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM2)介于1533～1229 Ma之间,显示乌孜别里地区流纹岩为中元古代新生地壳物质重熔形成的岩浆,经较高程度的分异演化而成。结合前人研究成果,推断研究区流纹岩形成于原特提斯洋俯冲背景下岩浆弧构造环境。     

Geodymanics of Tibet,Tarim, and the Tien Shan in the Late Cenozoic

The tectonic and geodynamic consequences of the collision between Hindustan and Eurasia are considered in the paper. The tectonic evolution and deformation of Tibet and the Tien Shan in the Late Cenozoic is described on the basis of geological, geophysical, and geodetic data. The factual data and their interpretation, which shed light on the kinematics of the tectonic processes in the lithosphere and the geodynamics of the interaction between the Tien Shan, Tarim, and Tibet are discussed. A geodynamic model of their interaction is proposed.     

Dissolution channels in quartz and the role of pressure changes in gold and sulfide deposition in the Archean, greenstone-hosted, Hutti gold deposit, Karnataka, India

The pressure, temperature and composition of ore fluids that resulted in gold deposition in the Archean, greenstone-hosted Hutti deposit have been studied using fluid inclusions and the compositions of arsenopyrite and chlorite. Five types of fluids have been identified in fluid inclusions in quartz veins associated with mineralization. They are (1) monophase CO ₂-rich fluid; (2) low-salinity (0 to 14 wt% NaCl equivalent) and high-salinity (16 to 23 wt% NaCl equiv.) aqueous fluids; (3) high-salinity (28 to 40 wt% NaCl equiv.), polyphase aqueous fluids; (4) CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl fluids of low salinity (0–8 wt% NaCl equiv.); and (5) a few carbonic inclusions with halite±nahcolite. The diversity of entrapped fluid composition is explained in terms of changes in fluid pressure and temperature which affect a more or less uniform supply of primary low-salinity CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl fluid to the shear zone. Geothermobarometric studies indicate that during mineralization temperature ranged between 360 and 240 °C, and fluid pressure between 3,600 and 1,600 bar. The data are interpreted in terms of the cyclic fault-valve mechanism for active shear zones. Deposition of gold and sulfides has been studied on the basis of constraints from the composition of wall-rock chlorite, ore-mineral assemblages, and textural features. Tubular channels, 20 to 100 µm wide and up to 500 µm long that arise from fractures and C-planes in sheared quartz veins are reported for the first time. The channels have pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite and gold at their distal ends, with calcite filling up the remaining part. These channels form in response to increases in T and P, by dissolution of quartz grains, guided by dislocations in them. At the P– T conditions of interest, gold and sulfide deposition takes place in the shears and fractures of quartz veins from CO ₂–H ₂O–NaCl ore fluid of low salinity and pH due to changes in phase compositions that occur during the process of shear failure of the enclosing rocks. In the wall rock where pH is buffered, gold deposition takes place from the predominant Au(HS) ₂ ^- species with progressive sulfide deposition and decrease in SS, from 0.01 to 0.001 mol/kg as T falls from 360 to 240 °C.     

Distribution of REE,LILE, and HFSE between biotite,feldspar, and the melt in the granulite facies migmatite,nimnyr block,Aldan shield

The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt D_i^min/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE D_i are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially D_i for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the D_i of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.     

Metals,arsenic, and sulfur in the Aue and Eibenstock granites,Erzgebirge

Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO _Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO _Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.     

Pressure Increases, the Formation of Chromite Seams, and the Development of the Ultramafic Series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana

This paper explores the hypothesis that chromite seams in theStillwater Complex formed in response to periodic increasesin total pressure in the chamber. Total pressure increased becauseof the positive V of nucleation of CO₂ bubbles in the melt andtheir subsequent rise through the magma chamber, during whichthe bubbles increased in volume by a factor of 4–6. Byanalogy with the pressure changes in the summit chambers ofKilauea and Krafla volcanoes, the maximum variation was 0•2–0•25kbar, or 5–10% of the total pressure in the Stillwaterchamber. An evaluation of the likelihood of fountaining andmixing of a new, primitive liquid that entered the chamber withthe somewhat more evolved liquid already in the chamber is basedupon calculations using observed and inferred velocities andflow rates of basaltic magmas moving through volcanic fissures.The calculations indicate that hot, dense magma would have oozed,rather than fountained into the chamber, and early mixing ofthe new and residual magmas that could have resulted in chromitecrystallizing alone did not take place. Mixing was an important process in the Stillwater magma chamber,however. After the new magma in the chamber underwent {smalltilde}5% fractional crystallization, its composition, temperature,and density approached those of the overlying liquid in thechamber and the liquids then mixed. If this process occurredmany times over the course of the development of the Ultramaficseries, a thick column of magma with orthopyroxene on its liquiduswould have been the result. Thus, the sequence of multiple injections,fractionation, and mixing with previously fractionated magmacould have been the mechanism that produced the thick bronzitecumulate layer (the Bronzitite zone) above the cyclic units.     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.