曲流点坝内部剩余油形成与分布规律物理模拟

建立了曲流点坝物理模型,模拟地下曲流点坝储层进行驱替实验。观察注入剂的运动规律,同时,在模型上布置了测量电极,以双电极法测量驱替过程中垂向电阻变化,反映注入剂波及高度的变化规律。分析了侧积泥岩夹层的建筑结构对注入剂在点坝砂体中的流动规律,以及对剩余油的形成分布的影响。通过实验研究证实,在曲流点坝内部,侧积泥岩夹层对注入剂具有强烈的遮挡作用,受其影响形成侧积体差异型剩余油、重力型剩余油以及压力异常型剩余油三种类型剩余油,主要分布在点坝的中上部。在实际生产中,利用水平井钻遇点坝上部进行开采是主要的手段。     

Mechanisms of shear failure in artificial fractures of sandstone and their implication for models of hydromechanical coupling

Summary Direct shear tests, in which the behaviour of the rock surfaces during shear could be continuously observed, were used to study the shear failure of a profiled and clean discontinuity artificially prepared from natural sandstone. Displacement transducers were used to measure the normal and shear displacements. A series of strain gauges glued on the sides of the upper block provided information on the change of the stress field occurring close to the discontinuities whilst shear displacement increased, and these changes were then compared with the behaviour of the profiled surface. The results of the laboratory tests, the sequence of photographs taken for most of them, and the results conducted with a sample of similar shape made from the same rock material and tested in a rotary shear machine, allowed several stages and mechanisms of failure to be defined: static friction and mobilization of initial shear stiffness; mobilization of sliding; mobilization of brittle fracture; post-peak failure of the teeth; descent of the teeth; gliding and ploughing; commencement of second cycle of shearing. In many respects these stages are similar to those occurring between sliding surfaces of metal and suggest that the analyses developed in tribology may be relevant to the development of constitutive models for predicting the hydromechanical coupled behaviour of a discontinuity with shear displacement. Such models will have to consider these different stages of shear, because the original discontinuity changes its geometry with displacement and is filled with gouge which changes its grain size with displacement.     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水赋存分布

根据地层水赋存状态,在塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水中区分出3种不同的类型:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水和储层下部层间水,并分析了不同类型水体的化学—动力学特征。塔河油田奥陶系油藏储层非均质性强,油水分布规律十分复杂。背景储层缝洞发育程度不同,油气驱替程度不同,储集空间大小不同,其相应的油水分布规律、油藏开发动态及含水动态都不尽相同。本文总结了这些不同点并探讨了其油气勘探意义。     

稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期剩余油分布特征及提高采收率方式研究

针对中国浅层及中深层稠油油藏,利用数值模拟研究方法,研究了不同稠油油藏的蒸汽驱开发规律和蒸汽驱中后期的剩余油分布特征,明确了稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期的提高采收率方式。研究结果表明:浅层稠油油藏与中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱的开发规律基本一致。驱替阶段生产效果好、产量高且稳定、油汽比高、含水率低;蒸汽突破后的开发阶段也是蒸汽驱开发的重要阶段,但是该阶段油汽比明显低于驱替阶段,表明该阶段蒸汽热效率明显降低。不同稠油油藏的剩余油分布特征类似,均表现出明显的垂向动用差异特征,即油层上部动用程度高,剩余油饱和度低,油层下部动用程度低,剩余油饱和度高,下部油层是剩余油挖潜的主要对象。从下到上逐层上返开发和多介质辅助是提高蒸汽驱中后期采收率的有效方式。研究结果对同类油藏开发具有重要意义。     

碱/聚合物驱油藏剩余油饱和度定量监测技术研究

碱／聚合物二元复合驱是一种大幅度提高老油田采收率的三次采油方法．室内研究、试验表明，可比水驱提高采收率10％～18％左右．通过开展玻璃钢套管完井技术研究、玻璃钢套管测井方法研究和厚油层细分技术研究，在碱／聚合物二元复合驱先导实验区建立玻璃钢套管井时间推移感应测井和时间推移C／O测井系统，定量监测碱／聚合物二／C复合驱注入过程中剩余油饱和度的变化，通过8年的矿场试验，成功建立了剩余油饱和度定量研究的动态监测预测系统，同时，测井资料表明，碱／聚合物二元复合驱有效提高了波及体积和驱油效率．     

Residual strength of slip zone soils

Slip zones of ancient landslides are commonly composed of fine-grained soils with amount of coarse-grained particle. Residual strength of slip zone soil is an important parameter for evaluating reactivation potential and understanding progressive failure mechanism. In this study, the residual strength is examined by in situ direct shear tests, improved laboratory reversal shear box test, precut specimen triaxial shear test and ring shear test. Some residual shear behaviors are recognized. Field residual strength is the average operational resistance along the sliding surface not an ideal drained strength, which is less than peak and greater than residual strength measured in laboratory. Stress–displacement curves obtained from in situ shear and laboratory reversal direct shear demonstrate strain-hardening which have no significant peak, but the shear stress is decreased gradually with increasing displacement. Residual friction coefficient depends on the normal stress, and this dependence is relevant to the interaction of rolling and sliding of particles. Residual friction angle is closely related to coarse fraction and dry density, appearing a linear increase with increasing coarse fraction and a form of polynomial function with increasing dry density. The influence of shearing rate on residual strength can be negligible.     

土石混合料剪切特性影响因素的离散元数值研究

土石混合料剪切特性控制着高填方边坡的稳定性。土石混合料特殊的结构、物质及粒径组成等极其复杂,为探究土石混合料剪切特性影响因素及其规律,在室内试验基础上,基于PFC2D构建了颗粒离散元数值模型,分析了颗粒级配、初始孔隙率、块石尺寸及块石形状等因素对土石混合料剪切特性的影响。结果表明:土石混合料的剪应力-剪切位移曲线主要包括4个阶段:弹性变形、局部剪切、剪切破坏以及残余变形;块石形状、颗粒级配及初始孔隙率对土石混合料的破坏模式无明显影响,破坏模式均为应变软化型;当土石混合料的颗粒级配较差时,剪应力随剪切位移的增加出现较大波动,曲线出现明显"跳跃"现象;当含石量一定时,相同法向应力条件下,块石尺寸越大,土石混合料的抗剪强度越大,且随着法向应力的增大,不同块石尺寸的试验组之间抗剪强度差值也越大,块石尺寸对土石混合料抗剪强度的影响越明显。     

Quantitative estimate of residual or palaeo-oil column height

A method to quantitatively estimate residual or palaeo-oil column heights is proposed using criteria based on the presence or absence of oil shows in a single heterogeneous reservoir rock sample. The residual or palaeo-oil column height below the sample is constrained through the determination of the displacement pressure of regions in the sample containing oil shows (P_d-o) and the displacement pressure for regions that are devoid of any evidence of oil shows (P_d-w). The height of the residual or palaeo-oil column below the sampling depth can then be estimated to be greater than the equivalent height corresponding to P_d-o, but less than the height corresponding to P_d-w. Three examples from two basins in China were investigated using the method to determine their residual and palaeo-oil column heights.     

青藏高原北部移动冰丘破坏桥墩的数值模拟

青藏高原北部常年冻土区断裂破碎带发育的移动冰丘对桥梁、涵洞、输油管道等工程设施具有不同形式的破坏作用。考虑移动冰丘与工程设施的相互作用,根据野外观测和实验资料设计模型,应用三维有限元数值模拟方法,计算移动冰丘冻胀产生的位移场、应力场和桥墩弯曲应力,分析桥墩破裂机理。结果表明,移动冰丘能够产生11～-21 MPa的轴向应力和15～-31 MPa的主应力,在桥墩周围形成不同规模的应力集中区,导致桥墩发生显著偏移。桥墩的偏移和弯曲能够在桥墩内部产生高达61.9～64.6 MPa的张应力和-45.0～-49.0 MPa的压应力,超过桥墩的强度极限。在粗细桥墩连接部位,外侧形成张应力集中区,最大张应力达26～30 MPa;内侧形成压应力集中区,最大压应力达-25～-28.8 MPa。粗细桥墩连接部位外侧的张应力超过了钢筋混凝土的抗张强度,产生与野外观测资料基本吻合的桥墩破裂和结构破坏。移动冰丘导致桥墩变形破坏的三维有限元数值模拟能够为常年冻土区桥梁工程设计和地质灾害防治提供力学参数和科学依据。     

高孔砂岩断层内部微观结构及渗透性变化规律物理模拟

在油气勘探过程中,对于小位移断层分隔油水封闭能力的控制因素研究尚浅,野外也难以获得不同变形过程的断层带结构及其渗透性变化规律.因此,以高孔隙度纯净砂岩人造岩心为研究对象,采用自主研发的“高压~低速环形剪切装置”开展实验,实验后样品取心分别进行覆压孔渗测试、纳米CT扫描、铸体薄片分析等分析测试.以有效正应力和断层位移为实验变量开展了多组环剪实验,其研究结果表明:宏观上断层面上可观察到明显擦痕与粉末状碎裂岩,微观上确定了断层带内碎裂作用导致的颗粒粒度降低与颗粒的定向排列是孔渗降低的主要原因,断层带渗透率小于10 mD,较母岩降低2~3个数量级.随着断层有效正应力或断层滑动位移增加,断层带碎裂程度增大且粒径和孔径减小,断层带厚度增大,孔隙度和渗透率逐渐减小.这一结果可为小位移断层侧向封闭能力与油气勘探领域的研究奠定理论基础.      

高温高盐高黏油藏缔合聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术

针对大港油田孔南地区高温、高盐、中低渗、稠油等制约化学驱提高采收率的瓶颈技术问题,以官109 1断块枣Ⅴ油组为目标油藏,在优选适合缔合聚合物和表面活性剂基础上,进行聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术室内实验和现场应用研究。通过室内实验优选,缔合聚合物AP P7和表面活性剂BHS 01二元体系溶液与常规体系相比,具有较好的耐温抗盐性,拓展了常规二元驱适用油藏的温度和矿化度范围;缔合聚合物经过岩心剪切后仍能够有效建立阻力系数和残余阻力系数;通过岩心驱替实验,体系能有效提高稠油油藏的采收率,拓宽了聚合物驱适用的原油黏度范围;矿场单井试注后,注入井注入压力和启动压力升高,纵向吸水剖面得到改善,说明该体系在高温高盐条件下仍能保持较高黏度,能够有效改善水油流度比,效果明显。     

油气储集岩物性特征的自吸法及其应用

研究储集岩物性特征的自吸法是储集岩评价的重要途径之一,本文详细介绍了油气储集岩自吸法的实验程序和资料整理。在研究结果表明,自吸法不仅与常规物性研究方法有良好的可比 性,而且从新的角度和层次上揭示了储集岩的孔隙结构特征,近年来,在油气勘探和开发中受到普遍关注。     

Probabilistic analysis of tunnel displacements based on correlative recognition of rock mass parameters

Displacement is vital in the evaluations of tunnel excavation processes,as well as in determining the postexcavation stability of surrounding rock masses.The prediction of tunnel displacement is a complex problem because of the uncertainties of rock mass properties.Meanwhile,the variation and the correlation relationship of geotechnical material properties have been gradually recognized by researchers in recent years.In this paper,a novel probabilistic method is proposed to estimate the uncertainties of rock mass properties and tunnel displacement,which integrated multivariate distribution function and a relevance vector machine(RVM).The multivariate distribution function is used to establish the probability model of related random variables.RVM is coupled with the numerical simulation methods to construct the nonlinear relationship between tunnel displacements and rock mass parameters,which avoided a large number of numerical simulations.Also,the residual rock mass parameters are taken into account to reflect the brittleness of deeply buried rock mass.Then,based on the proposed method,the uncertainty of displacement in a deep tunnel of CJPL-II laboratory are analyzed and compared with the in-situ measurements.It is found that the predicted tunnel displacements by the RVM model closely match with the measured ones.The correlations of parameters have significant impacts on the uncertainty results.The uncertainty of tunnel displacement decreases while the reliability of the tunnel increases with the increases of the negative correlations among rock mass parameters.When compared to the deterministic method,the proposed approach is more rational and scientific,and also conformed to rock engineering practices.     

传感光纤-砂土界面力学性质的试验研究

近年来分布式光纤感测技术在岩土与地质工程领域的应用研究已成为一个研究热点,但工程实践表明,埋入式传感光纤与被测岩土体之间的变形协调性会对监测结果产生显著的影响,该问题一直制约着光纤感测技术在工程监测中的推广。本文通过一系列室内拉拔试验,对比了3种预埋于砂土中的单模光纤在不同上覆压力的作用下的拉拔力-拉拔位移曲线,并建立了一个用于描述光纤-砂土界面力学性质的三段式的拉拔模型,分析峰值拉拔力、残余拉拔力、有效拉拔位移和残余拉拔位移4个参数在不同上覆压力作用下的变化情况。分析结果揭示传感光纤-砂土界面的力学特性和应力传递规律,为分布式光纤传感技术在岩土体变形监测中的应用,尤其在变形监测光纤的选用标准方面,提供了参考依据。     

高边坡变形非线性时变统计模型研究

基于高边坡长期变形监测资料,深入分析了边坡变形的影响因素,建立边坡非线形时变统计监控模型,并将模型应用于锦屏一级水电站边坡工程。通过典型测点长期监测资料的分析,确定时效和降雨是影响边坡变形的2个主要因素,并给出了各自的表述形式,在Matlab平台上,采用非线性回归方法得到边坡非线性时变统计模型的参数。在此基础上,根据边坡变形拟合残差时序,采用ARMA模型方法进行拟合和预测,对边坡非线性时变模型的拟合和预测进行修正。结果表明,模型能较好地描述高边坡的变形特征,并且具有很好的拟合和预测精度。     

降雨条件下北川斜坡破坏的数值模拟

本文采用FLAC的两相流模式和修正的Mohr—Coulomb模型,对北川地区震后土在降雨条件下的位移和速度矢量进行了数值模拟和分析,同时在室内进行了降雨条件下斜坡破坏的模型实验。分析结果表明：土体在沿坡面的最大水平位移发生在坡脚处,土体水平位移是衡量斜坡破坏的首要指标,可采用坡面特征点的位移突变作为斜坡破坏的判别标准;数值模拟得到的斜坡破坏与降雨历时关系与室内模型实验结果吻合较好。     

A Fractal-Based Model for Fracture Deformation Under Shearing and Compression

This study presents an improved model for calculating mechanical deformation of individual fractures subject to shearing and compression processes. Considering that the fracture-surface roughness can be characterized by fractals, a relationship between asperity angle and size of a fracture with fractal surfaces is derived. In addition, plastic work is employed to account for the effects of fracture-asperity degradation during the shearing process. Based on these developments, a scale-dependent relationship between shear stress and displacement is proposed, and also a formulation to calculate fracture aperture during shearing and compression processes is developed, by relating normal displacement to shear displacement for fractal surfaces. The usefulness of this model is demonstrated by agreements between calculated results and observations from laboratory experiments under different test conditions.     

The invaded zone in producing beds

The results of the invaded-zone investigation described in this article revealed that in the producing beds the zone ccnsists of 2 parts-- a part adjoining the wall of the well (which contains considerable amount of filtrate), and a more remote part in which capillary replacement of rock fluids by the filtrate was observed. In the producing beds, the latter part of the invaded zone had a high oil-gas saturation; this phenomenon was related to the spread of the filtrate over the layer as the result of capillary displacement and to the difference in the densities of filtrate, oil and gas. At a high gas-oil saturation of the invaded zone, the producing layers can be separated on the neutron-gamma logs or on electrical logs registered with small size sondes. It was not always possible to evaluate maximum yield of a producing bed according to the residual oil-gas saturation. In order to improve the technique of porosity evaluation or of the evaluation of the residual gas saturation coefficient, according to the geophysical parameters of the invaded zone, it was necessary to account for the nature of filtrate penetration into the producing layers. -- Petroleum Abstracts.     

幔源CO_2充注驱油机理——以松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷为例

分析天然气(CH4)驱油、原油驱水原理,建立了幔源CO2流体的充注驱油模型,在模型中CO2能否形成足够驱动力是驱油的关键。松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷泉四段储层与该模型相符合,在储层中发现幔源CO2与油气混层现象,并且CO2充注时间晚于油气注入时间。根据研究区地质条件,对幔源CO2驱油动力和阻力以及影响其大小的参数(CO2与原油的密度、界面张力、孔喉半径和CO2柱高度)进行分析,得出幔源CO2与原油所产生的浮力足可以突破油气运移阻力(毛细管阻力)。从物理和数学的角度证明幔源成因CO2能够对油气运移起到推动作用。     

Shear behaviour of fractured rock as a function of size and shear displacement

This paper presents laboratory results regarding the shear behaviour of an artificial tensile fracture generated in granite. We used a direct shear rig to test fractures of different sizes (from 100 mm to 200 mm) under various shear displacements up to 20 mm and cyclic shear stresses with constant normal stress of 10 MPa. To determine the evolution of surface damage and aperture during shear, cyclic loading was performed at designated shear displacements. These changes in the surfaces topography were measured with a laser profilometer ‘non-contact surface profile measurement system’. In addition, changes were also measured directly by using pressure-sensitive film.

The results showed that the standard deviation (SD) of the initial aperture of the sheared fracture significantly increases with both shear displacement and size, which result in an increase in the non-linearity of the closure curve (since the matedness of the fracture surfaces decreases with shear displacement). Therefore, we concluded that shear dilation is not only governed by the surfaces sliding over each other, but is also strongly influenced by the non-linearity of closure with shear displacement. Furthermore, while the shear stiffness of the fracture during the initial stage decreases with fracture size, it increases with fracture size in the residual stage. This can be attributed to the fact that only small asperities with short wavelengths were mainly damaged by shearing. Moreover the result showed that the damaged zones enlarge and localise with shear displacement, and eventually tend to form perpendicular to the shear displacement.