福建连城5级地震与构造的关系分析

１９９２年１１月２６日在福建连城发生了５．０级地震，宏观震中位于黄地－赖源－带（１１６°５７′Ｅ，２５°３２′Ｎ），震中烈度Ⅵ度强，震源深度７－８ｋｍ。极震区等震线呈椭圆形，长轴方向为ＮＥ，与震中区的黄地－梅村头断裂展布方向基本一致，余震沿该断裂分布，并自ＮＥ向ＳＷ方向迁移。黄地－梅村头断裂可能是这次地震的发震构造。     

2017年九寨沟地震序列南北分布不一致的成因分析（英文）

2017年九寨沟地震序列主震北部的余震分布较为分散,而主震南部的余震分布较为平直且集中。本研究基于地震震源机制的水平应变花、面应变和基于区域应变率的适应系数,分析上述不一致的动力学成因,得到以下结论：(1)主震北部具有震源机制的余震中约有三分之一为逆冲型地震,而且由于区域构造主压应变方向与主震北部断层走向垂直,确实也容易促使低倾角断层上逆冲型地震的发生,同时由于主震北部整体震源机制为逆冲型,以及主震北部的地震序列引起的断层运动与板块构造运动的一致性较差等原因,都导致主震北部余震较分散。(2)主震南部具有震源机制的余震中只有1个逆走滑型,但是有30个为走滑型地震,而且区域构造主压应变方向与主震南部断层走向的夹角较大,这使得主震南部断层更容易产生走滑型地震,同时主震南部整体震源机制为走滑型,以及主震南部的地震序列引起的断层运动与板块构造运动的一致性较好等原因,都使得主震南部余震较平直且集中。本研究结果对研究巴颜喀拉东北缘虎牙断裂隐伏断层的活动性及发震性质也有一定意义。     

1988年澜沧-耿马地震的震源特征及其有限元模拟

本文根据澜沧-耿马地震序列余震分布图像的变化，以及用复合型法反演主震破裂过程的研究结果，提出了澜沧-耿马地区北北西走向顺向雁行型双断层力学模型．用断裂力学有限元方法进行数字模拟研究表明：模型中的两个内端点区之间是主压应力的相对低值区，而剪应力分布在两个内端点区为高值区且以较大梯度向中心衰减，两次７级地震后接连发生的４次近东西走向的６级余震主要发生在这一带．由于压应力的减弱、剪应力的增加，使近东西走向的断层上摩擦力减小，有利于发生剪切错动，引发近东西走向分布的强余震；当区域主压应力方向取北北东向时，断层的理论滑动矢量图显示出右旋走滑性质，与震源机制及地表考查结果一致．当区域主压应力方位取值在ＮＥ２５°附近且北部７．２级震区的弹性模量相对南部７．６级震区足够大时，北部断层１的相对滑动矢量可比南部断层２大，从而导致７．２级地震的震中烈度大于７．６级地震的烈度异常分布．     

2019年6月17日四川长宁地震序列震源机制与震源区震后构造应力场研究

基于中国地震科学数据中心提供的波形资料,采用gCAP方法反演2019年6月17日四川长宁M 6.0地震震源机制解以及17次M>3.5余震震源机制解,并用所得震源机制解资料反演了震源区震后构造应力场.获得以下结论:(1)主震震源机制解节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为309°、68°和41°,节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为201°、53°和152°,矩心深度为10.7 km,矩震级为5.8,结果表明主震属于兼具有走滑分量的逆冲型地震,余震序列以逆冲型地震为主;(2)震后震源区主压应力轴方位为NEE,倾角近乎水平,主张应力轴方位为SSE,倾角接近垂直,属于逆冲型应力状态,与周边地质构造运动状态相吻合;(3)结合震源机制解特征、余震展布、等震线长轴方向以及周边地质构造特征,推测此次地震的发震断层为长宁—双河背斜北翼褶皱伴生的NW向断层,对应于主震震源机制解节面Ⅰ.     

1992年6月28日大贝尔地震宽频记录的分析：多震源的证据

６月２８日大贝尔地震发生于１５：０５：２１格林尼（ＧＭＴ）。该地震被认为是早些时间ＭＷ＝７．３的兰斯地震的余震。从所有余震的位置和工周期震源研究看一 向北东方向传播的，然而，地表没有发现破裂，由强震和ＴＥＲＲＡｓｃｏｐｅ数据所确定的主震位置相互一致，并且没有位于假设的断层面上。此我，对ＴＥＲＲＡｓｃｏｐｅ台阵中得到的记录进行的方向性分析表明，显著的短周期和长周期能量沿假定的相对断层向北西方向传播２     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震序列断层结构及震源区应力场特征

使用芦山地震序列2013年4月20日至5月20日一个月的地震震相数据和M_S4.0以上地震的波形数据, 通过双差定位方法得到了3398个地震的精定位结果, 利用时间域全波形反演方法得到17个地震的矩张量解。 综合分析地震双差定位结果和芦山地震序列中强地震震源机制解, 发现芦山地震发震构造由主震断层和次级反冲断层组成, 主震断层为一走向北东、 倾向北西、 倾角约为45°的高角度逆冲断层, 次级反冲断层与主震断层走向相同, 倾向相反, 两条断层均未出露地表。 主震和余震震源机制解均为逆冲型, 几乎没有走滑分量。 震源区主压应力方位为北西向, 与发震断层走向近乎垂直。     

1954年山丹地震破裂带初步考证

1954年山丹地震遗留至今的破裂带主要有 2条 :包代河至黑山头为主破裂带 ,长约 16ｋｍ ;独峰顶至坡拉麻顶为次级破裂带 ,断续分布长约 10ｋｍ .2条破裂带走向均为ＮＷ ,近于平行 ,二者相距约 6ｋｍ ,分别由地震断层、崩塌和地裂缝等构成 .(1)地震断层 :分布于包代河口至大峡河以东海拔 2 0 0 0ｍ左右的山麓地带 ,长度大于 2ｋｍ ,走向Ｎ50°Ｗ .地表破裂与先存断层重合 .在剖面上可见花岗岩与白垩系砂砾岩呈断层接触 .该断层水平和垂直位移均很显著 ,最大垂直位移 1.2ｍ ,多数小于 1ｍ ,在地貌上显示为反坡向陡坎 ;最大水平位移 3.5～ 4ｍ ,…     

张北-尚义地震序列的重新定位

应用相对定位方法, 对张北－尚义地震序列的主震和ＭＬ≥３．０ 余震重新精确定位。得出：张北－尚义地震序列的主震位置为北纬４１．１５°, 东经１１４．４６°, 位于宏观震中的北东方向约４ ｋｍ处, 震源深度１５ ｋｍ 。余震震源分布在北东约２０°的近乎垂直的平面内及其附近。张北－尚义地震序列的重新精确定位的结果,清楚地表明了这次地震的发震构造是南—北向至南南西—北北东向的具有较小的逆冲分量的右旋断层活动     

1985年新疆乌恰地震烈度与发震构造

１９８５年乌恰地震发生在新疆乌恰县城东南４０ｋｍ的克孜勒苏河谷中。震中烈度为Ⅸ度,地震类型为主震－余震型,余震具有波伏衰减的特征。乌恰县城和乌帕尔镇大多数房屋倒塌或遭到破坏。主震在极震区内克孜勒苏河谷阶地上产生了一条地表破裂带,其长为１５ｋｍ,宽为１００￣８００ｍ,由地震断层、挤压脊和地震裂缝组成。１９９５年乌恰地震的发震构造是卡兹克阿尔特逆掩断裂。该地震应属褶皱类型地震,这类地震产生的震害具有上     

四川芦山MS7.0地震余震序列双差定位、震源机制及应力场反演

2013年4月20日发生了四川芦山M_S7.0地震,主震中位于青藏地块与华南地块结合部的龙门山断裂带南端.本研究用双差定位法对芦山地震主震及余震序列进行重新定位,得到主震位置为(30.29°N,102.97°E,17.82 km)及4100多次余震重新定位结果.利用GSN/IRIS台网和国家台网及四川省区域台网的波形数据对主震及部分余震进行了震源机制解反演.结果表明,主震为一次逆冲地震,根据余震序列分布确定发震断层面走向为200°,震源机制解断层倾角为45°.基于震源断层面解和断层滑动方向,采用力轴张量计算法得到了研究区域的平均主压应力方向约为N112°E.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。