Precipitazioni intense al margine meridionale delle Alpi

Riassunto In questo lavoro sono studiate specialmente le precipitazioni intense (quantità giornaliere 50 mm) del periodo 1901–1950, mediante 6 stazioni del margine meridionale delle Alpi, confrontate con una stazione del nord delle Alpi (Zurigo) e una della Lombardia (Milano). Si trova che le precipitazioni intense sul versante sud delle Alpi sono molto più frequenti che nelle stazioni di confronto e che al margine meridionale delle Alpi è considerevole l'apporto delle precipitazioni intense alla somma totale.

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Summary In the present paper is being examined particularly the frequency of large precipitations (daily amounts 50 mm) on the southern side of the Swiss Alps (period 1901–1950). For this purpose the conditions of precipitation of six stations in Southern Switzerland are compared with those of one station on the northern side of the Alps (Zürich) and of one in Lombardy (Milan). It is shown that the frequency of large precipitations is much higher on the southern slope of the Alps than on the stations mentioned in comparison. Also that the share of the amount of large precipitations on the total amount is rather considerable.

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Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden vor allem die grossen Niederschläge (Tagesmengen 50 mm) der Periode 1901–1950 anhand von 6 Stationen auf der Alpensüdseite untersucht und mit je einer Station auf der Alpennordseite (Zürich) und in der Lombardei (Mailand) verglichen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass grosse Niederschläge an der Südabdachung der Alpen viel häufiger sind als an den Vergleichstationen und dass der Anteil der grossen Niederschläge an der Gesamtmenge am Alpensüdfuss beträchtlich ist.

     

Approximative ray tracing and the accuracy of earthquake localization in media approximated by block structures

Summary Localization errors made by approximating a given medium by a homogeneous rectangular block model and due to the approximative solution of two-point ray tracing are estimated for four different structures. The separate influence of the individual characteristics of the medium is discussed. The iterative Geiger method supplemented by a generalized inversion of the damped least-squares and Marquardt algorithm is used for localizating five hypothetical hypocentres using 9 stations. Travel times in the original structures, used as input data for localization, are calculated using a special ray tracing system.

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am uu auauu a annuau a ¶rt; ¶rt; ma u ma ¶rt;¶rt; u annuau m a ¶rt; munau nuuum .

     

Sur l'influence de la loi de répartition des densités à l'intérieur de la Terre dans les variations luni-solaires de la gravité en un point

Résumé Les observations des variations luni-solaires de la gravité en divers points du globe ne donnent pas des valuers très concordantes pour le facteur lié au module de rigidité de la Terre. On démontre ici que la répartition croissante des densités vers le centre de la Terre a pour conséquence d'amplifier encore les effets dus à l'élasticité. En adoptant la répartition deBullen, on aurait =1+0.244h>1, (h étant le premier nombre deLove). En outre une relation simple lie les facteurs et (déviations de la verticale). La valuer deh déduite de telles observations ne peut conduire directement à une valeur significative du module de rigidité du globe car il faut encore tenir compte des variations de la période et de l'amplitude du mouvement chandlérien du pôle.

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Summary Observations of luni-solar variations of gravity at various points of the Earth do not give values in agreement for the factor bound to the Earth's modulus of rigidity. It is shown here that the law of increasing of density toward the center of the Earth emphasizes the effect of elasticity: following the law ofBullen, we should have =1+0.244h>1, (h is the firstLove's number). Further, there is a simple relation between the factors and (deviations of the vertical). The value ofh deduced from such observations could not give directly a significative value of the modulus of rigidity because we must take into account the variations of period and amplitude of the chandlerian motion of the pole.

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Riassunto Le osservazioni delle variazioni luni-solari della gravità in diversi punti della Terra non dànno valori concordanti per il fattore legato al modulo di rigidità del Globo. Si dimostra che la ripartizione crescente della densità verso il centro della Terra ha per conseguenza di amplificare ancora gli effetti dell'elasticità; adottando la legge diBullen, abbiamo =1+0.244h>1, (h essendo il primo numero diLove). Inoltre, una semplice relazione lega i fattori e (deviazioni della verticale). Il valore dih dedotto da tali osservazioni non può condurre ad un valore significativo del modulo di rigidità del Globo poiché bisogna considerare anche le variazioni del periodo e dell'ampiezza del moto polare diChandler.

     

Heat flow variations in the presence of an irregular contact of different rock type

Summary The effect of an irregular contact of two different rock types on the surface heat flow was analysed for the Zlatý Kopec region in northwest Bohemia. The 2-D geothermal model of subsurface structures was compiled according to measured values of the thermal conductivity and heat sources and by using isobaths map of the metamorphite-granite boundary. The heat flow was computed numerically from the temperature distribution obtained as a finite-difference solution of the heat conduction equation. It was found that the heat flow variation, corresponding to the most probable model, amounts approximately to the half of the actually observed changes. The surface heat flow is affected strongly by the thermal conductivity contrast between the overlying metamorphites and underlying granites and, on the contrary, it is little sensitive to the heat production difference between both rock types. It seems, therefore, that, despite the big heat production contrast observed, the main source of the heat flow variability are thermal conductivity inhomogeneities.

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¶rt;am uu mama ¶rt; m¶rt; mun n¶rt; a nm mn nm ¶rt; amu am n ana¶rt; uu. a u au mnn¶rt;mu u mnauu u n amu aauauaum — mauu n¶rt; a maa ¶rt;a ¶rt; nunm mm. n nm auma n -am u au mnn¶rt;mu. mam ¶rt;m, m auau mn nma ma a m ¶rt;u, n¶rt;mam nuuum nu a¶rt;a uu. a nm m u um aua mnn¶rt;mu ¶rt; aauu mauuu n¶rt;au u uaauaum, u am, nm a mum auu mnauu ¶rt; muu n¶rt;au. aum, m, m a a¶rt;a au mnauu,a umu auau mn nma m ¶rt;¶rt;mu uma mnn¶rt;mu.

     

Versuch einer statistischen Untersuchung über die Eigenschaften der Windsee bei abnehmendem Wind

Zusammenfassung Visuelle Beobachtungen der Bordwetterwarten auf den Fischereischutzbooten Meerkatze und Poseidon sowie auf dem Fischereiforschungsschiff Anton Dohrn werden statistisch bearbeitet, um Feststellungen über die Art der Seegangsabnahme bei abflauendem Wind zu treffen. In ähnlicher Weise werden Beobachtungen des in der Deutschen Bucht stationierten Feuerschiffes P 8 untersucht. Trotz großer Streuung der Einzelwerte lassen sich vorläufige quantitative Zusammenhänge zwischen Seegangsabnahme und den die Seegangseigenschaften beeinflussenden Faktoren ermitteln.

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Essay at a statistical investigation of the properties of the wind generated sea at decreasing wind

Summary Visual observations of the meteorological stations on board the fishery protection vessels Meerkatze and Poseidon as well as on board the fishery research vessel Anton Dohrn are statistically elaborated with a view to determine the nature of decreasing sea at decreasing wind. In a similar way, observations from the light vessel P 8 in the German Bight are investigated. Though the variations of the individual values are quite appreciable it is possible to discern the existence of provisional quantitative correlations between the decrease of the sea and those factors influencing the properties of the sea.

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Essai d'étudier d'une manière statistique les propriétés de la mer du vent en présence d'un vent affaiblissant

Résumé Des observations visuelles faites par les stations météorologiques à bord des navires garde-pêche «Meerkatze» et «Poseidon» ainsi qu'à bord du navire explorateur de pêche «Anton Dohrn» sont étudiées d'une manière statistique pour déterminer la nature de l'apaisement de la mer du vent en présence d'un vent affaiblissant. Les observations du bateau feu «P 8» dans la baie Allemande sont soumises à une étude analogue. Bien que les valeurs individuelles varient considérablement entre elles, on peut constater la présence des corrélations préliminaires quantitatives entre l'apaisement de la mer du vent et les facteurs influant sur les propriétés de la mer du vent.

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Herrn Dr. Richard Becker bin ich für die Erstellung der statistischen Unterlagen zu Dank verpflichtet. Der Deutsche Wetterdienst hat die Untersuchung durch die Bereitstellung von Geldmitteln zur Durchführung der statistischen Arbeiten unterstützt.     

The field of shortwave radiation in case of A clear sky

Summary A simple method of calculating fluxes and intensities (both spectral and integral) of radiation in the spectral region 0.29–4 in troposphere and lower stratosphere is proposed. This method allows to calculate with satisfactory accuracy the mean radiative regime of real atmosphere and to solve a wide range of problems both atmosphere-optical and thermal with arbitrary receivers of radiation. ( ) 0.29–4 . , .     

On latitudinal variations of temporal characteristics of the VLF chorus in the upper ionosphere

Summary The elements of the VLF chorus, observed simultaneously at a ground station and satellite in polar orbit, can be used to determine the differences in the arrival times of waves and their dependence on latitude. Mostly does not change practically over a wide range of latitudes, however, in some cases it may increase appreciably at low value of L. Model computations of the propagation time, based on the assumption that the source of the chorus is located close to the equatorial plane, have indicated the possibility of explaining the increase in at low latitudes by the presence of a step in the electron density profile close to this plane.

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a¶rt;u m a u a um nmu nun um nm n¶rt;um amu u nu¶rt;a ma a u u um auum (L). um a a m ¶rt;uana um, m a a¶rt;am aum uu a a L-a. am anmau n¶rt;nuu amua umua naam m um uu a uu uma auu mnu an¶rt;uu m mauu amua nmu.

     

Deuteron whistlers in the outer ionosphere

Summary Upgoing and downgoing deuteron whistlers were found on VLF records made by Interkosmos 5, 14 and 19 satellites even at heights below 1000 km. To account for them, a slight admixture ofD ⁺ ions has been introduced into the ionospheric plasma model with the usual content of only three ion speciesH ⁺,He ⁺ andO ⁺. Relations derived for the calculation of characteristic frequencies in a five-component plasma (e,H ⁺,D ⁺,He ⁺,O ⁺) are given as well as the values of characteristic frequencies calculated on this basis. The observed features of upgoing and downgoing deuteron whistlers could be explained by the calculation results, and it is also possible to formulate some conclusions for the purposes of plasma diagnostics.

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mu um, anmau a ma u u, u a a nmua m 5, 14 u 19 a ma ¶rt;a 1000 . u u a ¶rt;a ¶rt; u na ¶rt;au uH ⁺,He ⁺,O ⁺ aa nuD ⁺ u. m mm ua nma ¶rt;a ¶rt; aamumuu amm ¶rt;a ¶rt;u na. uu aamumuu amm nuu um a¶rt;a mu ¶rt;mu um. a m ¶rt; unam aamumuu ¶rt;mu um ¶rt; u¶rt;au naam na.

     

The relation between Gaussian beams and Maslov asymptotic theory

Summary The application of Maslov asymptotic theory in a general 3-D mixed subspace of 6-D complex phase space is proposed to obtain the integral superpositions of Gaussian packets and beams. The ray method and the superposition of plane waves (Maslov method of Chapman and Drummond [7]) are special limiting cases of the above mentioned approach. The same high-frequency asymptotic expansion formulae for seismic body waves were derived previously in [8] using the Gaussian beam method.

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uu aunmmu muu aa m a n¶rt;nmam mu a nmama n¶rt; ¶rt; nu uma nnuu a nam u n. nnuu nu u m¶rt; m nuau n¶rt;u au n¶rt; n¶rt;¶rt;a. a amm aunmmuu u a n m¶rt; a n [8].

     

Regularization of downward heat flow continuation

Summary Some regularization approaches to downward heat flow continuation from the Earth's surface to the depth of interest are presented, provided the heat transfer is described by the homogeneous steady-state equation. The Fourier transform of horizontal coordinates is used and the relation between the regularization of the heat flow spectrum and the regularization of the heat flow in the spatial domain are discussed. The utilization of an a priori information about the subsurface heat flow is mentioned.

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¶rt; m zuau n¶rt;¶rt; n¶rt;u u nmz mnz nma n¶rt;nuu, m n mna nuam ¶rt;¶rt; maua au (au anaa). na naau zuma ¶rt;uam u ama ¶rt; zuau mnz nma u uau z nma. nma m nuu anu u n¶rt;nmz mnz nma.

     

Ephemeris time,lunar orbital elements and FK4 equinox correction from the observations of the moon by the method of equal altitudes

ma n n¶rt;u u¶rt; u, m um u umuu ¶rt; amaa n nu , a¶rt;a n n a m. am nua ¶rt;a aau a¶rt;u n uumaa u ummna a ¶rt;u amuu 1965–1970 . mama u¶rt;, m na an amua ¶rt;mam ¶rt; m, m um n¶rt;um ¶rt;mam mm.     

Geophysikalische Aufschlußarbeiten in der Tiefsee

Summary This paper deals with the appli cability of geophysical methods to the analysis of the ocean bottom and of the gears and instrument herewith used under special consideration of such methods and instruments as were already applied by the British weather ship Weather Explorer for her researches in the Atlantic Ocean, in 1949 The results of these investigations are discussed and the thickness of loose and solid layers and of the basic material in the areas investigated is determined. Proceeding from the values thus obtained the age of the layers and even that of the ocean is estimated. Special attention is drawn to the considerable difference in thickness of the sedimentary top layers found by the Americans as well as by the Swedish Albatross-Expedition in various ocean areas.

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Recherches géophysiques du fond de l'océan

Résumé Dans cette petite considération l'applicabilité des méthodes géophysiques à l'analyse du fond de la mer est discutée, méthodes dont la frégate météorologique britannique Weather Explorer s'est déjà servie en Océan atlantique en 1949; l'ensemble des outils et des appareils appliqué est aussi décrit. Ensuite, les résultats de ces essais sont exposés et les strates meubles et les strates solides ainsi que les matières dures du fond dans les zones de recherche sont détérminées par rapport à leur épaisseur. A l'aide des valeurs obtenues l'âge des strates et même celui de l'océan est estimé. Enfin, l'attention est attirée à la différence sensible en épaisseur des strates sédimentaires supérieures que les Américains et l'expédition suédoise Albatross ont constatée en diverses zones océaniques.

     

ЧИСЛЕННЫЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ С ИСКУССТВЕННЫМИ ЯДРАМИ СУБЛИМАЦИИ В СТРУЙНОЙ МОДЕЛИ КУЧЕВОГО ОБЛАКА

nuam aau ¶rt; amu a um ¶rt; ¶rt;a uauu. ¶rt; ¶rt;a, ¶rt;mu auumu m mnam u nu mum ¶rt;a, umam m ¶rt;u z aa n¶rt; uuu, a aau. u¶rt; auum ¶rt;au z naa m mauu ¶rt; amu, naam, m ¶rt;au ¶rt;z naa zauuam u amu ¶rt;.

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Summary A formation of ice particles on artificial deposition INis described. INacting in dependence on the temperature and supersaturation over the ice are considered in the 1 D SSconvection cloud model with detailed microphysics including freezing. The limiting influence of the water vapour pressure upon the concentration of active INis shown resulting from the dependence of water vapour pressure on the ice particle concentration.

     

Étude du mouvement du sol au voisinage d'une faille

Summary The scheme of a seism caused by the slipping of a transcurrent fault is examined and the law of the variation of the seismic superficial displacement v/s distance to the fault is given, assuming that no extra stress is produced at the base of the broken layer. Taking a simple example for the preseismical strain, it is possible to find an order of magnitude of the extent of the fault in depth. An application to the San Francisco seism of 1906 gives a depth of about 13 km.

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Resumo Oni ekzamenas skemon de sisma ekmovo e fendego transkuranta kaj oni donas la leon de la supraa ekmovo kiel funkcio de la distanco al la fendego, en la hipotezo ke tiu movo ne produktas novan streon e la bazo de la fendita tavolo. Prenante simplan ekzemplon por la antaùsisma deformio oni povas determini proksimuman amplekson de la profundeco atingita de la fendo. Aplikado al la sismo de San Francisco de 1906 donas por la profundeco cirkaùe 13 km.

     

Spatial Structure and Long-Term Variations of The Ground-Level Temperature Variance

The global distribution of the ground-level temperature variance and its long-term variations have been investigated on the basis of the monthly mean temperature anomalies, obtained from ground-based and sea-borne meteorological observations from 1896 to 1990. Particular characteristics of the large-scale structure of the temperature variance have been found. There are three pronounced maxima in the global distribution of the temperature variance: in Central Siberia (60°75°N and 70° 120°E), North America (60°75°N and –170°–120°E) and the Antarctica (50°65°S and –60°10°E, where and are the geographic latitude and longitude, respectively) and there are two minima: over the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean areas. The minimum over the Pacific is not as pronounced, as over the Atlantic. The spatial pattern of the ground-level temperature variance is, on the whole, stable, the positions of the zones of extrema remaining practically unchanged over a long time interval. These results indirectly corroborate the mechanism of solar impact on the properties of the low atmosphere by the modulation of the flux of galactic cosmic rays. The mechanism accounts for the spatial distribution of the temperature variance as a result of combined effect of solar activity and ocean. Long-term variations of the Siberian maximum of the ground-level temperature variance agree with the changing duration of the sunspot cycle, in contrast to the North American maximum.     

Elektronenproduktion,Rekombination, Elektronendichte und Absorption in der ionosphärischenD-Region und ihre jahreszeitlichen Variationen

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Gleichung für die Elektronenproduktionq(z) abgeleitet, die die meteorologischen Elemente der Mesosphäre berücksichtigt. Nach Angaben über die mit Satelliten und Raketen gemessene Röntgenstrahlung mit 8 Å wird das Differentialspektrum des ionisierenden Energieflusses für eine mittlere Sonnenaktivität konstruiert. Auf dieser Grundlage und nach der bekannten Intensität der Strahlung Ly- sowie nach Angaben über dieElektronenproduktion der kosmischen Strahlung werden die Profileq _Rö(z),q _Ly-(z) undq _CR(z) für mittlere geographische Breiten und Standardatmosphäre entwickelt. Nach eingehender Analyse der vollständigen Gleichung für den effektiven Rekombinationskoeffizienten wird für die Verhältnisse in der tiefen Ionosphäre der Beitrag jeder einzelnen Komponente der Gleichung bestimmt. ist eine recht veränderliche Grösse, die von den aeronomischen und meteorologischen Verhältnissen und der Sonnenzenitdistanz abhängt. Aus den fürq(z) und (z) erhaltenen Angaben werden zwei ElektronendichteprofileN(z) für =30° und 75° erhalten. Das ProfilN(z) bei =30° wird mit dem gemittelten Profil einer umfangreichen Gruppe experimentell gefundener VerteilungenN(z) verglichen; das Profil bei =75° wird durch Messung der deviativen und nondeviativen Absorption für eine längere Zeitperiode überprüft. In beiden Fällen hat sich die Richtigkeit der theoretisch erhaltenen Profile bestätigt. Die jahreszeitlichen Variationen der nondeviativen Absorption in derD-Region sind ausschliesslich durch die Variationen der meteorologischen Parameter im Bereich der Mesopause bei konstantem Energiefluss der ionisierenden Strahlung bedingt.

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Summary An equation about the electron production is deduced in which the meteorological elements of the mesosphere are taken into account. The differential spectrum of the ionizing energy flux with 3 Å for average solar activity is constructed on evidence from rocket and satelitc measurements. The profilesq _Rö(z),q _Ly-(z) andq _CR(z) for mean geographical latitudes and standard atmosphere are plotted on that basis as well as on data fot the known intensity of the Ly- emission and the electron production of the cosmic rays. An exhaustive analysis is made of the full equation for the effective recombination coefficient and the contribution of all its components at lower ionosphere conditions is determined. is a rather variable quantity, dependent on the aeronomical and meteorological condition of the area under consideration, as well as on the solar zenith angle. Two profiles for the electron concentrationN(z) at =30° and 75° are drawn on the basis of data forq(z) and (z). The profileN(z) at =30° is compared with the averaged profile of a large group experimentally obtained distributionsN(z); the profile at =75° is checked by measurements of the deviative and nondeviative absorption taken for a lengthy period. Both checks are in good agreement with the theoretically obtained profiles. The seasonal variations of the nondeviative absorption in theD region could be completely explained with the variations of the meteorological parameters in the mesopause area at constant energy flux of the ionizing radiation.

     

Magnitudes of detectable and localizable shocks in nw bohemia

Summary The effectiveness of recording seismic phenomena in the Kruné hory (Mts.) region in NW Bohemia by selected stations in the CSR, GDR and Poland has been estimated. Magnitude isolines of the weakest earthquakes, which can be localized and detected with an 0.9 probability, were calculated on the basis of the level of seismic disturbances at the individual stations and of the empirical dependence of the attenuation of seismic waves with distance.

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a a mum umauu uu u amu ¶rt; ana¶rt; uu uau mauu a mumuu , u a a uu n a m¶rt; mau u nuu auumu amau uu m amu u auma uuuu aum¶rt; a a mu, m mm 0.9 auuam u aum.

     

Single- and inter-station transfer functions for non-synchronous geomagnetic arrays-II. the results of the field data analysis

Summary The theory of methods of computing single- and inter-station transfer functions in both the spectral and time domains was developed in paper[1]. Both approaches are applied to the variation data recorded at field stations along two non-simultaneous profiles traversing the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif, where a zone of anomalous induction seems to mark an important geological boundary of formations with different histories of development. The results of both analyses are found to coincide within reasonable bounds of 20–30% in the principal induction characteristics.

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u m¶rt; ama ¶rt;-u -mau n¶rt;am u nma u am a ua am[1]. am nua m am a n¶rt;¶rt;a nu ¶rt; aaua ¶rt;aaum auau aumua a n mau ¶rt; u nu, nau m au aua,¶rt; aa a aa u¶rt;uu. a, u¶rt;u, mamau a¶rt;a ¶rt; ¶rt; ¶rt;uuau au umuu aumu. mam aau nma u am auam a 20–30% ¶rt; u¶rt;u naam.

     

La diffusione delle acque Ioniche nel Tirreno attraverso lo Stretto di Messina

Riassunto Coi dati rilevati nel Settembre 1924 dalla Mario Bianco a Nord dello Stretto di Messina si determinano i coefficienti di diffusione turbolenta, longitudinale e trasversale, per gli strati superficiali della corrente scendente convogliata dallo Stretto medesimo: ottenendo valori in buon accordo con quelli calcolati da altri AA. per altre correnti marine. Inoltre si forniscono elementi sull'estensione per diffusione in profondità delle acque ioniche penetrate nel Tirreno.

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Summary Using the data gathered by the ship Mario Bianco during September 1924 the Authors make an attempt to calculate the longitudinal and lateral eddy-diffusion for the current north of the Messina-strait: the resulting coefficients agree well with the already known values. Further, the headlines of the diffusion of the Ionian waters in the Thyrrenian Sea are inferred and discussed.

     

Czech hydrometeorological institute limited-area operational forecast model

Summary The CHMI LAOFM is used in the daily routine of the Central Forecasting Office of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute and some special results are transmitted to the regional offices. The model works in the region of Europe and the North Atlantic, uses conservative finite difference schemes and two types of semi-implicit schemes that allow effective model structurization in terms of programming language. The basic philosophy of the model is described.

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¶rt; a zau mumuu unm zumzu umumm () ¶rt; z uz nza. m mam ¶rt;a zu nzam am amuu. z amam amu n u amu mamuz aa, un am , a a aa au. ama aum mu auau z n- , ma cam m nm a auuam mmauau nza. mam nuaa u u auauu.